Arabic Literary Criticism Research Articles

Sense and Expression in Arabic Literary Criticism from Sayyid Qutb’s Perspective

Entering the modern era, as a result of the influence with the Western world, Arabic literary criticism began to develop with many critics writing rules or methods in literary criticism. This article tries to look at Sayyid Qutb's efforts to respond to this situation by analyzing the basic principles of Arabic literary criticism from Sayyid Qutb's perspective by focusing on two main elements, sense element (al-syu’ur) and expression element (al-ta'bir) as well as the application of these two elements in assessing a literature work. The material objects are Sayyid Qutb's book entitled al-Naqd al-Adabī Uṣūluhu wa Manāhijuhu and Kutub wa Syakhṣiyyāt. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with a content analysis approach using reading and note-taking techniques. As a result, it can be seen that the concept of literary works emphasized by Sayyid Qutb is in sense value (al-qiyam al-syu'ūriyyah) and expression value (al-qiyam al-ta'bīriyyah) and at the same time these two things are the starting point for critical analysis of literary works. In the sense element, three points that need to be considered are the specificity of emotions, the depth of the feeling of connection with nature, and the authenticity of emotions. As for the expression element, the aspects that need to be looked at are the words (alfaẓ), phrase ('ibārah), and the topic approach. In the application of theory, Sayyid Qutb places greater emphasis on assessing the elements of sense and expression in general, rather than focusing on points derived from these two elements.

Kritik Sastra Arab pada Masa Yunani

<p><strong>The purpose of this study is to examine the development of literary criticism in the Greek period. The data collection method used in this study is the literature review method. The researcher will search all data related to this study and record the data. The approach used in this study is a historical approach where researchers look for stories related to the history of the development of Arabic literary criticism in the Greek period. From the results of this research can be found out about the understanding and classification of Arabic literary criticism. In addition, this study provides information on Arabic literary criticism in Greek times, Greek influence on Arab criticism through reading, and criticism of orientalist books in the context of Greek influence. In literary criticism, the task of teaching literature with the support of literary theory is literary criticism, especially oral literary criticism, using works of literary criticism to explain abstract literary theories.</strong></p><p><em><strong>Keywords</strong> - Criticism, Arabic Literature, Greek.</em></p>

Perkembangan Kritik Sastra Arab Pada Masa Kontemporer: Faktor Kemakmuran, Metode Kritik, dan Kritikus

Abstract: The development of literary criticism in the Arab world has gone through a long process, where some methods also changed and developed along with the development of literary works in the Arab world. Not much different from the world of Arabic literature which has been echoed since the jahiliyah era, since that time also literary criticism began to surface. In the realm of Arabic literary criticism, classical literary criticism is the root that exerts an influence on contemporary literary criticism. The popularity of Arabic poetry became a stimulus for the birth of criticism to the point of giving birth to several figures with their own styles of criticism. This article aims to provide a glimpse into the journey of literary criticism in the contemporary period, by presenting some of the figures who struggled and were directly involved in the develoment process of contemporary literary criticism.Keywords: Contemporary, Literary, Criticism, Arabic

The Technical Aspests of Abdul-Qahir AL-Jurjani's Theory of Versification

This paper is an attempt to explore the technical aspectsof Sheikh Abdul-Qahir Al-Jurjani's theory of versification which isscattered in his book Dala'il ul-I'jaz and to collect these dispersed parts.Al-Jurjani's theory of versification represented an outstandingcritical and rhetorical achievement in the Arabic critical rhetoricaltradition because it provided answers to many critical questions at thatearly epoch in the history of Arabic literary criticism. It, therefore,attracted the attention of critics and rhetoricians at all subsequenttimes. Such a theory can never be found in his predecessors except forsome hints in Ibnul Muqaffa' and Al-Jahidh's works though the idea ofversification was common among the Mu'tazila and Ash'ariya but itwas not evident; it was just mere hints which no one had interpreted indetail except Al-Jurjani who gave it much importance and talked aboutit in details, linking sound to sense, rhetorical figures of speech to themiraculous nature of Qur'anic language. Al-Jurjani's theory ofversification has become a scientific basis for the interpretation of theHoly Qur'an. Furthermore, some critics tried to link Al-Jurjani's theorywith contemporary stylistics and poetics.

Pengaruh Romantisisme terhadap Tren Psikologis Maḥmūd ‘Abbās al-‘Aqqād dalam Kritik Sastra Arab Modern

This study aims to reveal the influence of the Western romanticism movement on the psychological style developed by Maḥmūd ‘Abbās al-‘Aqqād in assessing and understanding Arabic literary works in the modern era. This research is library research using the analytical-descriptive method. The result of this study shows that the psychological trend of al-‘Aqqād’s criticism is strongly influenced by the romanticism movement. Romanticism is a revolutionary movement in the artistic, literary, and intellectual fields that emerged in Europe as a form of resistance to the conditions around the 18th century. This movement emphasizes the individuality aspect to highlight the liberation of feelings and emotions. This aspect of individuality then became the basis of al-‘Aqqād’s criticism in assessing literary works which, according to him, were full of individual personalities. Thus, the psychological trend in Arabic literary criticism developed by al-‘Aqqād cannot be separated from the immense influence of the romanticism movement that emerged in the West. The results of this study increasingly show the significance of the West's role in the development of Arabic literary criticism in the modern era.

Kritik Sastra Arab Pada Masa Jahilyah

This study discusses the phenomenon of Arabic literary criticism that occurred during the period of ignorance. By knowing the critical phenomena that existed during the jahiliyyah period, it will be known how the character of Arabic literary criticism at that time was. Literary criticism during the jahiliyyah period was still very simple, namely by determining good and bad or comparing works with one another based on their natural literary taste. The result can be seen in the phenomenon of Muallaqa>t in which some of the best poems from various tribes are placed. The forms of literary criticism during the jahiliyyah period were generally in four forms, namely linguistic criticism, meaning criticism, musical criticism, and poet strata criticism. Linguistic criticism is criticism of the misuse of language. Meaning criticism is a criticism that judges the merits of a poem in terms of meaning. There are three basics in the critique of its meaning, namely its relevance to the life of the Arab community, the compatibility between the word and the meaning that shows it, and the aesthetic value or beauty of the meaning contained in the poem. Musical criticism is literary criticism seen from the good or bad standards of arud that exist in poetry. Criticism of the poet's strata is criticism based on the level of the poet during the jahiliyyah period.

Problems of the Structural Approach: Methodology and Approach

This research aims to investigate some of the problems of the Structural Approach which has a huge impact on various schools of Arabic literary criticism as a result of the scientific shift it introduced to the field. This paper sheds light on some of the most consequential complications of the Structural Approach which are frequently cited as points of criticism. The objective of considering such issues is to offer the Arab literary critic with ways to deal with and overcome some of the most substantial challenges of the Structural Approach. This work can be classified as falling under the umbrella of reviewing the Structural Approach of literary criticism.

Problems of the Structural Approach: Methodology and Approach

This research aims to investigate some of the problems of the Structural Approach which has a huge impact on various schools of Arabic literary criticism as a result of the scientific shift it introduced to the field. This paper sheds light on some of the most consequential complications of the Structural Approach which are frequently cited as points of criticism. The objective of considering such issues is to offer the Arab literary critic with ways to deal with and overcome some of the most substantial challenges of the Structural Approach. This work can be classified as falling under the umbrella of reviewing the Structural Approach of literary criticism, and is divided into three main sections: Section I: The problem of inflation. Section II: Methodological and theoretical problems of the Structural Approach. Section III: Problems of application.

Arabic Literary Criticism from the Age of Jāhiliyyah to the 5th Century Hijrī

Arabic Literary Criticism from the Age of Jāhiliyyah to the 5th Century Hijrī

The Literature of Arab Rhetoric

Kökleri kadim medeniyetlere dayandırılan Arap belâgat ilmi; Câhiliyye, İslam’ın ilk dönemleri ve Emevî Devleti süresince şiir ve hitâbet gibi doğal mecralarla toplum nezdinde varlığını sürdürmüştür. Abbâsî Devleti’nin kuruluşuyla Arap belâgat ilmi de farklı medeniyetlerin etkileşimleri sonucunda değişik kaynaklardan beslenmek üzere gelişmeye devam etmiştir. İslâm ve Arap devletlerinin sınırları genişlemesiyle beraber farklı coğrafya ve medeniyetlere göre Arap belâgat ilminde değişik akımlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Hicri yedinci yüzyıla gelindiğinde belâgat ilmi, Sekkâkî’nin dil ilimlerini ihtiva eden Miftâhu’l-‘ulûm isimli eseriyle; meânî, beyân ve bedî‘ olmak üzere üç değişik ilme ayrılarak, oluşum sürecini tamamlamıştır. Sekkâkî’ye kadar dikey bir şekilde yükselişini sürdüren belâgat ilmî, Sekkâkî’nin bu eseriyle yükselişini tamamlamış olup yatay olarak gelişimini devam ettirmiştir. Bu süreçte Ferrâ’dan (ö. 207/822) Me‘ânicî’ye (ö. 990/1582) kadar Arap edebî tenkit ve belâgat alanlarında yetkin âlimler tara-fından çok sayıda eser, şerh, telhîs ve haşiyeler kaleme alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda bu âlimler, belâgat ilminin oluşum, yükseliş ve genişleme süreçlerinde etkin bir şekilde rol oynamışlardır. Bu çerçevede belâgat alanında zengin bir literatür ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu münasebetle alanda oluşturulan söz konusu literatür, tarafımızca incelenmek üzere çalışmanın konusu yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya başlamadan önce, giriş kısmında ülkemizde yapılmış benzer çalışmalara değinmek üzere çalışmanın ayrıt edici özellikleri açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca belâgat sözcüğünün lügavî ve istilâhî tanımları da yapılmıştır. Belâgat alanında kaleme alınan eserler tanıtılırken, yazarları hakkında da gerekli ve önemli bilgiler aktarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Böylece Arap belâgat ilminde literatür taraması yapmak isteyenler için bir rehber mahiyetinde olması hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmamızın konusu olan Arap belâgat literatürü; Kur’ân Etrafında Yapılan Çalışma-lar, Dil ve Edebî Alanında Yapılan Çalışmalar, Edebî Tenkit Alanında Yapılan Çalışmalar, Doğrudan Belâgat Alanında Yapılan Çalışmalar ve Diğer Çalışmalar olmak üzere beş ayrı kategori-de incelenmiştir. Literatür incelemesinden sonra, konunun özetlenerek sonuç kısmına ya-zılmasıyla çalışma bitirilmiştir.

‘The Fire Does Not Disturb Us’

Abstract This article examines the contemporary qaṣīda poetry of South Sinai Muzīna Bedouin women from an anthropological perspective, drawing primarily upon a history of emotions framework, as well as Bedouin ethnographic studies and Arabic literary criticism. The article argues that the composition and vocalisation of qaṣīda poetry in South Sinai is more than a performative art; it is a means of ‘navigating’ one's emotions as a woman in a patriarchal society where emotional expression for both men and women is deemed inappropriate. In the poetry of Nādiyyah and Umm ‘Īd, we gain insight into the subjective lived experience of Bedouin women in South Sinai, as they attempt to poetically express their desire, elation, grief and passion, while simultaneously demonstrating their ability to ‘control’ their emotional states.

Al-Naẓm Stylistic Discourse in I’jāz al-Qur’ān Based on Al-Jurjānī’s Perspective: Analysis of Arabic Literature Criticism on the Qur'an Studies

This article discusses Arabic literature criticism during the classical period represented in al-Jurjāni’s naẓm (poetic) theory. It aims to analyze al-Jurjānī's thoughts in the field of balāgha (Arabic rhetoric) in revealing the miracles of the Qur'an in terms of its language beauty. Al-Jurjānī argues that one of the miraculous aspects of the Qur'an is concerned with its naẓm. Although the theory of naẓm had been previously proposed by Arabic literary scholars, such as al-Jāhiẓ, al-Baqillānī and al-Rummānī, al-Jurjānī, however, elaborated and developed the theory naẓm in great details. His theory contributes to the development of the meaning of balāgha and introduces it to public audience amongst scholars of the Qur’an. Al-Jurjānī concludes that naẓm is determined by the meaning of the Qur'anic verses as well as the structure in the discipline of naḥwu (grammar). The naḥwu and naẓm theory work together to generate meaning of the spoken sentence. Al-Jurjānī’s concept of naẓm supersedes later experts' and even modern Western linguists' discoveries and knowledge in the field of Arabic literary criticism.

تحليل بحث النقد الأدبي العربي النسوي من خلال منظور الفلسفي

The aim of this article is to analyze a feminist Arabic literary criticism research from a philosophical perspective, which includes the ontology, epistemology, and axiology of the research. The research subject analyzed was the poem "Sihru Sītā" which was translated by Usman Arrumi from Indonesian poet; Sapardi Djoko Damono. It can be seen that the diction used in poetry seems to corner the image of women in the form of women's oppression over men. As for the philosophical framework in completing the scientific research process, at least it needs to go through various stages, which include identifying problems, formulating problems, compiling a conceptual framework, formulating hypotheses, research methods that include data collection and analysis methods, and finally in the form of conclusions from research. Scientific knowledge, including Arabic literary research, can be said to be correct when a combination of rationalism and empiricism appears. Rationalism provides a coherent and logical framework of thought, whereas empiricism provides a testing framework to ascertain the correctness of that knowledge.

Against Eurocentrism: Decolonizing Eurocentric Literary Theories in the Ancient Egyptian and Arabic Poetics

The paper offers literature review of the three suggested approaches that answer the question of ancient Egyptian meter. These theories reflect the constant contradictions between the dominant European Imperial languages of the 19 century (German - French - English). The paper also investigates the religious motivations that prompt Euro-American scholars to compare ancient Egyptian with Biblical texts. The rediscovered thematic affinities formed the main objective of these studies in order to restore historical hypothesizes that approve the legitimacy of several Biblical thoughts. Moving beyond the theoretical parameters of Eurocentric modernity, this paper argues that medieval Arabic literary criticism can be used as a foundation for understanding the literary nature of ancient Egyptian literary devices in order to recognize the various internal forces of the ancient Egyptian literary reproductions. Premodern Arabic poetics, represented in the theory of balāghah (literally ‘eloquence’ and roughly ‘poetics’), can offer the ideal path to take advantage of the linguistic affinities between the two languages in the realm of literary studies.

Gender Mainstreaming in Arabic Literature

Arabic literature is a means of gender mainstreaming which is very rich in gender issues. This is based on the social fact that Arab society in its historical footsteps has a stereotype as a community that is very thick with its patriarchal culture. Consequently, the social condition which is less responsive to gender influences the birth of Arabic literary works in various types in which gender issues such as marginalization of women, subordination of women to men, violence, negative stereotypes, and others. This article is qualitative research by using feminist Arabic literary criticism as a perspective, gender mainstreaming in Arabic literature is carried out by tracing the gender issues that exist in Arabic literature in its various forms. Through feminist Arabic literary criticism, various theories of feminist literary criticism consisting of ideological criticism, gynocritical criticism, socialist criticism, psychoanalytic criticism, ethnic criticism, and lesbian criticism, are applied in transforming and reconstructing gender-responsive relations between men and women.

The Technical Aspests of Abdul-Qahir AL-Jurjani's Theory of Versification

: This paper is an attempt to explore the technical aspects of Sheikh Abdul-Qahir Al-Jurjani's theory of versification which is scattered in his book Dala'il ul-I'jaz and to collect these dispersed parts. Al-Jurjani's theory of versification represented an outstanding critical and rhetorical achievement in the Arabic critical rhetorical tradition because it provided answers to many critical questions at that early epoch in the history of Arabic literary criticism. It, therefore, attracted the attention of critics and rhetoricians at all subsequent times. Such a theory can never be found in his predecessors except for some hints in Ibnul Muqaffa' and Al-Jahidh's works though the idea of versification was common among the Mu'tazila and Ash'ariya but it was not evident; it was just mere hints which no one had interpreted in detail except Al-Jurjani who gave it much importance and talked about it in details, linking sound to sense, rhetorical figures of speech to the miraculous nature of Qur'anic language. Al-Jurjani's theory of versification has become a scientific basis for the interpretation of the Holy Qur'an. Furthermore, some critics tried to link Al-Jurjani's theory with contemporary stylistics and poetics

The Politics of Literary Value in Early Modernist Arabic Comparative Literary Criticism

Abstract The modernist epistemic disconnect from the “medieval Islamic republic of letters,” Muhsin al-Musawi argues, is attributable both to the incursion of Enlightenment-infused European discourse and a failure to read the import of the republic’s significant cultural capital. This article explores the effects of Eurocentric incursions on transformations in literary value in two of the earliest known works of comparative Arabic literary criticism: Rūḥī al-Khālidī’s Tārīkh ʿilm al-adab ʿind al-ifranj wa-l-ʿarab wa-fiktūr hūkū (The History of the Science of Literature of the Franks, the Arabs, and Victor Hugo, 1902) and Aḥmad Ḍayf’s Muqaddimah li-dirāsat balāghat al-ʿarab (Introduction to the Study of Arab balāghah, 1921). I employ the various theoretical formulations of the decolonial school of thought, primarily Walter Mignolo’s coloniality/modernity complex, in tracing these epistemological shifts in literary value and focus on the internalization of Eurocentric critiques of Arabic literary capital. I also discuss the politics involved in such processes, presenting a decolonial perspective on these modernists’ engagement with their Arabic critical heritage.

GENEALOGI KAJIAN PASCAKOLONIALISME DALAM KHAZANAH KRITIK SASTRA ARAB

This study is a comparative literature study that seeks to investigate postcolonialism study in the Arabic Literary Criticism from the early postcolonialism study to the current postcolonial study. This study uses American comparative literature theory, the diachronic approach, and historical methods. The results of this study are that postcolonialism entered into the Arabic Literary Criticism through postcolonial theory book that was translated to Arabic language, students who studied in America or Europe and then taught at universities in the Arabic world, and also the internet. In addition, the attitude of the Arabs towards postcolonialism study in the Arabic Literary Criticism is still limited as consumers and not theorists.

El poema sufi entre la especifidad de la experiencia y las habilidades lingüísticas

Poetas y críticos sostienen que cada texto dispone de su propia experiencia, su lenguaje y su estructura formal. Teniendo esto en cuanta, este trabajo tiene por objetivo el estudio de las especificidades de la poesía sufí, un prototipo de literatura cuyo propósito es buscar el conocimiento de Dios y alcanzar el amor divino. Partiendo de la hipótesis de que el poema sufí contiene una estructura lingüística estrechamente relacionada con la naturaleza del tema tratado, este artículo analiza las relaciones existentes entre el sufismo como pensamiento y la poesía como género literario, llegando a la conclusión de que la con- fluencia de ambas dimensiones creó una estética literaria particular que permitió a los poe- tas sufíes expresar adecuadamente su experiencia espiritual y trascendental. Por este motivo, la crítica literaria árabe ha considerado a la poesía sufí como una de las mejores expresiones creativas en cuanto a la forma y al tema.

The terms of contemporary Arabic literary criticism

This study discusses the use of developed terms of literary criticism in the Arab. literature always experiences renewal in terms of science because literary criticism is a cultural product that often interacts with the conditions of the surrounding world, one of which is the terms of literary criticism which is the criterion in its use, so that raises the question, what are the terms of the Arabic literary criticism that are developing now? the purpose of this study is to find out the terms of literary criticism that developed in contemporary times as balancing the transformation of the ever expanding world of external literature. The method used in this research is library research, which is by collecting library data related to terms in Arabic literature. The finding in this study is that in contemporary Arabic literature there are three phenomenal terms, first the inner experience of poets (writers), the second organic unity and the theme in literary works, the third form of poetry.