Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus Research Articles

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Interacted with Biochar and Enhanced Phosphate-Solubilizing Microorganism Abundance and Phosphorus Uptake in Maize

In agricultural production, it is crucial to increase the availability of phosphorus (P) in cultivated soil to solve the P limitation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been proven to promote crop nutrient absorption effectively, while biochar can lead to improvements in soil properties. However, the possible synergistic effect of AMF and biochar on P uptake by crops as well as its underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we conducted a pot experiment to explore the effects of biochar and AMF (Glomus etunicatum) on the community of rhizospheric phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) of maize (Zea mays L. Xianyu-335) using metagenomic methods. The experiment used 0 mg P2O5 g·kg−1 soil (P0) and 30 mg P2O5 g·kg−1 soil (P30) application rates. Each P application rate included 0 (NC), 20 g·kg−1 biochar (BC) addition, inoculation AMF, and without AMF treatments (NM) for a total of eight treatments. During the experiment, both the P uptake and the biomass of maize were measured. The study found that the combination of AMF and biochar significantly increased the mycorrhizal colonization rate of maize roots, regardless of P application level. It was observed that the P uptake by maize was significantly increased when exposed to a combination of AMF and biochar. The increase in P uptake in P0 treatments was 67% higher than the sum of the effects of biochar and AMF inoculation alone. The increase was only 35% higher in P30 treatments, demonstrating a substantially higher interactive effect under P0 than under P30 conditions. The AM-BC treatments significantly increased the abundance of Streptomyces, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas, genera that are known to contain PSMs. In addition, the abundance of genes related to P-cycling (gcd, phoD, and ugpQ) in PSMs increased significantly by 1.5–1.8 times in AM-BC treatments compared with NM-BC and AM-NC treatments under P0 conditions. This increase was significantly and positively correlated with the P uptake. Overall, the results suggest that biochar can help AMF colonize the roots, increasing the functional roles of PSMs in the rhizosphere, which in turn promotes P uptake and biomass in maize. This study provides a new way to improve P-use efficiency and reduce the need for P-fertilizer application in agricultural production.

Coinoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia stimulates atrazine dissipation by changing the atrazine-degrading bacterial community at the soil aggregate scale

As a potential low-cost and environmentally friendly strategy, bioremediation of herbicide polluted soil has attracted increasing attention. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the response of the atrazine-degrading bacterial community to coinoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rhizobia for atrazine dissipation. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted with AM fungi Glomus mosseae (AM), rhizobia Rhizobium trifolii TA-1 (R) and their coinoculation (AMR) with atrazine. In each treatment, the atrazine-degrading bacterial community of four soil size aggregates, namely large macroaggregates (LMa), small macroaggregates (SMa), microaggregates (Mia) and primary particles (P) were investigated. The results showed that the atrazine residue concentration was lowest in AMR, and that in LMa was also significantly lower than that in the other smaller aggregate sizes. Overall, inoculation, the aggregate fraction and their interaction had significant effects on soil TN, SOC, AP and pH. For the atrazine-degrading bacterial community, the Chao1 index increased with decreasing particle size, but the Shannon index decreased. Moreover, the abundances of the dominant atrazine-degrading bacterial genera Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Marmoricola and Nocardioides in the Mia and P particle size groups were greater than those in the LMa and SMa groups in each treatment. The bacterial communities in the Mia and P particle sizes in each treatment group were more complex. Therefore, coinoculation of AM fungi and rhizobia stimulated atrazine dissipation by changing the atrazine-degrading bacterial community, and the response of the atrazine-degrading bacterial community to each aggregate size varied depending on its distinct soil physicochemical properties.

Co-applications of Rhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi synergistically alleviate heavy metal uptake and toxicity in lentil plants (Lens culinaris Medik.) grown in sewage sludge amended soil

Reusing sewage sludge as a mode of nutrients and an organic amendment may be a viable choice for the appropriate treatment of organic waste. This study examined the impact of symbiotic microbes such as Rhizobium and two selected arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Funneliformis caledonius (Nicolson & Gerd.) and Glomus bagyarajii (Mehrotra), on the growth, photosynthetic pigments, biochemical content, microbial population, and heavy metal uptake in lentil plants grown in soil mixed with 20 % sewage sludge. Lentil seeds were inoculated with Rhizobium prior to sowing and with either of the AMF (Funneliformis caledonius or Glomus bagyarajii) in pots filled with soil-sewage sludge mixture. The results showed that the tested microbial inoculum enhanced the growth and productivity of lentil plants. Lentil plants inoculated with Rhizobium and AMF had better nodulation and root colonization, leading to an increase in the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) content and a decrease in the stress marker, proline, in plant parts. In addition, the inoculated microbes also improved the photosynthetic and biochemical contents of the plant. Lentil plants grown in sewage sludge-amended soil when inoculated with Rhizobium and either of AMF were found to be more effective in accumulating Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Zn in the roots, while restricting their translocation to the above-ground parts of the plant, thereby improving plant health. Overall, the study outcomes provide evidence that Rhizobium and AMF have the potential to tolerate heavy metal stress caused by the addition of sewage sludge to soil, which has important implications for sustainable agriculture practices. The study also highlights the importance of microbial inoculants, such as Rhizobium and AMF in enhancing growth and yield, particularly under heavy metal stress in economically important lentil.

Growth and Yield of Soybean Plants (Glycine Max (L.) Merrill) in Podsolic Soil With Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Synthetic Zeolite From Fly Ash as Soil Amendments

This research aims to understand the interaction between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and zeolite fly ash (FA) from coal and their impact on soybean productivity in Podzolic soil. The study was conducted in Aur Sakti Village, Tambang District, Kampar Regency, and the Soil Science Laboratory and Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau, over a four-month period from March to June 2022. The experiment employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors: FA zeolite doses (Z0-Z3) and AMF doses (M0-M2). The results of the study indicate that the interaction of AMF Glomus sp or Gigaspora sp at 10 g per plant with FA zeolite at a dose of 1.5 g per plant enhances plant growth and soybean yield most optimally. FA zeolite at a dose of 1 g per plant also effectively improves soybean yield in terms of the weight of 100 seeds. Specifically, the application of FA zeolite at a dose of 1.5 g per plant yields the best results in terms of plant height, number of productive branches, flowering and harvesting age, number of seeds per plant, weight of seeds per plant, and weight of 100 seeds, compared to treatments without zeolite, with zeolite FA doses of 0.5 and 1 g per plant. The application of AMF Glomus sp and Gigaspora sp, each at 10 g per plant, also enhances the growth and yield of soybeans compared to treatments without AMF.

Combined Effects of Microbial Inoculation and Activated Carbon/Biochar on the Accumulation and Transfer of Nutrients and Potentially Toxic Metals in Maize Plants Grown on a Contaminated Soil

ABSTRACT This study was conducted in a greenhouse pot experiment to assess the effects of biochar (BC) or activated carbon (AC) alone or in combination with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae or acid-producing bacteria (BA) Bacillus polymyxa on plant growth, EDTA-extractable Cd and Pb, and contents of heavy metals (Cd and Pb) and nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, and P) in maize (Zea mays L.) grown on sewage wastewater contaminated soil. The results showed that most treatments with BC, AC, or its co-application with microbial inoculation led significantly to greater nutrient uptake and promoted growth of maize than non-treated plants. Additionally, the soil additives used decreased the amounts of EDTA-extractable Cd (by 28.7%-100%) and Pb (by 22.8%-94.3%). The applied treatments caused significant decreases in Cd concentrations and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Zea mays. The highest shoot Cd reduction was observed for AC (53%), followed by AC+BA (36.9%) > AMF (34.5%) > AC+AMF (28.5) > BA (28.3%) > BC+BA (26.1%) > BC (22.7%). However, more Cd was accumulated in the roots of plants treated with AMF by 63.7% with a lower value of translocation factor (TF) compared to control soil. In contrast, the treatments increased the levels of Pb in the maize plants, and BC coupled with AMF showed the greatest Pb accumulation. It could be concluded that the investigated additives can be applied as immobilizing agents for Cd in the soil but maize plants as phytoextractants for both metals in sewage-contaminated soil are not feasible, as indicated by insufficient phytoextraction efficiency.

Solarized IPM Module for Biocontrol of Root-knot Nematode on Tomato at Nursery Level in District G.B Nagar, Uttar Pradesh

Background: The role of soil solarization in suppression of soil borne pathogens and weeds has been established by several researchers around the globe It involves capturing solar radiations when the soil receives the maximum sunlight in May-June using a polythene mulch. Its effectiveness depends on ambient temperature, duration of the treatments and soil moisture. This not only acts as a soil disinfectant but also as soil decontamination. It includes various changes in the soil like physical, chemical and biological properties. Methods: The field to lab and vice-versal based investigations were carried during 2021-2022 at Amity Centre for Biocontrol and Plant Disease Management, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida and identified tomato nurseries of district G B Nagar where heavy infestation (10-12 J2/cc soil) of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood was recorded. The treatments comprised of sustainable components viz. deoiled seed cake of neem, a Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices and indigenous fungal strain of Trichoderma harzianum, (Th7) alone and together applied for evolving IPM module at solarized and unsolarized sets. Under microplot trials, the entire solarized treatments were carried out measuring 3 × 1 sq. meter each in which one set of all the treatments including control covered with clear transparent polythene sheet (400 ì gauge) for solarization. The treatments were replicated thrice in randomized block design. Result: The observations of solarized and unsolarized treatments clearly revealed that the soil solarization in treatments where the sun radiant energy was trapped by 400 µ transparent polysheets significantly reduced the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita population both in root and soil in comparison to unsolarized treatments where no solar energy trapping was done. The combined application of locally isolated Trichoderma harzianum (Th7) and VA mycorrhiza, Glomus intraredices enhanced germination and plant growth in nurseries. In the present investigation, the solarized IPM module- 4 comprising of other sustainable components viz. neem oil-seed cake, T. harzianum (Th-7) and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungus G. intraredices is proved to be an ideal one in root-knot nematode pest management in tomato nurseries.

Glomus fasciculatum an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus alleviate the adverse effects of lead, arsenic, nickel, and improves growth parameters of Monarda citriodora Cerv.ex Lag (lemon beebalm)

Heavy metals induce negative impacts on plants, however, the symbiotic association of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus fasciculatum offers an effective tolerance response. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of Lead (Pb), Arsenic (As), and Nickel (Ni) with and without the application of AMF on one of the important medicinal and aromatic plants Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag (lemon beebalm). The metal concentrations mixed in soil were: Pb (25 and 50 mg/kg), As (15 and 30 mg/kg) and Ni (20 and 40 mg/kg) along with constant dose of AMF (2.7 g/kg soil) while untreated plants were taken for comparison. Results showed that higher concentrations of Pb (50 mg/kg), As (30 mg/kg), and Ni (40 mg/kg) decreased the plant height by 48%, 6%, and 7% respectively, and the number of branches by 19%, 10%, and 25% respectively when compared with controls. The biomass and nutrient contents were also altered in the plants that received Pb, As, and Ni. However, the application of AMF has improved the overall growth and development of plants but not more than the control. Furthermore, higher concentrations of Pb (50 mg/kg), As (30 mg/kg), and Ni (40 mg/kg) increased total phenolics by 975%, 375%, and 373% respectively, flavonoids by 149%, 136%, and 127% respectively, proline content by 656%, 225%, and 472% respectively, and radical scavenging activity by 124%, 146%, and 157% respectively, when compared with control. Additionally, higher concentrations of Pb, As, and Ni treatments also decreased the AMF colonization rate in roots by 37%, 35%, and 49% when compared with their lower concentrations. The elevation of secondary metabolites and scavenging activity in response to metal toxicity indicates that M. citriodora is a rich source of natural antioxidants. So, future strategies are required to study valuable antioxidant compounds present in this plant.

Efektivitas Inokulum Tunggal dan Konsorsium Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula pada Pembibitan Tanaman Indigofera zollingeriana

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are potential biofertilizers for plants. The succeed and quality of AMF inoculation is related to the type of AMF and plants. This study aimed to find the most effective AMF species in Indigofera zollingeriana nurseries. This experiment study was designed using a completely randomized design with six treatments and five replications based on different types of AMF in single and consortium forms. Treatment details include: IFMIX (consortium: a mixture of five types of AMF), IFTE (Glomus etinucatum), IFTM (Glomus manihotis), IFTA (Acaulospora tuberculata), IFTG (Gigaspora margarita), IFTS Glomus sp. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Based on the results of variance, AMF inoculation at Indigofera zollingeriana nurseries in a single form (IFTE, IFTM, IFTA, IFTG, and IFTS) resulted in effectiveness that was not significantly different with the consortium FMA inoculation (IFMIX) against AMF colonization, plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry biomass of plants. Inoculation of inoculums in a single IFTE form resulted in a higher colonization value (p<0.05) than single inoculums IFTA and IFTM. It can be concluded that inoculation of a single AMF (Glomus etinucatum, Glomus manihotis, Acaulospora tuberculata, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus sp.) against AMF consortium produced the same symbiotic effectiveness on root colonization, morphological response and plant biomass production level in Indigofera zollingeriana nurseries. The root colonization rate of a single IFTE inoculum was better than a single inoculum of IFTA and IFTM.

Macro and Microelements in Leaves of ‘Meredith’ Peach Cultivar Supplied with Biochar, Organic and Beneficial Biofertilizer Combinations

The content of macro and microelements in the leaves of peach trees treated with biochar, organic fertilization and microorganisms in the field experiment was tested. The experiment was carried out in accordance with the integrated fruit production methods at the NIHR Experimental Orchard in Dąbrowice, from 2015 to 2017. The trees were grafted on P. persica Mandżurska rootstock and planted in the spring of 2013. In 2014, the following products were applied around the trees and mixed into the topsoil: biochar at a dose of 1.6 kg/tree (2000 kg/ha); biochar at a dose of 1.6 kg/tree used together with microorganisms—bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pantoea and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi—Glomus caledonium, Glomus intraradices and Glomus coronatum; biochar at a dose of 1.6 kg/tree applied together with Florovit NPK organic fertilizer at a dose of 0.2 kg/tree; Florovit NPK; microorganisms—bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pantoea and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi—Glomus caledonium, Glomus intraradices and Glomus coronatum; Florovit NPK organic fertilizer with the same microorganisms; and an untreated control. The average results showed that, compared to the control, the biochar increased the nitrogen content in the leaves by 6%. All experimental combinations increased the content of P and K in the leaves. The most effective at increasing the content of phosphorus in leaves—by 48%—was Florovit. The greatest increase in potassium was after the use of biochar with Florovit—by 38%. The magnesium content ranged from 0.49 to 0.59 g/100 g DW. The highest content of Mg was found in the leaves after the application of biochar with Florovit, and the lowest after the use of biochar alone. The leaves of the trees fertilized with the Florovit organic fertilizer had the lowest calcium content, while the highest calcium content was found in combination with trees treated with biochar only. The use of biochar alone did not increase the content of boron in the leaves compared to the control. In all other combinations, a higher amount of boron was found. The highest—18% more than the control of this microelement had leaves where biochar and Florovit were used. Trees treated with biochar and microorganisms accumulated the least copper in the leaves, while the highest content of this element was found in the combination where biochar fertilization was applied together with Florovit. Lower iron concentrations in peach leaves were found as a result of applying microorganisms, microorganisms with the organic fertilizer and biochar, relative to organic fertilization and the control combination. Trees where only microorganisms were applied to the soil had the least manganese and zinc in the leaves. The accumulation of manganese in the leaves was most favored by fertilization with biochar together with microorganisms, and the zinc content was the highest after the use of biochar alone. In general, studies have shown that a small dose of biochar alone or biochar together with organic fertilizer is a very effective method of feeding peach trees. More research is needed on the use of microorganisms and methods of their application with various products used in orchard fertilization.

Soil drenching and foliar spray with bioagents for reducing wheat leaf diseases under natural field conditions

Foliar diseases, like powdery mildew, septoria leaf blotch (SLB) and stem rust, affect wheat plants causing severe yield losses. Biofertilizers Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula (NRC2041) and Bacillus subtilis Ehrenberg (NRC313) or the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae Tul. & C. Tul. (NRC212A) and G. fasciculatum Tul. & C. Tul. (NRC212B) were used for soil treatment followed by foliar spray with Trichoderma harzianum or P. fluorescens to manage severity of wheat foliar diseases under field conditions for two successive growing seasons. Under field conditions, at all soil drench and foliar application treatments, Sids 14 was the most sensitive cultivar for high disease severity followed by Misr 2 and Giza 168. Also, the obtained results showed that the most effective treatments were soil drench with mycorrhizae followed by foliar spray with either T. harzianum or P. fluorescens. Meanwhile, the fungicide Amistar showed a superior reduction in disease severity compared to other applied treatments. In addition, the increased yield was correlated to the decreased severity of the recorded diseases. The present study suggests using bioagents for reducing the severity of wheat leaf diseases and increasing the grain yield under field conditions.

Phytoremediation Potential of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Berseem in Soil Irrigated with Industrial Wastewater

This article describes a new idea about industrial pollution abatement through berseem ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.) using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus Spp. as an accelerating agent. For this purpose, berseem plant was grown on soil irrigated with industrial wastewater in pots. Three cuttings of plants were obtained at different intervals. At each cut, plant biomass, plant height, and rate of mycorrhizal infection were recorded and plant tissues (roots, stems and leaves) were analyzed to determine the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn as indicators. The results showed that the biomass of the roots, stems, and leaves of the inoculated plants was higher than that of the un-inoculated plants. The height of inoculated plants was higher compared with that of uninoculated plants. The mycorrhizal infection rate was recorded highest at the third cut. Heavy metals in plants were within permissible limits for crops irrigated with wastewater) at each cutting. With inoculation, Zn and Cr concentrations in roots and leaves increased and Pb and Cd enhanced in roots but reduced in leaves as compared to un-inoculated plants, indicating that metals accumulated more in roots due to inoculation. The effectiveness can be confirmed by calculating the difference between the inoculated and non-inoculated plants. The new results showed that AMF inoculation promoted plant biomass and height, reduced metal transfer in leaves and stems, and to roots. This research confirmed that the procedure can be used for protecting plants from toxicity. Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, heavy metals, biomass, mycorrhizal infection rate, berseem. https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.50.4.6

Characterization of vegetation and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community in soils impacted by gold mining in Colombia

Mining extraction has a substantial impact on soil and vegetation cover. However, little is known about its effect on the flora and microorganisms associated with these environments. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) form associations with plants, improving their development in environments contaminated with heavy metals, among other benefits. Native plants and AMF found in the soil degraded by mining play an essential role in establishing programs dealing with recovering areas influenced by these activities. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize vegetation and AMF abundance and diversity in an area affected by gold mining in Colombia. Vegetation was evaluated in two areas, one adjacent to mining deposits with native vegetation (SI-N) and the other in an intermediate area with mining waste and initial natural plant successions (SI-SV). AMF was assessed in the SI-N and the mining waste area (SI-M). Vegetation was quantified using the RAP method, and AMF was assessed using wet sieving from direct soil samples and trap crops. Vegetation evaluations identified 605 individuals belonging to 29 families, 46 genera, and 54 species, and AMF assessment identified 11 species and five genera. Diversity was established using Hill numbers, finding that SI-N was more diverse for vegetation (Q1: 11.94) and SI-M for AMF (Q1: 3.07). Heavy metals and vegetation decreased the diversity and abundance of AMF in the SI-M. Plant species of the genera Baccharis, Agrostis, Miconia, and the AMF Glomus microcarpum were the most frequent species with potential for recovery in degraded areas.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance disease resistance of Salvia miltiorrhiza to Fusarium wilt.

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen in Chinese) is vulnerable to Fusarium wilt, which severely affects the quality of the crude drug. Mycorrhizal colonization enhances resistance to fungal pathogens in many plant species. In this study, pre-inoculation of S. miltiorrhiza with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus versiforme significantly alleviated Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum. Mycorrhizal colonization protected S. miltiorrhiza from pathogen infection, thereby preventing a loss of biomass and photosynthesis. There were greater defense responses induced by pathogen infection in AMF pre-inoculated plants than those in non-treated plants. AMF pre-inoculation resulted in systemic responses upon pathogen inoculation, including significant increases in the protein content and activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase in S. miltiorrhiza roots. In addition, mycorrhizal pre-inoculation caused upregulation of defense-related genes, and jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway genes after pathogen infection. The above findings indicate that mycorrhizal colonization enhances S. miltiorrhiza resistance against F. oxysporum infection by enhancing photosynthesis, root structure, and inducing the expression of defense enzymes and defense-related genes on the other hand.

Synergistic combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria modulates morpho-physiological characteristics and soil structure in Nitraria tangutorum bobr. Under saline soil conditions

Nitraria tangutorum Bobr., a typical xero-halophyte, can be used for vegetation restoration and reconstruction in arid and semiarid regions affected by salinity. However, global climate change and unreasonable human activity have exacerbated salinization in arid and semi-arid regions, which in turn has led to the growth inhibition of halophytes, including N. tangutorum. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have the potential to improve the salt tolerance of plants and their adaptation to saline soil environments. In this study, the effects of single and combined inoculations of AMF (Glomus mosseae) and PGPR (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42) on N. tangutorum were evaluated in severe saline soil conditions. The results indicate that AMF and PGPR alone may not adapt well to the real soil environment, and cannot ensure the effect of either growth promotion or salt-tolerance induction on N. tangutorum seedlings. However, the combination of AMF and PGPR significantly promoted mycorrhizal colonization, increased biomass accumulation, improved morphological development, enhanced photosynthetic performance, stomatal adjustment ability, and the exchange of water and gas. Co-inoculation also significantly counteracted the adverse effect of salinity on the soil structure of N. tangutorum seedlings. It is concluded that the effectiveness of microbial inoculation on the salt tolerance of N. tangutorum seedlings depends on the functional compatibility between plants and microorganisms as well as the specific combinations of AMF and PGPR.

Response of Capsicum annuum L. Seedlings Raised in Pro Trays to Inoculation with AM Fungus Glomus bagyarajii and K Solubilizing Bacterium Frateuria aurantia

Raising vegetable seedlings in pro trays is becoming an innovative approach to producing quality seedlings in horticulture. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus bagyarajii and potassium (K) solubilizing bacterium Frateuria aurantia singly and together in enhancing the growth of capsicum seedlings raised in pro trays under polyhouse conditions. Different growth parameters such as shoot and root length, total seedling length, stem diameter, dry weight of seedlings, biovolume index, plant strength, vigour index, macro and micronutrient uptake, mycorrhizal root colonization, and the population of F. aurantia in the root zone soil were monitored. Significantly higher shoot length, root length, stem diameter, and biovolume index were recorded in the treatments inoculated with G. bagyarajii alone, followed by F. aurantia alone. Most of the plant growth parameters were significantly less in the dual inoculated treatment with G. bagyarajii + F. aurantia compared to single inoculation with either of them. This brings out the negative influence of the two inoculants on each other leading to a reduced effect on plant growth.

Production of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Spores (AMF) Glomus Coronatum and Glomus Claroideum With Ab Mix Nutrition

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) is an obligate fungus that has a symbiosis with plant roots and can stimulate plant growth and productivity so that AMF has the potential to be developed as a biological fertilizer. AMF propagation is influenced by many factors including fertilization. This study aims to determine the effect of giving AB mix nutritional doses on the production of AMF types of Glomus coronatum and Glomus claroideum. The research was conducted at the Plastic House of the Indonesian Mycorrhizal Association Southeast Sulawesi Branch and the Laboratory of the Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, UHO in September - December 2022 using a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors, namely the first factor was AMF type including Glomus coronatum and Glomus claroideum and the second factor is AB mix nutrition including control, 2.5 ml/1000 ml water, 5 ml/1000 ml water. The results showed that the interaction treatment of AMF Glomus claroideum and the provision of 2.5 ml AB ​​mix nutrition increased the number of AMF spores by 35 spores/5 g zeolite and root colonization by 69.16%.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi potentiate the root system and the quality of goldenberry fruits

The lack of information on the horticultural performance of goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is one of the factors that limits the expansion of the crop. Still, aiming to establish a sustainable management for this culture, inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be adopted. Therefore, the objective of the research was to investigate whether goldenberry plants in the absence and presence of inoculation with AMF differ in terms of horticultural performance. The four treatments studied were the absence (control) and the presence of three inoculants based on AMF (mycorrhizal community, Glomus intraradices and Rhizophagus clarus), arranged in a randomized block design, with five replications. Goldenberry plants produced in substrate enriched with AMF had a more voluminous root system and a greater amount of fine roots. Additionally, the fruits were sweeter and more flavorful when produced by plants inoculated with the mycorrhizal community and with R. clarus. It is concluded that mycorrhization has no effect on fruit production. However, goldenberry plants submitted to mycorrhizal biotechnology enhance the chemical quality of fruits and present a more profuse root system. G. intraradices is most effective in colonizing the roots of the plant host.

Reducing Pratylenchus Population in Coffee Seedling with Mycorrhizal Fungi and Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria

The attack of Pratylenchus coffeae nematode on coffee seedlings can limit coffee growth. The use of beneficial microbes as biofertilizer and bioprotectant is suggested to reduce the nematode attack on coffee seedlings and improve growth. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to observe the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus spp. and mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB) P. diminuta and B. subtilis on coffee seedling growth and P. coffeae populations in the soil and roots. The experiment was set up in a randomized block design with five treatments and three replications. The coffee seedlings were grown in potting soil and inoculated with Glomus spp. combined with 20 g or 30 g of MHB solid inoculant. Seedlings were grown in the greenhouse for 10 weeks. The experiment verified that AMF inoculation combined with MHB did not affect the plant height, leaf number, or plant dry weight but decreased the P. coffeae population in the soil and roots of the seedlings. Inoculation of 20 g of MHB solid inoculant with AMF was more effective in reducing nematode population in soil and roots than 30 g of MHB. This experiment verified that Glomus spp., as well as P. diminuta and B. subtilis enable the control of P. coffeae in coffee seedlings.

Management of chromium(VI)-contaminated soils through synergistic application of vermicompost, chromate reducing rhizobacteria and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) reduced plant toxicity and improved yield attributes in Ocimum basilicum L.

An integrated approach involving vermicompost, chromate reducing bacteria and AMF was tested to manage the toxic impacts of Cr(VI) on Ocimum basilicum as a model plant. Pot experiments were conducted on O. basilicum plants in an artificially Cr(VI)-contaminated soil in two phases of experiment as bioinoculants experiment and vermicompost experiment. In the first phase of the bioinoculants experiment the series of gradient concentrations of Cr(VI) (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg kg–1 in soil) were evaluated with previously isolated four efficient Cr(VI)-reducing rhizo-bacterial strains (Bacillus Cereus strain SUCR 44, BC; Microbacterium sp. strain SUCR 140, MB; Bacillus thuringiensis strain SUCR186, BT; and Bacillus subtilis strain SUCR188; BS) along with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus—Glomus fasciculatum (GF) in alone and in co-inoculation form. In the second experiment (vermicompost) the best performing strain (MB) was tested alone or in combination with GF along with different doses of vermicompost. It was observed that vermicompost by itself could be useful in decreasing the bioavailable Cr(VI), uptake of Cr besides improving the nutritional status of plants. The vermicompost also played an important and indirect role and improved herb yield by supporting the multiplication of MB (Microbacterium sp.), an efficient chromate reducing rhizobacteria, that further decreased the bioavailable and toxic form of Cr and improved population and colonization of GF too. The translocation of Cr(VI) was averted through improved colonization of GF, also prevented higher accumulation of Cr in aerial parts (leafy herb) of O. basilicum.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00203-022-03230-z.

Physiological response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under salinity conditions

Objective. Evaluate the effect of salinity due to NaCl on physiological variables of chickpea plants using native strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus cubensis and Rhizoglomus irregulare during the pre-flowering stage. Design/methodology/approach. The research was carried out under controlled weather conditions using the chickpea variety N-29 as an experimental model. The treatments consisted on the combination of four salinity levels: 0, 25, 50 and 75 mM NaCl (variation source A) and AMF (variation source B) in three levels. In total there were 12 treatments with six repetitions, which were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design. The evaluated variables were number of green and dry leaves, dry biomass per organ (leaves, root and stem), net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth rate (RGR) and leaf area ratio (LAR). Results. The green leaves, the NAR and the dry biomass from roots and leaves, were the variables with the greatest response in the 50 mM NaCl + R. irregulare treatment, with an average increase of 15% with respect to the rest of the treatments. Limitations/implications. A decrease on the evaluated variables was observed due to the salinity effect; however, chickpea plants subjected to NaCl 50 mM inoculated with R. irregulare were less affected by salt stress. Findings/conclusions. The R. irregulare strain was found to contribute more than the G. cubensis to the mitigation of the adverse effects from the salinity factor.