Arabic Alphabet Research Articles

The Neglect Neglected. To Point or Not to Point, That is the Question

Ihmāl—meaning “neglect”—is the technical term in Arabic grammar for omitting the dots from certain letters of the Arabic alphabet. It also refers to the use of a whole range of signs (the ʿAlāmāt al-Ihmāl) to indicate that certain letters of the Arabic alphabet do not carry dots. Ihmāl was first developed in the so-called “new style” of Arabic script that emerged as a bookhand in the 3rd/9th century. “The neglect neglected” refers to the fact that the description and the use of the ʿAlāmāt al-Ihmāl have rarely been object of scholarly research. The subject is treated here according to a historical timeline. A short history of dotting is followed by a description of Ihmāl in full swing; then, variations on the theme are shown; and finally, the gradual disappearance Ihmāl and the shift in function, from orthographical auxiliary sign to ornamental element, are given attention. Several ideas on Ihmāl that have been articulated by scholars of the classical period are quoted.

Erken Dönem Türkçe Transkripsiyon Metinleri ve Bunların Dil Araştırmaları Açısından Önemi

This article discusses Latin scripted Ottoman Turkish transcribed texts written between XVIth and XVIIth centuries, works on them, and their position and significance in Ottoman Turkish linguistic studies. The first known Latin scripted transcribed text written with the purpose of teaching Western Turkish dated back 1533. The books, penned after this time, are remarkable because they demonstrate phonological and morphological progresses and changes hidden by Arabic alphabet based Ottoman script. In addition, Turkish dialogues found in transcribed texts are important as they reveal spoken Ottoman Turkish.

A Brief Description of Consonants in Modern Standard Arabic

The present study deals with A brief description of consonants in Modern Standard This study tries to give some information about the production of Arabic sounds, the classification and description of consonants in Standard Arabic, then the definition of the word consonant. In the present study we also investigate the place of articulation in Arabic consonants we describe sounds according to: bilabial, labio-dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, and glottal. Then the manner of articulation, the characteristics such as phonation, nasal, curved, and trill. The aim of this study is to investigate consonant in MSA taking into consideration that all 28 consonants of Arabic alphabets. As a language Arabic is one of the most important languages in the world, because it is the language of Quran. Each language has its own phonetic system; furthermore to the enlightenment of MSA sound system; giving a comparison between Arabic and English sound considered as similarities and differences between the two systems such as /p/ and /b/ e.g. /p/- pit /pɪt/ in English but is not spoken in Arabic. Although /b/ sound is similar in both the languages e.g., / b /- bit/bɪt/ in English, بالغ / balɪɣ/ Adult in Arabic. This study attempts to observe these words and statistical work for each other and their representation in the data included with the analysis of these results. Modern Standard Arabic. This study starts from an elucidation of the phonetic bases of sounds classification. At this point shows the first limit of the study that is basically phonetic rather than phonological description of sounds. This attempt of classification is followed by lists of the consonant sounds in Standard Arabic with a key word for each consonant. The criteria of description are place and manner of articulation and voicing. The attempt of description has been made to lead to the drawing of some fundamental conclusion at the end of the paper.

Rational cubic trigonometric Bézier curve with two shape parameters

The current study presents rational cubic trigonometric Bezier curve with two shape parameters, which is a novel technique for drawing free form curves. The proposed curve retains most of the geometric properties of conventional rational cubic Bezier but is flexible due to the presence of shape parameters. The shape of the curve can be adjusted locally by altering the values of shape parameters as well as the weights. Using the given end point curvatures, conditions on shape parameters and weights have been driven so that the curve always lies in the convex hull of its control point. Later, this curve is used to generate piecewise rational trigonometric curves stitched together using parametric and geometric Hermite continuity conditions which can facilitate a designer to generate a smooth composition of curves in a situation where single curve does not work. The piecewise curves thus constructed are used to draw the layout of certain English and Arabic alphabets as an application in font designing.

PENGARUH BAHASA ARAB TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN BAHASA INDONESIA

This study aims to discover and describe how the Arabic influence on the development of the Indonesian language, which focused on the influence of the vocabulary, the influence of the Arabic alphabet and its influences on Indonesian syntax, as well as to discover how changes are absorbed Arabic vocabulary into Indonesian. The method used in this study is a literature review using the technique of content analysis, which is a research technique for making inferences that can be replicable, and valid the data by looking at the context. Sources of data in this study are the books relating to the object of research, among Indonesian Dictionary and other books. The results showed that the effect of Indonesian Arabic is big enough. This can be seen in the uptake of the Arabic word which ranks third after Dutch and English 1, 495 words. In addition, the use of Arabic script in Indonesian, which until now still many books, both Islamic religious books, Arabic books, tales, literature, written in Arabic alphabet Malay. Arabic influence on Indonesian syntax can be seen in books or Qur’an translations. The words of the absorption Arabic generally undergo changes in shape, as adapted to the Indonesian grammar or phonemes. It also changes the meaning, although the numbers are limited.

Ervehe as Moral Triumph and Trial of the Woman Who Explores the Social Utopia

The masterpiece of Muhammad Kyçyku alamiado writer (1784-1844) <i>Erveheja</i> became the most recognized in the period of the Albanian National Renaissance literature, after its first publication, in 1888, in Bucharest, by Jani Vreto. While the number of those who could read the Arabic alphabet was very low, the narrative poem, with only 214 stanzas of four verses, and with octosyllable range, was enjoyed and understood in listening by many admirers. The cause of the massive proliferation should be seen in the simplification of the poetic creation after two adaptations, but also of the social mission of this kind of utopian literature. Being a deliberate literature, it more strongly influenced the listener in the socio-cultural context, as the determining one of the text. After the discovery and the publication of the original text, <i>Erveheja</i> realized a kind of criticism, since the nucleus to understand reading a work of art is hidden within it. More importance was given to the text, by passing the universal themes, as the field of literature which gives the content, but also to the cultural themes, relating to Islam and Islamic culture. The idea that emerges as a dominant feature of the work is individual and the related topics are the pain of life and some other sub topics relating to it. Therefore, the collections of the information will pass on reflective analysis, which will help in accessing the social reality of the dream.

Kitab Rahasia Hari dan Bintang]: ‘Ilm al-Nujūm ‘inda al-Muslimīn min Qabīlah Sasak

The manuscript that became the study of this article is the text Kitab Rahasia Hari dan Bintang (The Book on the Mysteries of Days and Stars) which originated from the island of Lombok, in the province of Nusa Tenggara Barat. A part of the Sasak community still uses the contents of the text in their daily lives. Among the important uses of this text is for starting important activities such as building a house, determining the day of a wedding, sailing, trading and also in starting the planting season. The Sasak community uses the calculation of the days in the manuscript that, in local terminology, is often called diwase. Aside from that, the presence of this manuscript, written in the Arabic alphabet pegon, also explains many important things about the transmission of Islamic knowledge from its centre in the Middle East to the archipelago. The transmission process for Islamic knowledge in the archipelago did not only happen in the three main fields of fiqh, kalām, and taṣawwuf, but also in the field of Islamic astrological knowledge which acculturated with local culture.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v19i3.358

Arabic Sign Language Recognition

The objective of the research presented in this paper is to facilitate the communication between the deaf and non deaf people. To achieve this goal, computers should be able to visually recognize hand gestures from image input. An efficient and fast algorithm for gestures of manual Arabic letters for the sign language is proposed. The proposed system uses the concept of hand geometry for classifying letter shapes. Experiments revealed that satisfactory results are obtained via the proposed algorithm. The experiment results show that the gesture recognition rate of Arabic alphabet for different signs is 81.6 % General Terms Pattern Recognition, Human computer Interaction, Computer Vision.

Recognizing handwritten Arabic words using grapheme segmentation and recurrent neural networks

The Arabic alphabet is used in around 27 languages, including Arabic, Persian, Kurdish, Urdu, and Jawi. Many researchers have developed systems for recognizing cursive handwritten Arabic words, using both holistic and segmentation-based approaches. This paper introduces a system that achieves high accuracy using efficient segmentation, feature extraction, and recurrent neural network (RNN). We describe a robust rule-based segmentation algorithm that uses special feature points identified in the word skeleton to segment the cursive words into graphemes. We show that careful selection from a wide range of features extracted during and after the segmentation stage produces a feature set that significantly reduces the label error. We demonstrate that using same RNN recognition engine, the segmentation approach with efficient feature extraction gives better results than a holistic approach that extracts features from raw pixels. We evaluated this segmentation approach against an improved version of the holistic system MDLSTM that won the ICDAR 2009 Arabic handwritten word recognition competition. On the IfN/ENIT database of handwritten Arabic words, the segmentation approach reduces the average label error by 18.5 %, the sequence error by 22.3 %, and the execution time by 31 %, relative to MDLSTM. This approach also has the best published accuracies on two IfN/ENIT test sets.

Arabic–English Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage

Arabic–English Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage

Integrating Hieroglyphic, English and Arabic Alphabet to enhance youth clothing and accessories decorative patterns.

Integrating Hieroglyphic, English and Arabic Alphabet to enhance youth clothing and accessories decorative patterns.

Neural Correlates of Visual versus Abstract Letter Processing in Roman and Arabic Scripts

In alphabetic orthographies, letter identification is a critical process during the recognition of visually presented words. In the present experiment, we examined whether and when visual form influences letter processing in two very distinct alphabets (Roman and Arabic). Disentangling visual versus abstract letter representations was possible because letters in the Roman alphabet may look visually similar/dissimilar in lowercase and uppercase forms (e.g., c-C vs. r-R) and letters in the Arabic alphabet may look visually similar/dissimilar, depending on their position within a word (e.g., [Formula: see text] - [Formula: see text] vs. [Formula: see text] - [Formula: see text]). We employed a masked priming same-different matching task while ERPs were measured from individuals who had learned the two alphabets at an early age. Results revealed a prime-target relatedness effect dependent on visual form in early components (P/N150) and a more abstract relatedness effect in a later component (P300). Importantly, the pattern of data was remarkably similar in the two alphabets. Thus, these data offer empirical support for a universal (i.e., across alphabets) hierarchical account of letter processing in which the time course of letter processing in different scripts follows a similar trajectory from visual features to visual form independent of abstract representations.

LOKALITAS TARJAMAH HADITS BAHASA BETAWI: Respon Guru Mughni Terhadap Nilai Religius dalam Kitab Taudhih al Dalail fi Tarjamah Hadits al Syamail

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Taudhih al-Dalail fi Tarjamah Hadits al-Syamail is the manuscript hadith of Betawi’s clerical work. The book is a translation of Muhammadiyah Syamail written by al-Tirmidhi which teaches about the person and the attitude of the Prophet both in worship and social. It is translated by Guru Mughni of Kuningan, using the Arabic alphabet in Betawi Malay in 1926 AD. Guru Mughni categorized on the most popular one of the clergy late 19th and early 20th century in Batavia. With his compatriot friend, he was able to widen the intellectual influences that reach almost all parts of Batavia at the time. Social conditions of the religious community in Betawi during the Dutch colonial inspire Guru Mughni to build strong personal and character of Betawi community by making the Holy Prophet as a role model in life. Family background and education also makes his work has its own uniqueness over the works of Indonesian scholars at that time.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Arabic font recognition based on diacritics features

Many methods have been proposed for Arabic font recognition, but none of them has considered the specialty of the Arabic writing system. Most of these methods are either general pattern recognition approaches or application of other methods which have been developed for languages other than Arabic. Therefore, this paper is the first attempt to present an alternative method for Arabic font recognition based on diacritics. It presents the diacritics as the thumb of Arabic fonts which can be used individually to identify and recognize the font type. Diacritics are the marks and strokes which have been added to the original Arabic alphabet. Though they are the smallest regions in the Arabic script, with today technology it is very easy to get a high resolution image with a very low cost. In this kind of images, the diacritics can reveal very useful information about the font type. In this study, two algorithms for diacritics segmentation have been developed, namely flood-fill based and clustering based algorithm. The experiments conducted proved that our approach can achieve an average recognition rate of 98.73% on a typical database that contains 10 of the most popular Arabic fonts. Compared with existing methods, our approach has the minimum computation cost and it can be integrated with OCR systems very easily. Moreover, it could recognize the font type regardless of the amount of the input data since five diacritics, which in most cases can be found in only one word, are enough for font recognition.

A Novel Multilayer Perceptron Artificial Neural Network based Recognition for Kurdish Manuscript

Alphabetic recognition is one of the most interesting and successful research fields in artificial intelligence and pattern recognition. The different writing structures of the languages and the presence of different approaches in diagnosis of letters of the different languages has been a challenge in alphabetic recognition. All these challenges have made many researches switch this research area. Of the different approaches in alphabetic recognition, the neural artificial networks could have been successful according to the capability of parallel process and learning capability for a special application like recognition pattern. So, it is a suitable approach in alphabet recognition. The Kurdish language holds two manuscripts according to Latin and Arabic alphabets. In this paper the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) artificial neural networks are studied by the back-propagation algorithm to recognize the Kurdish-Latin manuscript. The proposed method is also applicative for diagnosis of all letters of the other Latin languages like English, Italian and etc. In this paper the MLP artificial neural networks are implemented in MATLAB environment. The efficiency factor for recognition of the Kurdish letters is to maximize the recognition accuracy of the Kurdish letters in training and testing the MLP artificial neural networks. This accuracy is 85.1535% in training stage and 81.2677% in testing stage.

Automated System for Arabic Optical Character Recognition with Lookup Dictionary

In this paper an Arabic Optical Character Recog- nition system is implemented. The system takes a scanned image of an Arabic text as an input and generates an editable text out of it. The system starts by segmenting the document which is presented as an image into lines, then each line is also segmented into separate words, after that each word is further segmented to sub-words. Each word or sub-word is segmented into separate characters, and then a features extraction process is applied on each character to calculate its features vector. The feature vector is then compared with templates of feature vectors for each of the Arabic alphabet with their variations. The minimum distance classifier is used in the classification stage. A recognition rate of 93.5% is attained. To improve the accuracy of the system, a lookup dictionary is employed to correct some of the misclassified characters. This resulted in improving the accuracy to 96.1%. The results achieved are promising regardless that Arabic Optical Character Recognition is considered many times harder to handle than its counterparts in other languages like English due to the continuity between the letters in the same word. Index Terms—Arabic OCR, Arabic characters, Segmenta- tion, Recognition, Image processing

Monolingualism of the Other; or, The Impossible Wedding

I only speak English and this troubles me to the point where I wonder if I should remain silent in debates about language, such as this one. More than a counterpoint to Anne E. Berger's plurilingua...

Freeman Chain Code Contour Processing for Handwritten Isolated Arabic Characters Recognition

The Arabic characters are being used in various languages. Recognition of handwritten characters of Arabic alphabet set is an important area of research. The work on recognition of Handwritten Isolated Arabic Characters (HIAC) is still an open research problem and it has numerous applications. Machine reading of optically scanned text is usually called optical Character recognition (OCR). In this paper we present an OCR for Handwritten Isolated Arabic Characters. Basic Characters are recognized by Freeman chain code. The proposed method obtains the contour of the character and then generates a Freeman Chain Code for contoured character. The obtained Freeman chain code is unique for handwritten isolated characters. The present method is based on template matching to recognize handwritten printed isolated Arabic characters. It was trained and validated on 200 images (consisting of 7400 Arabic characters written by 18 writers). Our experimentation observed the overall recognition rate is 95%. It is carried out in order to improve the rate and the performance of an Arabic handwritten word recognition system. The proposed system has been implemented and tested on Matlab R2008b environment.

Chutes &amp; Ladders: Middle Class in Motion

Chutes &amp; Ladders: Middle Class in Motion

The Influence of Gender on Ability to Simulate Handwritten Signatures: A Study of Arabic Writers*

This study investigates whether a writer's gender can be determined from an inspection of simulated signatures written in the Arabic alphabet or Arabic abjad. It is generally believed that the penmanship of female writers is superior to male writers. There is also reason to expect that superiority in writing skill might contribute to success in simulating the signatures of other writers. Simulated signatures produced by a large population of male (414) and female (312) Arabic writers were graded, and the results were statistically analyzed. Women were found to have a marginal advantage simulating all elements of the signatures, but there was no statistically significant difference between the genders on any of the elements examined.