Arbitrary Division Research Articles

Coding all clauses in L2 data: A call for consistency

Linguistic complexity is considered a hallmark of language proficiency (Norris & Ortega, 2009), and it is often a focus of second language (L2) research (Pallotti, 2015). Within the construct of complexity, syntactic complexity considers the combination of words and clauses. The term clause, however, is underspecified in the field, and L2 researchers only occasionally define how clause is operationalized in the coding. After a review of the importance of consistent clause coding, this commentary argues that coordinated verb phrases, nonfinite clauses, and verbal small clauses can reach the complexity of finite clauses by the production of another element, making these constructions commensurate with subordinate finite clauses. Since these constructions are structurally similar to accepted clauses (e.g., imperatives), their exclusion from the clausal complexity calculation threatens the validity and reliability of the coding. Because a narrow definition requires an arbitrary division along a continuum of complex verbal constructions, the field should adopt this broader definition of clause. Further, researchers should clarify their methodology choices and acknowledge coding challenges, which are common in L2 data, especially L2 speech data. The increased transparency in research methodology supports the interpretation of research results and facilitates comparisons across L2 studies.

A Parallel 3-D HIE-FDTD Method using the MPI Library

This paper presents the implementation of the parallel hybrid implicit-explicit finite-difference time-domain (HIE-FDTD) method using the Message Passing Interface (MPI) library. The method proves to be very effective in simulating large-scale three-dimensional electromagnetic problems with fine structures in one direction. For the decomposition of the computational volume in the HIE-FDTD method, an MPI Cartesian 2D topology is implemented, allowing arbitrary division of the volume in two directions. Derived data types provided in the MPI library are employed to optimize inter-process communication. High accuracy and efficiency are subsequently demonstrated through a numerical example of a frequency-selected surface (FSS). It shows that the proposed method is very suitable for parallel computing, and the parallel efficiency maintains above 80% for different numbers of processes.

Saving China and admiring Japan: Cultural traitor Qian Daosun

Abstract Qian Daosun (1887–1966) was imprisoned for collaborating with the Provisional Government in North China under Japanese occupation, and to this day he is labelled as hanjian (traitor). Yet, Qian was first and foremost a cultural literatus, librarian, and an exceptional translator with an in-depth understanding of Japanese culture and languages. This article examines the crucial role that Japan and the Japanese language played for Chinese cultural literati in their quest to save China. It also brings to the forefront the dilemmas and agonizing choices Qian faced in his attempt to promote Sino-Japanese cultural exchange in the midst of war, in particular as a librarian. Wartime libraries are highly contested sites of selection, destruction, censorship, preservation, confiscation, and knowledge production. An added layer of complexity was Japan’s cultural policy in China that promoted Japanese-language collections and governed libraries such as the Beijing1 Modern Science Library where Qian worked. What exacerbated Qian’s dilemmas was his upbringing, which led him to form close personal connections with like-minded Japanese literati. Lastly, this article revisits the hanjian label by comparing Qian’s fate to that of other librarians and returned students of Japan, such as May Fourth writer Lu Xun and patriotic bibliophile Zheng Zhenduo. By deliberately examining May Fourth writers alongside hanjian and Japanese intermediaries, the intention is to dismount arbitrary labels and divisions that have set them apart and against each other in the resistance versus collaboration dichotomy.

An Ultra-Compact and Wideband Transformer-Based Coupler With Arbitrary Phase Difference and Arbitrary Power Division Ratio

An Ultra-Compact and Wideband Transformer-Based Coupler With Arbitrary Phase Difference and Arbitrary Power Division Ratio

A Generalized Design Approach for Asymmetric Coupled Line Couplers With Arbitrary Terminal Real Impedances and Arbitrary Power Division Ratio

A Generalized Design Approach for Asymmetric Coupled Line Couplers With Arbitrary Terminal Real Impedances and Arbitrary Power Division Ratio

ТЕОРИЯ АРХИВОВЕДЕНИЯ: СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ПРИНЦИПОВ И МЕТОДА КЛАССИФИКАЦИИ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ ДОКУМЕНТОВ

The article considers the principles and method of classifying and funding the historical documents as a contribution to the general theory of archival science, focusing upon its reconstructing. There were a lot of issues concerning the principles of classification that were raised during the discussion at the Institute for History and Archives as part of the Source Study Course taught there. As a result of discussions, a scientific classification of historical sources according to their types was adopted, rejecting the prevailing in the 1970s ideological approach to a thematic classification with arbitrary division of sources according to their degree of importance. The author is of the opinion that such principles of classification of historical sources create a general framework for understanding the totality of the available documentation as a single information fund, they also founded the system of the main categories and now guide the practical work in the archival sphere. Rapidly developing technologies lead to the creation of the new types of records, mainly digital, which are functioning in a changing information space. Hence, archives need to resolve the issues of accepting for keeping and further use of the electronic documents created in various forms (digital photographic materials, videos, etc.), which will require clarification of some of the provisions related to the acquisition, depositing and use of those records Nevertheless, despite the apparent change in the structure of documentary circulation (and primarily, in the specific forms of the records that go beyond the traditional definitions), such delineating principles of archiving as the principles of information consistency, of the non-splitting of the fund (also in the case of a new type of the fund), of the connection of the fond document with the fund creator, of the identification of the structural and genetic links between the records ascertained by the information exchange organization, by the hierarchy of the management and by the functions of the corresponding information carriers – all those principles are still relevant today

Crack phase‐field enhanced finite cover method for dynamic fracture at finite strain

SummaryThis study presents an enhancement of the diffusive‐discrete crack transition scheme (10.1002/nme.7169) to describe dynamic fracture at finite strain. In the enhanced scheme, the crack initiation, propagation, and bifurcation processes are determined from an energy minimization problem based on crack phase‐field theory, and the predicted diffusive crack is replaced by the discrete representation using the finite cover method. In the meantime, numerical damping is introduced to maintain computational stability and avoid distortion of the physical mesh in the finite cover context. By taking advantage of the features of the diffusive‐discrete crack transition scheme, the proposed approach enables us to stably simulate a series of dynamic fracture events involving crack initiation at an arbitrary location, propagation, and bifurcation in arbitrary directions, arbitrary divisions of an original object into multiple portions, and independent motions of divided portions. After spatial and temporal discretizations by the finite cover method and the Newmark method are described, as well as the simulation algorithm of the enhanced finite cover‐based staggered iterative procedure for dynamic fracture, several representative numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the performance and capabilities of the developed approach.

Science and Literature: Distances and Approaches

The Academy and other formal institutions that deal with knowledge tend to treat Science and Literature as distinct areas, each with very particular ways and methods of building knowledge. However, in certain aspects—perhaps the most important—both carry and disseminate their messages through the same symbolism and vehicle of communication, that is, the word. Both Science and Literature are useful, beautiful and edifying mechanisms, which can be used by the same person, in the same context or creative process, thanks to the proliferation of communication technologies, especially books, magazines, articles, computers and smartphones. In other words: these two segments are continuous or complementary, since all Sciences and technologies refer to reality, and this, in a broad sense, is an indivisible unit. This means that arbitrary divisions of knowledge help in the effort to organize studies, research and their products, but the established division is always compulsory and alienating, hence the urgent need for true interdisciplinary, considering that knowledge is one, with a universalizing character. This article aims to analyze the intricacies of these two areas of knowledge, drawing parallels between their construction processes and verifying the reasons for their distances and approaches over time.

Space–time heterogeneity of drought characteristics in Sabah and Sarawak, East Malaysia: implications for developing effective drought monitoring and mitigation strategies

Natural calamities like droughts have harmed not just humanity throughout history but also the economy, food, agricultural production, flora, animal habitat, etc. A drought monitoring system must incorporate a study of the geographical and temporal fluctuation of the drought characteristics to function effectively. This study investigated the space–time heterogeneity of drought features across Sabah and Sarawak, East Malaysia. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPIs) at timescales of 1-month, 3-months, and 6-months was selected to determine the spatial distribution of drought characteristics. Rainfall hydrographs for the area for 30 years between 1988 and 2017 have been used in this study. A total of six five-year sub-periods were studied, with an emphasis on the lowest and highest drought occurrence. The sub-periods were a division of the 30 years over an arbitrary continual division for convenience. The results showed that the sub-periods 1993–1997 and 2008–2012 had the highest and lowest comparative drought events. The drought conditions were particularly severe in Central and Eastern parts of East Malaysia, owing to El Nino events and the country's hilly terrain. Understanding how and when drought occurs can aid in establishing and developing drought mitigation strategies for the region.

Shelf life estimation of refrigerated vacuum packed beef accounting for uncertainty

This study estimates the shelf life of vacuum packed beef meat (three muscles: striploin (longissimus thoracis et lumborum, LTL), tenderloin (psoas major, PM) and outside chuck (trapezius thoracis, TT)) at refrigeration temperatures (0 °C–10 °C) based on modelling the growth of two relevant groups of spoilage microorganisms: lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Enterobacteriaceae. The growth models were developed combining a two-step and a one-step approach. The primary modelling was used to identify the parameters affecting the growth kinetics, guiding the definition of secondary growth models. For LAB, the secondary model included the effect of temperature and initial pH on the specific growth rate. On the other hand, the model for Enterobacteriaceae incorporated the effect of temperature on the specific growth rate and the lag phase; as well as the effect of the initial pH on the specific growth rate, the lag phase and the initial microbial count. We did not observe any significant effect of the type of muscle on the growth kinetics. Once the equations were defined, the models were fitted to the complete dataset using a one-step approach. Model validation was carried out by cross-validation, mitigating the impact of an arbitrary division between training and validation sets. The models were used to estimate the shelf life of the product, based on the maximum admissible microbial concentration (7 log CFU/g for LAB, 5 log CFU/g for Enterobacteriaceae). Although LAB was the dominant microbiota, in several cases, both LAB and Enterobacteriaceae reached the critical concentration practically at the same time. Furthermore, in some scenarios, the end of shelf life would be determined by Enterobacteriaceae, pointing at the potential importance of non-dominant microorganisms for product spoilage. These results can aid in the implementation of effective control measures in the meat processing industry.

Truth without truths: Grim's Cantorian paradox and the ontology of the objects of omniscience

Abstract I argue that Grim's diagonalization argument against the possibility of omniscience is not sound by arguing that the properties of being a proposition or a truth are not legitimate sortal properties. Thus, the fact that there can be no set corresponding to the extension of these properties does not imply that there is no completed totality of the things possessing it. First, I demonstrate that a correspondence theory of truth implies that propositions are non-linguistic representations of a type that resist determinate and uniform individuation into units and allow for arbitrary division into parts that are also propositions. The property is, therefore, an abstract mass property with no determinate cardinality of individuals that possess it. I then sketch a new theory of omniscience with this as its basis.

A direct synthesis method of multi‐port filtering power divider with arbitrary phase shift, power division and reference impedances

AbstractIn this study, a direct synthesis approach is proposed to extract the coupling matrix of multi‐port filtering power divider (FPD) with arbitrary phase shift, power division as well as reference impedances, for the first time. This method provides an attractive technique to synthesise a multi‐functional device that combines the characteristics of bandpass filter, multi‐port power divider and ideal phase shifters as well as the impedance matching network, which can effectively diminish the overall size and improve the performance of the microwave front‐end network. A newly defined coupling matrix corresponding to arbitrary multi‐port topologies that introduces ideal phase shift by virtue of constant frequency‐independent reactance at the source and load is developed in FPD synthesis process. The coupling matrix is obtained directly by optimising the presented cost‐function in this paper, avoiding complex similar transformation process of coupling matrix. Finally, several numerical examples of multi‐port FPD with equal/unequal power division ratio, arbitrary phase shift and reference impedances are synthesised to well verify the proposed synthesis method, and a practical example is given to verify the validity of arbitrary phase shift and arbitrary reference impedance.

On Galois extensions of division rings of Laurent series

We study Galois extensions of the division ring of Laurent series H((T,σ)), where H and σ are an arbitrary division ring and an arbitrary automorphism of H, respectively. We then obtain, e.g., new examples of skew fields fulfilling the inverse Galois problem and new examples of skew fields with several non isomorphic “separable closures”.

Discourse in Old Norse Literature

Discourse in Old Norse Literature

Commentary on The Right to Higher Education

Martin’s argument for the right to higher education is an exercise in ideal theory, which specifically distances itself from the familiar failings of compulsory education. I argue that even using sufficientarian criteria for admission to higher education would perpetuate non-ideal patterns of inequality and that reasonable forms of selectivity would still limit access to autonomy-promoting higher education. Martin’s case should prompt us to think about arbitrary divisions between compulsory and post-compulsory education in an autonomy-oriented system.

(Re‐)Discoveries in a time of disruption

(Re‐)Discoveries in a time of disruption

New insights into diversity of the upper respiratory tract microbiota and its relationship with SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the nasopharyngeal epithelial cells in patients with COVID-19.

The effects of SARS‑CoV‑2 infection on the composition of the upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiota are yet to be established, and more attention to this topic is needed. The study aimed to assess the bacterial profile and the possible association between the URT microbiota composition and the SARS‑CoV‑2 viral load. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from 60 adult patients with SARS‑CoV‑2 infection who were divided into 3 groups based on the quantification cycle (Cq) value in the quantitative polymerase chain reaction test: group I (n = 20), Cq lower than or equal to 31 (high replication rate); group II (n = 20), Cq greater than 31 and lower than 38 (low replication rate), and group III (n = 20), Cq higher than or equal to 38 (virus eliminated from the nasopharyngeal epithelial cells). The obtained genetic libraries of 16S rRNA were sequenced and taxonomic diversity profiling was performed to determine the α- and β‑biodiversity in each group. A significantly lower abundance of Prevotella species was noted in group I, as compared with groups II and III. Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fusicatenibacterium saccharivorans, and Bacteroides dorei abundance was characteristic of and significantly greater in group I than in groups II and III. Overall, the microbiota composition was the most diverse in group I, whereas groups II and III were more homogenous in terms of taxonomic diversity. The arbitrary division of patients according to the SARS‑CoV‑2 viral load was reflected in diverse composition of their bacterial microbiota, which implies an association between these 2 factors. The patients with a low viral replication rate and those who eliminated the virus from the epithelial cells belonged to a group with a less diverse microbiota community than the patients with a high viral replication rate.

Fast Multiple-Precision Integer Division Using Intel AVX-512

This paper reports on the implementation of a large integer division method that uses Intel Advanced Vector Extensions 512 (AVX-512), which is a 512-bit Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instruction set, and proposes a modification to a conventional division algorithm that makes it more SIMD instruction-friendly. More specifically, we use the Integer Fused Multiply-Add AVX-512 (AVX-512IFMA) subset, which is an instruction set that works well with large integer multiplication, to compute large integer divisions via a multiplication-based approach with a reciprocal. For the division process, we apply the most basic algorithm and divide-and-conquer methods and then use several techniques to compute efficiently with SIMD instructions in our implementation. We then combine these techniques and methods to implement our division function so that it can flexibly handle various sizes. To evaluate the performance of our proposed implementation, we executed our division program and the GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library (GMP) on a Cannon Lake microarchitecture processor. A comparison of the execution times for our division program and GMP with various sizes showed that our method resulted in performance improvements of 25% to 35% on average, thus indicating that SIMD instructions are effective for fast arbitrary precision integer divisions.

Balanced-to-Unbalanced Quadrature Couplers With Wide-Band Common-Mode Suppression

In this paper, two types of balanced-to-unbalanced quadrature couplers with six hybrid ports and arbitrary power division ratio are proposed. For Type 1, the quadrature coupler can realize two power division functions, including balanced/unbalanced to balanced-unbalanced-hybrid, and for Type 2, the quadrature coupler contains balanced -to-unbalanced and unbalanced-to-balanced power division functions. To reduce the circuit size, double-sided parallel-strip line (DSPSL) swap structure is used to replace the half-wavelength transmission line, and compact circuit size can be easily achieved. To validate the performance of the quadrature couplers, two types of the balanced-to-unbalanced quadrature couplers centered at 1 GHz with power division ratios 1:1 and 3:1 are fabricated and measured, respectively. The common mode suppression higher than 10 dB (bandwidths over than 176%) can be realized, the isolation and in-band matching level can be also improved.

Photovoltaic Power Generation Forecasting for Regional Assessment Using Machine Learning

Solar energy currently plays a significant role in supplying clean and renewable electric energy worldwide. Harnessing solar energy through PV plants requires problems such as site selection to be solved, for which long-term solar resource assessment and photovoltaic energy forecasting are fundamental issues. This paper proposes a fast-track methodology to address these two critical requirements when exploring a vast area to locate, in a first approximation, potential sites to build PV plants. This methodology retrieves solar radiation and temperature data from free access databases for the arbitrary division of the region of interest into land cells. Data clustering and probability techniques were then used to obtain the mean daily solar radiation per month per cell, and cells are clustered by radiation level into regions with similar solar resources, mapped monthly. Simultaneously, temperature probabilities are determined per cell and mapped. Then, PV energy is calculated, including heat losses. Finally, PV energy forecasting is accomplished by constructing the P50 and P95 estimations of the mean yearly PV energy. A case study in Mexico fully demonstrates the methodology using hourly data from 2000 to 2020 from NSRDB. The proposed methodology is validated by comparison with actual PV plant generation throughout the country.