Food Science and TechnologyVolume 35, Issue 2 p. 32-33 FeaturesFree Access Reclaiming lost nutrition First published: 15 June 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/fsat.3502_9.xAboutFiguresReferencesRelatedInformationPDFSections Food waste's untapped potential Circular production model Extracting better nutrition The prebiotic opportunity What's next?ReferencesPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessClose modalShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Rich Troyer describes Comet Bio's innovative extraction process for upcycling crop leftovers into high-quality, nutritious ingredients. Forty percent of the food produced around the globe currently goes to waste according to the Natural Resources Defense Council1. At the same time, nutrition gaps and food insecurity continue to persist, even in the United States, where more than 30% of the population is considered either obese or overweight2. This paradox of our food system producing more waste than ever, yet still not providing adequate nutrition, demonstrates the need for innovation. Comet Bio is working to address both challenges by extracting nutrition from food system waste. Its proprietary upcycling technology produces novel ingredients with significant nutritious potential, while simultaneously addressing critical environmental challenges. Food waste's untapped potential Food waste has been an increasingly trending topic for the last decades, especially as the world's population continues to grow. One of the most logical ways to prevent potential food supply shortages is to address the food already being produced and going to waste. The USDA's (United States Department of Agriculture) Loss-Adjusted Food Availability data series shows that the food wasted per person per day in the US in 2012 contained over 1,200 calories, 33g of protein, 5.9g of dietary fiber and significant amounts of other under-consumed nutrients, including calcium and potassium. These nutrients could go far in helping fill in nutrition gaps for many Americans3. For example, USDA data shows that US women fell short of meeting the recommended daily levels of dietary fiber by an average of 8.9g per day in 2012. The lost 5.9g of dietary fiber represents two-thirds of this gap. There is a lot of untapped potential in upcycling food waste for human consumption, especially given that most of the byproducts from manufacturing are fed to animals. It is a missed nutritional opportunity for humans because many of these byproducts have high nutritional value, which leads to economic value. The 1.3bn tons of food wasted each year represent not only valuable nutrition but also a $2.6tn economic value4. Circular production model Wasted food begins where our food supply chain begins – farming and harvesting. Comet Bio's founder, Andrew Richard, has a long history of working with crop leftovers and wood waste. Early on, he recognised the opportunity in upcycling these resources. Unlike some manufacturing systems that use a ‘take, make, waste’ model, upcycling solidifies a circular economy using a ‘take, make, remake and restore’ model. It takes materials that would otherwise go to waste and harvests them to develop an entirely new product, closing the loop on the food system. Comet Bio's innovative extraction process upcycles crop leftovers – such as straw, leaves and shells – into high-quality ingredients (Figure 1). We partner with farmers to understand where our crop leftovers are coming from and how they are being grown and collected. Not only does this help ensure we are sourcing our upcycled materials from organic and non-GMO crops, but it enables us to mitigate any mis-steps that could occur when purchasing farm leftovers. This partnership also benefits farmers by allowing them to profit from their whole harvest while ensuring the highest quality for our ingredients. Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Upcycling production process With this approach, the company not only closes the loop on the food system but also reduce its carbon footprint. According to an independent well-to-wheel analysis, Comet Bio's dextrose production process emits over 60% fewer greenhouse gases than traditional manufacturing. Extracting better nutrition Comet Bio continues to research ways to use its technology to supply consumers with not only more sustainable but also healthier ingredients. For example, despite its prebiotic benefits, the plant fibre extract, arabinoxylan, has not been widely available for use due to inefficient extraction. Arabinoxylan is an FDA (Food and Drug Administration) recognised dietary fiber and can be procured from a variety of sources of hemicellulose, from spent brewer's grain to wheat stalks. Clinical research shows that consuming as little as 2.2g of agrabinoxylan per day promotes the growth of bifidobacteria in the gut, which is less than half the level required for other prebiotic ingredients5. Arabinoxylan is also clinically proven to support immune health and help maintain healthy blood glucose levels6. Comet Bio has utilised its extraction technology to make arabinoxylan available in an isolated, purified and fully soluble form. The proprietary process uses water and pressure to extract the arabinoxylan and purify it into a fully soluble powder (Figure 2). Figure 2Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Nutrient extraction process Recent development work has established how to adjust the operating conditions to obtain exact product specifications. There is a molecular weight range within arabinoxylan that can be used to fine tune the plant fibre to deliver different health benefits. There are ways of adjusting the process to produce different specs of arabinoxylan, such as a lighter colour product or a more potent immunity product. Arrabina prebiotic fiber and a sample showing its use in a chocolate bar The spec for the arabinoxylan prebiotic dietary fibre product (Arrabina) can be incorporated into a wide range of applications. In addition to being fully soluble, it has a low viscosity, remains stable at low pH levels and is extremely resistant to high temperatures. Arrabina's high functionality means it will not gel or impact texture when added as a supplement to protein powders or as a fiber boost for nutrition bars, baked goods and ready-to-drink beverages. It also works well in chocolate confectionary and can be added to help reduce sugar content. The prebiotic opportunity Demand for prebiotics has been growing steadily in recent years, resulting in strong growth for the category and a number of major suppliers looking to expand production or enter the market. According to Nutrition Business Journal (NBJ) data, the US digestive health market has nearly tripled in size within the last decade and is predicted to reach $5.7bn by 2024. Prebiotic sales currently make up a small portion of the overall digestive health market but are showing strong growth, having doubled every year since 2016 and surpassing $425m in sales in 20207. In addition, awareness of prebiotics has grown to 81%, with 35% of supplement users taking prebiotics at some level, according to Ingredient Transparency Center (ITC) Insights’ 2020 Consumer Survey8. Unfortunately, many popular prebiotic fiber options require high inclusion levels to be effective. For example, for inulin, a commonly used prebiotic fiber derived from chicory root, 5g of material per day or more is needed9. These higher inclusion rates render many prebiotic supplement, food and beverage formats impractical. Many popular prebiotic fiber options, including inulin, are also oligosaccharides, a type of fiber that the popular low-FODMAP diet (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols - short-chain carbohydrates that the small intestine absorbs poorly) cautions individuals to avoid due to tolerability concerns. Comet Bio's arabinoxylan prebiotic fiber is hemicellulose polysaccharide fiber. Its longer chain polysaccharide structure makes it better tolerated by the gut compared to oligosaccharides. Results from a recent clinical trial reveal that consumers can take up to 15g per day of Arrabina with no negative gut or bowel reaction10. At the same time, Arrabina is potent with an inclusion rate as low as 3g per day, making it easier to incorporate into existing food and beverage products. What's next? Comet Bio is reclaiming lost nutrition from food system waste and we are not alone. In 2020, the company was selected by Anheuser-Busch InBev, the world's largest brewer, to join its 100+ Accelerator to pilot their saved grains in our upcycling process. The Upcycled Food Association (UFA), of which we are members, now has over 65 mission-driven companies, each tackling the problem in slightly different ways. Consumers are recognising the opportunity too. According to UFA, 95% of consumers want to reduce food waste. Future Market Insights estimates that upcycled food could be worth $46bn and experience a 5% annual growth over the next decade. These collective efforts, including innovative approaches and industry partnerships, can give rise to a future with less waste and more nutrition in our food system. Rich Troyer, CEO of Comet Bio, Schaumburg, IL, USA Rich has a combination of corporate development, operations and finance expertise in industrial biotechnology. He was previously the Chief Business Officer at Coskata and before that he was a Managing Director at The Blackstone Group, responsible for investments in biofuels and bio-chemicals companies. Rich received his M.B.A. in Finance and Marketing from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and a B.B.A. degree in accounting from Baylor University. Email rtroyer@comet-bio.com Web comet-bio.com/ References 1Gunders, Dana. "Wasted: How America is losing up to 40 percent of its food from farm to fork tolandfill."Natural Resources Defense Council26 (2012): 1-26. 2J. Eric Oliver, Taeku Lee; Public Opinion and the Politics of Obesity in America.JHealthPolitPolicyLaw1 October 2005; 30 (5): 923–954. doi:https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-30-5-923 3Krittanawong, Chayakrit. "The appeal of alt: Understanding consumer demand for label-friendlyalternative products–report."Meta(2020). 4Juma,Calestous. The new harvest: agricultural innovation in Africa. Oxford University Press,2015. 5Cloetenset al. 2010. Tolerance of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides and their prebiotic activity inhealthy subjects: a randomised, placebo-controlled crossoverstudy. British Journal of Nutrition, 103, 703- 713. 6Kjølbæk, L., Benítez-Páez, A., Pulgar, E. M., Brahe, L. K., Liebisch, G., Matysik, S., . . . Sanz, Y.(2019). Arabinoxylan oligosaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acid effects on gut microbiotaand metabolic markers in overweight individuals with signs of metabolic syndrome: Arandomized cross-over trial. Clinical Nutrition. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.012 7https://store.newhope.com/products/april-2019-market-overview?_pos=1&_sid=2a7c210b5&_ss=r 8https://trusttransparency.com/insights/ 9Carlson JL, Erickson JM, Lloyd BB, Slavin JL. Health Effects and Sources of Prebiotic Dietary Fiber.Curr Dev Nutr. 2018 Jan 29;2(3):nzy005. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzy005. PMID: 30019028; PMCID:PMC6041804. 10https://comet-bio.com/comet-bio-announces-positive-clinical-trial-results-for-its-prebiotic-arrabina/ Volume35, Issue2June 2021Pages 32-33 FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation RecommendedTHE USE OF SELECTED LACTIC ACID BACTERIA STARTER CULTURES FOR IMPROVED THAI SAUSAGE FERMENTATIONWIRAMSRI SRIPHOCHANART, WANWISA SKOLPAP, Journal of Food Processing and PreservationNisin Z-Producing Lactococcus lactis Subsp. Lactis GYl32 Isolated from BozaGozde Koral, Yasin Tuncer, Journal of Food Processing and PreservationEvaluation of lactic acid bacteria and component change during fermentation of Ishizuchi‐kurochaMasanori Horie, Atsumi Tada, Naoaki Kanamoto, Takahisa Tamai, Naohiro Fukuda, Sakiko Sugino, Takahito Toyotome, Yosuke Tabei, Journal of Food Processing and PreservationRedistributing surplus foodFood Science and TechnologyInnovation with purposeFood Science and Technology