Arc Discharge Technique Research Articles

Antibacterial efficacy of decorated carbon nanotubes by nano silver against pseudomonas aeruginosa

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered as a promising nanomaterial for a variety of applications. It has desirable physicochemical characteristics of high surface area, superior mechanical and thermal strength, and electrochemical activity. In this study, CNTs decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were manufactured by an arc discharge technique. As a result, etching produces stable AgNPs-CNTs aqueous suspensions of pure silver and carbon electrodes in ethanol vapor condensed in water. UV- visible photometer, x-ray Diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and energy dispersive x-ray characterized the synthesized AgNPs-CNTs. The synthesized AgNPs-CNTs crystals showed CNTs formation of an average 9.5 nm, with intermediate length position of about 75.8 nm decorated by homogeneous spherical AgNPs of average size 15.2 nm. The antibacterial efficiency of AgNPs-CNTs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was established at a series of concentrations (45 g ml−1: 0.0879 g ml−1) while values for the MIC and MBC were determined. The MIC and MBC levels were found to be (>5.625 μg ml−1) and (>11.25 μg/ml) respectively. The bacteria cytotoxicity was evaluated through LDH and protein leakage levels. Treated samples with 3.2 μg ml−1 AgNPs-CNTs revealed significant injuries in the cell membrane by two times greater in LDH and protein leakage levels than samples treated by 5.0 μg ml−1 AgNPs. Results in this work substantiate the synergistic effect of combining AgNPs with CNTs to enhanced antibacterial properties and performance compared to AgNPs alone. The efficiency of using synthesized AgNPs-CNTs showed high antibacterial potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a concentration-dependent manner. The arc discharge method can be adapted to incorporate different materials or change the synthesis conditions, allowing for the production of AgNPs-CNTs with tailored properties for specific applications.

Refractive index sensing characteristics of long-period gratings in linearly arranged three-core fiber

We demonstrate the refractive index (RI) sensing characteristics of long-period gratings (LPGs) in linearly arranged three-core fiber (TCF), which are fabricated using arc discharge technique. Due to the asymmetric index modulation during fabrication, the RI sensitivity of TCF-LPGs in the 0° grating inscription direction is greater than that in the 90° grating inscription direction. The spectral and RI sensing characteristics of TCF-LPGs in the 0° grating inscription direction with different grating periods have been investigated experimentally. In the RI range from 1.4538 to 1.4589, the resonance at 1533.3 nm for TCF-LPGs with grating period of 465 μm could achieve the RI sensitivity of 15943.3 nm/RIU, which could be optimized to 18160.7 nm/RIU at 1676.3 nm as the TCF-LPGs with grating period of 600 μm. Moreover, the proposed TCF-LPGs exhibit notably greater RI sensitivity compared to arc-discharged LPGs in conventional single-mode fibre, presenting substantial advantage in RI sensing. And, changing the polarization state of the incident light enhances the RI sensitivity of TCF-LPGs.Additionally, the influence of bending or temperature interference on the RI sensitivity of TCF-LPGs is minimal, ensuring that interference with RI measurements can be neglected. The proposed sensor boasts cost-effectiveness, simplicity in structure, and high sensitivity to RI, showing substantial potential for applications in chemical and biological sensing.

Arc-Discharge In Situ Synthesis of Dual-Carbonaceous-Layer-Coated SnS Nanoparticles with High Lithium-Ion Storage Capacity.

SnS-based carbon composites have garnered considerable concentration as prospective anode materials (AMs) for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Nevertheless, most SnS-based carbon composites underwent a two-phase or multistep preparation process and exhibited unsatisfactory LIB performance. In this investigation, we introduce a straightforward and efficient one-step arc-discharge technique for the production of dual-layer carbon-coated tin sulfide nanoparticles (SnS@C). The as-prepared composite is used as an AM for LIBs and delivers a high capacity of 1000.4 mAh g-1 at 1.0 A g-1 after 520 cycles. The SnS@C still maintains a capacity of 476 mAh g-1 after 390 cycles despite a higher current of 5.0 A g-1. The high specific capacity and long life are mainly attributed to a unique dual-carbon layers coating structure. The dual-carbon layers not only could effectively improve electrical conductivity and reduce charge-transfer resistance but also limit the alteration in bulk and self-aggregation of SnS nanoparticles. The SnS@C produced by the arc-discharge technique emerges as a promising applicant for AM in LIBs, and the arc-discharge technique provides an alternative way for synthesizing other transition metal sulfides supported on carbonaceous materials.

Few-Mode Fiber-Based Long-Period Fiber Gratings: A Review

Long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) are efficient ways to achieve high-order core mode conversion and vortex mode conversion in few-mode fibers (FMFs), which have the benefits of flexible structure, high integration, low insertion loss, and strong wavelength selectivity. With the rapid development of mode division multiplexing (MDM) optical communications, the FMF-LPFGs could have promising applications in the field of MDM optical communications and optical sensors. In this paper, we briefly introduce the principle of optical coupling, theoretical analysis, fabrication techniques, and applications of the FMF-LPFGs in optical communications and optical sensors. The CO2-laser writing technique and arc discharge technique are widely used for the fabrication of FMF-LPFGs and FMF helical long-period gratings (HLPGs). The hydrogen-oxygen flame technique has the advantage on the fabrication of FMF-HLPGs. The mechanical micro-bending and acoustic induction techniques are flexible and effective methods in fundamental researches. The femtosecond laser technique has the advantages for the fabrication of parallel FMF-LPFGs and micro-structure FMF-LPFGs. The mode converters based on the FMF-LPFGs have been demonstrated using different inscription techniques. The FMF-LPFG converters have the advantages such as temperature insensitivity and wavelength tunability. The broadband converters have been demonstrated based on the phase-shift FMF-LPFG, cascaded FMF-LPFGs, and FMF-LPFG operating at dispersion turning point. The FMF-LPFGs and FMF-HLPGs are an excellent option to generate all-fiber orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes in different specialty FMFs, especially the FMF-HLPGs can excite different-order OAM modes directly. As the novel fiber component, the sensing application of FMF-LPFGs and FMF-HLPGs is also briefly introduced.

Synthesis and study of carbon nanomaterials through arc discharge technique for efficient adsorption of organic dyes

In this study, we employed the conventional arc discharge technique to synthesise carbon nanomaterials, with a primary focus on optimizing process parameters, specifically gas pressure and arcing voltage. These parameters are explored to enhance both the yield and quality of carbon nanotubes and carbon soot. Three distinct pressure levels (200, 400, and 600 Torr) and voltage settings (30, 35, and 40 V) were systematically investigated. The as-prepared materials underwent comprehensive characterization using a suite of analytical tools, including XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, Raman spectroscopy, and BET analysis. Our research also delved into the practical utility of these carbon nanomaterials by evaluating their dye adsorption capabilities. Specifically, we assessed the efficiency of removing Methyl Orange (MO) and Rhodamine B (RhB) dyes within a 2-hour timeframe. Our findings revealed that carbon nanotubes exhibited moderate performance, achieving 16 % removal efficiency for MO and 60 % for RhB dyes under similar experimental conditions. In contrast, carbon soot demonstrated remarkable efficacy, with removal efficiencies of 53 % for MO and an impressive 82 % for RhB dyes, owing to their high specific surface area. This excellent adsorption performance suggests the potential of these carbon nanomaterials for environmental remediation applications. To further enhance their overall efficiency, we suggest exploring appropriate functionalization techniques in future research endeavours.

Simultaneous sensing of strain and temperature based on the inline-MZI embedded point-shaped taper structure with low crosstalk.

An embedded spherical dot taper structure (EDT) based on the MZI principle is proposed in this paper, which is mainly fabricated by using two special arc discharges in the preparation process. The proposed structure involves two specialized arc discharge techniques. First, an oversaturated discharge fusion process creates a micro-arc spherical area on the fiber end face to form the first link type. Second, an unsaturated discharge-pulling taper fusion joint creates a local micro-extrusion operation on this micro-arc fiber end face to form the second link. The thermal stress from instantaneous discharge causes a reverse spherical expansion zone to form in the end face structure, similar to the micromachining of long-period fiber gratings that use local CO2 laser etching to create modulated zones. The study involves a mathematical and theoretical analysis of how geometric parameters in the spherical modulation zone impact the structure's characteristic spectrum. The research demonstrates the potential for this structure to function as a light-intensity modulated strain sensor device through both theoretical and experimental means. As per the experimental findings, the optimized structure displays a high level of strain sensing sensitivity at 0.03 dB/µε and temperature sensing sensitivity of 73 pm/°C (20°C-75°C) and 169 pm/°C (75°C-120°C). Additionally, it possesses excellent cross-sensitivity at only ∼0.0015 µε/°C. Therefore, this sensor presents a favorable option for strain and temperature synchronization sensing and monitoring components, and exhibits notable application prospects in precision engineering, which encompasses mechanical manufacturing, the power and electrical industry, healthcare domain, and certain specialized areas of small-scale precision engineering.

Tapered fiber optic refractive index sensor using speckle pattern imaging

In this study, a low-cost and compact refractive index (RI) sensor based on speckle pattern imaging has been proposed and demonstrated numerically and experimentally. We have proven that speckle pattern images recorded with a CCD camera placed at the end of the tapered optical fiber (TOF) are highly sensitive to the RI of the medium to be measured. The effects of the waist diameter and length of the tapered region, which is the sensing part of the fiber, on sensitivity were investigated using the beam propagation method (BPM). It has been seen that the numerical results have compatible with the experimental results. Tapered fiber sensor was fabricated by electric arc discharge technique using step index multimode fiber (SI-MMF) with core and cladding diameters of 105 and 125 μm. The sensor sensitivity increases as the waist diameter decreases and the waist length increases. The sensor, which waist diameter is reduced to 10 μm, is sensitive to RI changes of the order of 10-4. It has been clearly seen that the proposed sensor based on speckle pattern imaging is highly sensitive to RI change.

Single-step synthesis of Mn3N2, MnxON and Mn3O4 nanoparticles by thermal plasma arc discharge technique and their comparative study as electrode material for supercapacitor application

In the present study, single-step synthesis of single-phase manganese nitride (Mn3N2), mixed phase manganese oxynitride (MnxON) and manganese oxide (Mn3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) was carried out using the thermal plasma arc discharge (TPAD) method. The experiments were carried out using nitrogen (N2), ammonia (NH3) and oxygen (O2) gas atmospheres at different plasma powers 2, 4 and 6 kW. The phase and elemental compositions of the prepared nanoparticles were examined using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. All the synthesized powder samples have nearly spherical morphology, which are determined by using Field Emission Scanning Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis. The surface area of the prepared NPs was investigated using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and the obtained results are 40.1, 19.4 and 11.8 m2g−1 for Mn3N2, MnxON and Mn3O4 NPs respectively. The Mn3N2 NPs showed superior storage performance with an outstanding specific capacitance of 508.4 F/g at 1 A/g with pseudocapacitive behavior compared to the mixed and oxide NPs 335.1 and 150 F/g respectively. The Mn3N2 electrode exhibited higher cycling stability with 84.2% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles at a current density of 5 A/g. These results demonstrated that the plasma-prepared single-phase Mn3N2, which is used as a potential electrode material for supercapacitors applications.

Electrostatic Insect Repulsion, Capture, and Arc-Discharge Techniques for Physical Pest Management in Greenhouses

This article reviews the development of electrostatic apparatuses for controlling insect pests in greenhouses. The apparatuses control insects by repelling them, capturing them, and killing them by producing an arc discharge. The single-charged dipolar electric field screen (SD screen) repels insects due to insects’ inherent avoidance behavior toward entering the electric field produced. As this behavior is common to many insect pests, the SD screen effectively prevents many pests from entering a greenhouse. The double-charged dipolar electric field screen (DD screen) has a strong attractive force that captures insects entering its electric field. The DD screen is useful for capturing small insects that pass through a conventional insect net, and unique derivatives of this screen have been invented to trap various insect pests on-site in a greenhouse. An arc-discharge exposer was used as a soil cover to kill adult houseflies that emerged from underground pupae transferred along with cattle manure used for soil fertilization. The houseflies were subjected to arc discharge when they appeared at the soil surface. These apparatuses have the common characteristic of a simple structure, so ordinary workers can be encouraged to fabricate or modify them based on their own needs. This review provides an experimental basis for designing efficient physical measures for controlling insect pests in greenhouses.

Decorative Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by ZnO: Synthesis, Characterization, and Potent Anti-Toxoplasmosis Activity

Toxoplasmosis may become a fatal disease in immunodeficient, diabetic patients, pregnant women, and infants. Hence, the diligent search for new effective treatment is among the major concerns worldwide. The well-dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes lined with ZnO (ZnO-MWCNT), graphene oxide (GO-NPs), and zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs) were successfully synthesized through rapid and facile hydrothermal arc discharge technique (HTADT). The antiparasitic effects of ZnO-NPs, GO-NPs, and ZnO-MWCNT were investigated in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii. The percent of tachyzoites reduction were detected. The observed results demonstrated that ZnO-MWCNT revealed a significant reduction in the parasite count reached 61% in brain tissues, followed by liver (52%), then spleen (45%). The assessments of antiparasitic, inflammatory, and anti-inflammatory cytokines confirmed the superior activity of ZnO-MWCNT as antiparasitic agent, which paves the way for the employment of ZnO-MWCNT as a treatment for the acute RH strain of T. gondii infection in vivo.

To investigate the effect of bidirectional dimension changes on the sensitivity of magnetic strain sensors

Herein, a win–win design concept and novel strategy for structural geometric design have been proposed to improve the sensitivity of magnetic strain sensors. The proposed scheme utilizes the metal catalyst embedded in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) to enhance magnetic induction characteristics and reduce purification costs. Magnetic properties of the materials were realized by embedding permalloy particles into SWCNT using arc-discharge technique, and the magnetic characteristics, structure, and morphology of the composite material were optimized via heat treatment and thermal reduction. To improve the sensitivity, a structural geometric design with triangle-shaped sensors has been proposed, which involved two configurations of directional increase in length or the expansion of inner angles. The latter had a larger impact on sensitivity improvement than the former. Fiber/line-shaped sensors with different constant diameters were prepared to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy on the sensitivity. The comprehensive analysis demonstrated that triangle-shaped sensors with a 1:11 width ratio between the two ends exhibited a high sensitivity (gauge factor = 28.2 at 50–80% strain), high stretchability (100%), outstanding durability (1000 r), high saturation magnetization (4.8 emu g−1), and fast response time. Excellent durability was determined by tracking morphological evolution. The as-fabricated sensors can be used in power switches and electromagnetic shielding applications as well as to monitor the weight of light objects and displacement changes.

Structure and corrosion behaviour of CrxAl(Si)yC coatings fabricated by the vacuum arc discharge technique

The composition, structure and corrosion behaviour of CrxAly(Si)C coatings fabricated by the arc discharge techniques using Cr-Al-Si and graphite cathodes were studied. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, nuclear reactions, and Rutherford backscattering methods were applied to determine composition of the coating, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy — to investigate the structure of the coating. Corrosion tests were performed in an electrochemical cell in a 3.5 % NaCl solution. Depletion of the cathode surface of chromium, screening of Cr+ by C+ in plasma, and selective etching of the coating upper layers are accompanied by a decrease of Cr / (Al + Si) ratio in the coatings compared to the cathode. The carbon content (CC) in CrxAl(Si)yC, determined by XPS, EDS and NR, differs by several times. The CC measured by NR correlates with the results of Raman spectroscopy and confirms the existence of a continuous carbon matrix in CrxAly(Si)C. Cr is chemical bonded with carbon, silicon — with carbon and aluminum. The Al-Si system provides the structure feature of CrxAl(Si)yC: a network of aluminum intersects the amorphous matrix. The mechanical mismatch and weak bond between the Al structures and the amorphous matrix may be the reason for the formation of defects in the form of cracks and microchannels along the boundaries.

Temperature compensated fiber-optic liquid level sensor by micro-sphere based in-line Michelson interferometer

In this paper, a novel micro-sphere based in-line Michelson interferometer is proposed and completed experimentally through arc-discharge technique. The light field distributions are theoretically investigated to gain optimal core offset and diameter of micro-sphere. Multiple fabricated samples are compared and the comprehensive tests are then performed in terms of liquid level and temperature. The experimental results show that obvious blue shift of fringes is demonstrated with the rise of liquid level and the average sensitivity reaches 62.6 pm/mm with high linearity in the range of 0–40 mm. Moreover, owing to highly-consistent temperature response (∼99.5%), the crosstalk caused by ambient temperature is eliminated by differential method and the measurement error is compressed within 1.33%. Due to the merits of compactness, low cost, ease of fabrication and operation, our sensor is very potential in the liquid-level related engineering applications.

Bend Sensor Based on Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Using Single-Mode Fiber With Helical Structure

An all-fiber bend sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The fiber interferometer consists of two helical structures in single mode fiber (SMF) and is fabricated by continuous arc discharge technique. The first helical structure forms a twisted long-period fiber grating (LPFG) to excite the higher-order cladding modes and acts as a beam splitter. The LPFG arrangement is adopted to improve the bending sensitivity. The second helical structure only contains two turns and can recouple the light in the cladding back into the core. The bending characteristics of the MZI are discussed. The experimental results show that high curvature sensitivities of 24.06 nm/ <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{m}^{-1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and −7.524 dB/ <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{m}^{-1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> are obtained in the curvature range of 0-0.422m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup> . Due to its low cost, small size, simple preparation, less time consuming, it could be a competitive candidate in many bending sensing applications.

Impact of micro and nano aluminium on the efficiency of photon detectors

Both Micro 0.5 µm and Zero valent aluminum nanoparticles 30 nm were prepared by Arc discharge technique to evaluate the efficiency of radiation detectors, where the protective layer from bulk aluminum gamma is replaced by nanoparticle aluminum layer. As well known the efficiency of the detector depends on the number of photons reach the sensitive volume of the detector. To achieve this aim Micro and nano aluminum samples were prepared, and their linear attenuation coefficients (LAC) were experimentally determined. The LAC of micro Al was compared with theoretical values obtained from XCOM and the results proved that the experimental data could adequately be used to evaluate the shielding ability of the Al samples. The results also demonstrated that at all energies, nano Al had a lower LAC. This means in the case of nano Al, the absorption of photons is lower compared to the presence of micro Al. The ratio between the number of counts in the presence of an aluminum sample (micro and nano) to the number of counts in the absence of sample was calculated. At low, moderate, and high energies and it showed that nano Al had a greater and better ratio at all energy ranges. Thus, it was concluded that aluminum nanoparticles can be used sufficiently in detectors instead of aluminum microparticles (Al-Protecting layer) to enhance their ability to detect incoming photons, especially at low energies.

The effect of plasma arc discharge process parameters on the properties of nanocrystalline (Ni, Fe)Fe2O4 ferrite: Structural, magnetic, and dielectric studies

In this work, an attempt is made on optimization process parameters of the plasma arc discharge technique, including electrical current, atmosphere, and chamber pressure to synthesize nanocrystalline (Fe, Ni)Fe2O4 ferrite powders. The process was performed at the air and oxygen atmosphere with the applied arc current varying from 300 to 500 A and the chamber pressure of 1 and 2 atm. After establishing an arc between the electrodes, the as-synthesized powders were collected, and structure, magnetic, electromagnetic, and dielectric properties were examined in detail. The results show the highest value of the magnetic spinel phase (38.32 wt%) and saturation magnetization (35.1 emu/g) is obtained at the air atmosphere using an applied electrical current and chamber pressure of 400 A and 1 atm, respectively. The powders prepared in these processing conditions also exhibit the highest dielectric constant value over all the frequency ranges. Nevertheless, the powder synthesized at oxygen atmosphere in the applied electrical current of 400 A and chamber pressure of 1 atm shows the highest value of magnetic permeability over a wide range of frequency which is almost two times higher than that of the powders synthesized at the air atmosphere.

Hydrogen Storage in Pure and Boron-Substituted Nanoporous Carbons-Numerical and Experimental Perspective.

Nanoporous carbons remain the most promising candidates for effective hydrogen storage by physisorption in currently foreseen hydrogen-based scenarios of the world’s energy future. An optimal sorbent meeting the current technological requirement has not been developed yet. Here we first review the storage limitations of currently available nanoporous carbons, then we discuss possible ways to improve their storage performance. We focus on two fundamental parameters determining the storage (the surface accessible for adsorption and hydrogen adsorption energy). We define numerically the values nanoporous carbons have to show to satisfy mobile application requirements at pressures lower than 120 bar. Possible necessary modifications of the topology and chemical compositions of carbon nanostructures are proposed and discussed. We indicate that pore wall fragmentation (nano-size graphene scaffolds) is a partial solution only, and chemical modifications of the carbon pore walls are required. The positive effects (and their limits) of the carbon substitutions by B and Be atoms are described. The experimental ‘proof of concept’ of the proposed strategies is also presented. We show that boron substituted nanoporous carbons prepared by a simple arc-discharge technique show a hydrogen adsorption energy twice as high as their pure carbon analogs. These preliminary results justify the continuation of the joint experimental and numerical research effort in this field.

Carbon Quantum Dots for Energy Applications: A Review

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a class of carbon nanomaterials that have recently gained recognition as current entrants to traditional semiconductor quantum dots. CQDs have the desirable advantages of low toxicity, environmental friendliness, low cost, photostability, favorable charge transfer with enhanced electronic conductivity, and comparable easy-synthesis protocols. This review examines the advancements in CQD research and development, with a focus on their synthesis, functionalization, and energy applications. Initially, various synthesis methods are discussed briefly with pros and cons. Herein, first top-down methods including the arc-discharge technique, laser ablation technique, plasma treatment, ultrasound synthesis technique, electrochemical technique, chemical exfoliation, and combustion were discussed briefly. The later section presents bottom-up (microwave synthesis, hydrothermal synthesis, thermal pyrolysis, and metal–organic framework template-assisted approach) and waste-derived CQD synthesis methods. The next section is focused on the energy applications of CQDs including supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, photovoltaics, hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. Finally, challenges and future perspectives in this exciting and promising area are presented.

Core-shell SnSe@TiO2/C heterostructure high-performance anode for Na-ion batteries

The core-shell SnSe@TiO2/C heterostructure composite with high reactivity, small size, and superior electrochemical performance for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) was synthesized for the first time using a controllable arc-discharge technique. The electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the outstanding mechanical stability of the TiO2 shell can improve the cycling stability, rate capability, and high specific capacity of SnSe. The as-prepared core-shell SnSe@TiO2/C composite combines the benefits of SnSe and TiO2, with SnSe nanoparticles improving ion diffusion kinetics and specific capacity while TiO2 maintains excellent cycling stability. Furthermore, the core-shell heterostructure approach can synergistically reduce volume fluctuation and aggregation of active materials during cycling. At a current density of 1 A/g, the capacity can reach 318 mAh/g, with a steady cycling performance of 1100 cycles. The novel core-shell heterostructure composite is expected to be a promising candidate as an anode material for next-generation high-performance SIBs due to its outstanding electrochemical performance and ease of synthesis for large-scale production.

Estimation of size and lattice parameter of magnetic nanoparticles based on XRD synthesized using arc-discharge technique

Lattice parameter plays a vital role in finding out the material properties. It represents the physical dimensions of the unit cell in a crystal lattice. The lattice parameters measurements are used in many situations to characterize materials. Material properties like chemical, physical, mechanical and thermodynamic can also be determined by using the lattice parameter. The characterization of magnetic nanoparticles and basic information regarding the lattice parameter and size can be drawn using the powder X-ray diffraction technique. The materials structure also depends upon the calculations based on lattice parameter. In this paper, we are reporting the study and calculation of size, chemical composition, structure, and miller indices (hkl), which were produced using ER70S-2 electrode by arc-discharge technique.