Aqueous Solutions Of Potassium Salts Research Articles

Thermal-gas-chemical method for oil production intensification in low-temperature reservoirs

A method is proposed for developing an oil deposit based on low-temperature oil oxidation as a result of initiating an exothermic reaction and subsequent injection of oxygen-containing gas into the reservoir. In the proposed method, which includes successive injection of aqueous solutions of potassium salt and sulfuric acid into the well, light oil or gas condensate is injected into the deposit before injection of the aqueous acid solution. Further, after injection of an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid into the formation, air is pumped with further pushing with water. In the method, a 16% aqueous solution of potassium dichromate is used as an aqueous solution of potassium salt. The application of the proposed technology led to an increase in the temperature in the reservoir above 200 °C and an increase in the displacement efficiency up to 19.7%. Keywords: thermal chemical treatment; production stimulation; low-temperature reservoir; enhanced oil recovery; low temperature oxidation; oil displacement.

Thermodiffusion of aqueous solutions of various potassium salts.

Thermophoresis or thermodiffusion has become an important tool to monitor protein-ligand binding as it is very sensitive to the nature of solute-water interactions. However, the microscopic mechanisms underlying thermodiffusion in protein systems are poorly understood at this time. One reason is the difficulty to separate the effects of the protein system of interest from the effects of buffers that are added to stabilize the proteins. Due to the buffers, typical protein solutions form multicomponent mixtures with several kinds of salt. To achieve a more fundamental understanding of thermodiffusion of proteins, it is therefore necessary to investigate solutions of buffer salts. For this work, the thermodiffusion of aqueous potassium salt solutions has been studied systematically. We use thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering experiments in a temperature range from 15 °C to 45 °C to investigate the thermodiffusive properties of aqueous solutions of five potassium salts: potassium chloride, potassium bromide, potassium thiocyanate, potassium acetate, and potassium carbonate in a molality range between 1 mol/kg and 5 mol/kg. We compare the thermophoretic results with those obtained for non-ionic solutes and discuss the thermophoresis of the salts in the context of ion-specific solvation according to the Hofmeister series.

Potassium Salts of Terpene Acids of Siberian Pine Resin as Effective Drug in the Cultivation of Potatoes in Organic Farming

Siberian pine is a source of a wide range of biologically active substances for use as biopesticides and growth stimulators in organic farming. Ten components, among which the share of abietic acid reached 54.8%, have been determined with the help of the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. Water-soluble potassium salts of terpene acids were obtained from Siberian pine resin during the work. Potassium salts of terpene acids from Siberian pine resin has bacteriostatic, fungistatic, bactericidal, and fungicidal properties against phytopathogens. Relatively high indicators of antioxidant activity of aqueous solutions of potassium salts from resin at 1 mg/mL were revealed. Pre-planting treatment of tubers with an aqueous solution of terpene acids salts of Siberian pine resin in a concentration of 10 g/L contributed to an increase in the yield of potato. Also, an increase in the mass fraction of dry matter and starch was also observed.

Carbon dioxide absorption into aqueous potassium salt solutions of glutamine amino acid

Amino acid salts (AAS) are mentioned as potential solvents for the separation and capture of carbon dioxide (CO2). This study investigates the aqueous solution of Potassium Glutaminate (K-Glu) solvent from different viewpoints including equilibrium solubility of carbon dioxide varying the concentration and absorption temperature at different pressures, reaction kinetics and mechanism between K-Glu and CO2, heat of absorption and cyclic absorption and regeneration efficiency. The reaction rate was calculated using the obtained experimental data and quasi first order overall reaction rate is proposed. The successive absorption-desorption preliminary tests showed a negligible drop in CO2 capture capacity over consecutive cycles through regeneration at 343.15 K. The proposed solvent has the advantages of high absorption rate and capacity (compared with monoethanolamine and N-methyldiethanolamine) with interesting aspects such as lower corrosion rate, environmental biening and high resistance against thermal and oxidative degradation covering the shortcomings of conventional amines, which considers it as a potential new solvent.

Gem-diol and Ketone Crystal-to-crystal Transition Phenomena

The generally thought unstable diol compound tetrazyl gem-diol (1, H2DTMdiol·2H2O), was firstly obtained in crystalline form by culturing the filtrate for ten days after acidification and filtration of aqueous solution of potassium salt of ketone (2, [K(HDTMone)·2H2O]n). The stability of this novel gem-diol compound is found owning to the hydrogen bonds with lattice water molecules and electrophilic tetrazolyl groups. Meanwhile, the undissolved ketone (3, H2DTMone) was separated during the filtration in the process of gem-diol compound production. Surprisingly, the crystal-to-crystal perfect transition phenomena from gem-diol (1) to ketone (3) were firstly observed after heating up to 120 °C as evidenced by X-ray single crystal diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction. These results found here might open new revenues for methylene oxidation and alkanediol chemistry.

Carbon dioxide loading capacity in aqueous solution of Potassium salt of Proline blended with Piperazine as new absorbents

In this work aqueous solution of potassium prolinate (KPr) blended with piperazine (PZ) have been utilized through CO2 solubility measurements in order to investigate the possible use of these salts of amino acid blended with alkanolamine for CO2 absorption. The equilibrium solubility of CO2 for KPr blended with PZ solutions at 1.0, 4.0 and 10.0wt.% overall mass concentration is experimentally measured with an equilibrium cell at CO2 partial pressure ranging from 4.8 to 2383.2kPa and temperatures between 293.15 and 323.15K. Obtained data showed that loading capacity decreases with an increase in temperature and concentration of KPr. Obtained CO2 loadings are very high at low concentration of KPr. In order to predict CO2 solubility in KPr blended with PZ, Deshmkh-Mather model is extended. The values of MSE, ARD and R2 for the extended Deshmukh-Mather model are 0.0363, 10.7770 and 0.9844, respectively.

Amino Acid Salts for Carbon Dioxide Capture: Evaluating l-Prolinate at Desorber Conditions

Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) measurements for unloaded and CO2-saturated aqueous potassium salt solutions of l-proline have been performed using a high-pressure equilibrium cell. The solubility of CO2 has been determined at temperatures of 363, 393, and 403 K in 3 and 4 mol dm–3 aqueous solutions. The CO2 partial pressures ranged from 3.0 to 358 kPa. In addition, the VLE data for CO2-free and CO2-saturated 3 mol dm–3 aqueous potassium sarcosinate solutions are presented for the same range of temperatures. The vapor pressures of the considered compounds have been determined at temperatures from 353 to 403 K. The reboiler duty required for stripping CO2 from potassium l-prolinate solutions has been computed by the summation of the desorption enthalpy of CO2, sensible heat, and evaporation heat associated with co-produced regenerator overhead water vapor. A new approach to calculate the latter contribution is presented. The calculated energy requirements for l-prolinate are in the range reported in the literature for other amino acid salts.

Carbon dioxide solubility in aqueous potassium salt solutions of l-proline and dl-α-aminobutyric acid at high pressures

In the present work, the solubility of CO2 in aqueous solutions of potassium prolinate (KPr) and potassium α-aminobutyrate (KAABA) was measured at temperatures (313.2, 333.2, and 353.2)K and CO2 partial pressures up to 1000kPa for amino acid salt concentrations: KPr, w=(7.5, 14.5, and 27.4wt%) and KAABA, w=(6.9, 13.4, and 25.6wt%). It was found that the CO2 absorption capacities of the studied amino acid salt systems were considerably high and comparable with that of industrially important alkanolamines including monoethanolamine. The CO2 loadings in aqueous potassium α-aminobutyrate at high pressures were also found to be generally higher than the loadings in aqueous potassium prolinate. A modified Kent–Eisenberg model was applied to correlate the CO2 solubility in the amino acid salt solution as function of CO2 partial pressure, temperature, and concentration. The model gave good representation of the (vapour+liquid) equilibrium data obtained for the amino acid salt systems studied, and provided accurate predictions of the solubility.

Dissipative crystallization of aqueous mixtures of potassium salts of poly(riboguanylic acid) and poly(ribocytidylic acid)

Drying patterns of aqueous solutions of potassium salts of poly(riboguanylic acid) (KPolyG), poly(ribocytidylic acid) (KPolyC), and their mixtures KPolyG + KPolyC were studied on a cover glass, a watch glass, and a glass dish at room temperature. Accumulation of the polymers forming the broad rings near the outside edge and also in the inner area of the dried film was observed. The fine multiple ring structures formed, which supports the fact that the affinity of the polymer with the substrate is strong. Typical microscopic drying patterns of KPolyG, KPolyC, and KPolyG + KPolyC were spherulites, dendritic long rods, and sword (harberd)-like rods, respectively. The patterns changed depending on the location in the dried film. The dendritic long rods and sword-like rods were assigned to the crystals of double-stranded and/or triple-stranded helices of the G:C and 2G:C complexes. Cross-like drying patterns that originated from the salt-polymer interaction are also observed. The relationship between the polymer complexation of KPolyG + KPolyC systems and the drying patterns is similar to that of KPolyA (potassium salt of poly(adenylic acid)) + KPolyU (potassium salt of poly(uridylic acid)).

Polarizability series of aqueous polyatomic anions revealed by femtosecond Kerr effect spectroscopy

Femtosecond OHD-RIKES measurements show that the hyperpolarizability series of aqueous polyatomic anions increases in the following sequence HPO42− < HSO4− < CO32− < AC− < NO3− < SCN−.

Absorption of CO2 into Aqueous Potassium Salt Solutions of l-Alanine and l-Proline

Aqueous potassium salt solutions of l-alanine and l-proline were investigated as carbon dioxide (CO2) absorbents. The CO2 absorption capacities and absorption heats (−ΔHabs) of the aqueous amino acid salts were measured in a semi-batch absorption system and differential reaction calorimeter (DRC). The solution experiments tested concentrations of 2.5 M and were carried out at 298 and 313 K. The 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were used to identify the species distributions in the CO2-loaded absorbents. The absorption properties were compared to those of the commercial monoethanolamine (MEA) absorbent, revealing that the CO2 loading capacity was higher than that of MEA (0.68 mol of CO2/mol of solute for the potassium salt of l-alanine > 0.5 mol of CO2/mol of solute for MEA). The absorption heat was lower than that of MEA at 298 K (53.26 kJ/mol of CO2 for the potassium salt of l-alanine < 81.77 kJ/mol of CO2 for MEA).

Dissipative crystallization of potassium salt of poly(riboadenylic acid)

Dissipative patterns during the course of dryness of aqueous solution of potassium salt of poly(riboadenylic acid) (KPolyA) in the presence of potassium chloride were studied on a cover glass, a watch glass and a glass dish. Accumulation of KPolyA polymers forming the broad ring area and the drastic change in size and shape of the polymer single crystals depending on the location of the dried film, which are the typical effects of the dissipative crystallization, took place. Polymer crystals formed were spherulites, dendritic and rod-like assemblies, which are composed of the single or double helical chains depending on the pH-value of the initial solution.

Structural and physiological properties of natural petroleum acids from middle oil fractions of "Kelebija" oil

The investigated petroleum acids have been isolated from middle oil fractions (b.p. 270-380?C) of Vojvodina crude oil "Kelebija." Group-structural analysis was performed with low resolution mass spectrometry using Field Ionization and Chemical Ionization. The identified carboxylic acids, CnH2n+zO2, belong to the series of monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic and tetracyclic carboxylic acids. Physiological activity of isolated petroleum acids was determined using aqueous solutions of potassium salts. High auxin activity was determined using the coleoptile test (20.5% increase in coleoptile) with petroleum acid concentration of 10-7M, and very high biological activity of gibberellin type was determined using the endosperm test (31.6% increase in concentration of reducing sugars) with petroleum acid concentration of 10-7M.

Apparent and partial molar enthalpies of some potassium p- n-alkyl-benzoate aqueous solutions

Dilution heats at 298 K of aqueous solutions of potassium salts of p- n-hexylbenzoic acid (KHB), p- n-heptylbenzoic acid (KHEB), p- n-octylbenzoic acid (KOB) in KOH 0.1 m have been measured as a function of concentration by using the flow mixing cell of a Thermometric TAM microcalorimeter. From the experimental data, apparent and partial molar enthalpies versus concentration have been obtained. The group contribution of the CH 2 group in the plateau region results −1.6 kJ mol −1 per CH 2. This value is comparable with that obtained in the case of cationic surfactants. The enthalpy changes upon micellization (Δ H m ) have been obtained by using a pseudo phase transition approach and assuming as cmc the abscissa of the first inflection point of the curves of Φ L versus m. Micellization enthalpies result additive with a group contribution for the methylene group of −1.5 kJ mol −1 per group, comparable with that obtained for similar anionic compounds in the same experimental conditions. The behavior of the compounds under study is compared with that of the potassium salts of 4-((alkylcarbonyl)amino)-benzoic acids in order to understand the role played by the amido group bridging the benzoic moiety and the alkyl chain. The amido group appears to behave as a part of the polar head, strongly increasing the hydrophilicity of the molecule.

Liquid scintillation counting of aqueous solutions of potassium salts in a Triton X-100/toluene scintillant

The use of a toluene/Triton X-100 scintillant for counting 14C in aqueous solutions of potassium salts including potassium hydroxide has been investigated. Suitable conditions for the counting of CO 2 entrapped in potassium hydroxide are described. Quench correction by automatic external standard channels ratio procedures has been found to be of value with optimised conditions of counting.

Optimizing Permselectivity for Neutral Carrier Membrane Electrodes

Abstract A new format: solvent, support and surface coating, has been discovered which greatly improves the response time and linearity of response of valinomycin-based potassium ion selective electrodes. With the new system completely Nernstian responses are obtained up to 0.1 M for aqueous potassium salt solutions of oil insoluble through slightly oil soluble anions (fluoride through perchlorate in the Hofmeister series), and nearly Nernstian responses are obtained for potassium salts having more oil soluble anions, including picrate. Electrodes using the new format have characteristic short response times (30 secs. for 90% steady state), long life-times and freedom from “memory effects”.

Kaltquellfähige Kartoffelstärke‐Derivate

AbstractCold‐Swelling Potato Starch Derivatives. By means of reaction with ethyl cyanide as well as grafting polymerization of acrylic acid ester on potato starch followed by saponification of reaction products cold‐soluble respective cold‐swelling potato starch derivatives were produced. The intrinsic viscosity as demanded by many fields of application is to be found especially with aqueous solutions of potassium salts of partially saponified acrylic nitrile‐potato starch grafting polymerizates.

Fluorination of polynitro compounds with elemental fluorine

1. The possibility in principle of fluorinating aqueous solutions of potassium salts of polynitroalkanes which are Michael reaction adducts with elemental fluorine to give directed introduction of fluorine at the carbanion site in the polynitroalkane ion has been demonstrated. 2. α-Fluorination of aci-polynitro compounds at the carbon joined to the aci-nitro group has been achieved with elemental fluorine. 3. It is possible to selectively fluorinate the anionic reaction center in fluoriuation of aqueous solutions of potassium salts of polynitroalkanes which have several reaction centers.