Aqueous Solutions Of CdCl2 Research Articles

Histopathological Changes in the Spleen of Swiss albino Mice after the Combined Exposure of Radiation and Cadmium

With the technological advancement and diversification of industries, combined with specialization in all fields, the volume and complexity of metals is also increasing day by day. Interaction of metals with other agents is an important aspect as both can interact in a “synergistic” or “additive synergistic” manner, further aggravating the situation. In the present study, combined effect of radiation and cadmium on spleen of mice has been investigated. For the experiment, adult, healthy male Swiss albino mice were exposed to different doses of radiation and also fed with the aqueous solution of CdCl2 which was prepared by dissolving 20 mg of cadmium chloride in 1000 ml of glass distilled water, thus giving a concentration of 20 ppm and then administered orally ad libitum in drinking water continuously, till the end of the experiment. Animals were autopsied by cervical dislocation at each post- interval of 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14 and 28 days. Spleen was taken out, weighed, fixed in Bouin’s fluid, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin wax. Transverse sections were cut at 5µ from middle part of the tissue and stained with Harri’s haematoxylin-eosin stain for histopathological studies. Pathological changes after combined exposure in the present investigation depends upon the total dose of radiation provided i.e. higher the dose, higher the damage. Most striking histopathological change in the spleen was loss of lymphoid structure, inflammation, fibrous tissue proliferation, pyknosis, necrosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis.

ZnS assisted Zn doping in CdZnS electrodeposition

Many reports have been published elsewhere on making thin films of cadmium zinc sulphide (CdZnS) using different techniques. This article summarizes a method developed to form CdZnS by incorporating electrodeposited Cd and S atoms simultaneously to the chemically formed ZnS material in the electrolytic bath at the conducting surface of fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrate. Moreover, the mechanism of formation of CdZnS is proposed as a solid state reaction between electrodeposited Cd and S atoms on the glass/FTO substrate with adsorbed ZnS particles from the electrolytic bath. The precursors used for Cd, S and ZnS in the electrolyte were aqueous solutions of CdCl2, ZnCl2 and Na2S2O3. Two different methods were tested to form ZnS within the electrolyte bath where one forming ZnS in the bath at the beginning of electrodeposition of Cd and S and in the other one, ZnS is formed before the electrodeposition of Cd and S. The results of the band gap measurements show an undulation which is closer to the band gap energy of CdS indicating probable codeposition of one or more materials such as CdS, (2.42 eV), ZnS (3.7 eV), CdO (2.2 eV), and ZnO (3.2 eV) along with CdZnS. The Tauc plot resulted by the material produced in method 1 has shown an undulation at the onset of Tauc plot which is near the band gap energy of CdS indicating the codeposition of CdS with CdZnS, but the Tauc plot of CdZnS electrodeposited from method 2 has shown clear separation in band gaps from 2.44 – 2.52 eV, when the annealing temperature, the Zn2+ ion concentration in bath and the electrodeposition pH were varied. These thin films were also characterized by photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell analysis, x-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques.

Protein Film, and Diffusion–Controlled Voltammetry of Hemeproteins on a Single Surface

Protein film voltammetry has made possible electrochemical studies of complex protein reactions, such as redox-induced conformational dynamics1 and enzyme kinetics.2 However, without diffusion-controlled experiments as a reference, one cannot be sure of the extent to which the protein–electrode interaction affects conformational dynamics or enzyme kinetics. Diffusion-controlled voltammetric experiments can provide an alternate view into these processes. Previously, semiconductor electrodes have been successfully employed for diffusion-controlled experiments.3 Herein, we report novel application of electrochemically deposited cadmium oxide (CdO) as a working electrode for both diffusion-controlled voltammetry as well as protein-film voltammetry (PFV). The hydrophilic CdO surface allows transient protein interactions for diffusion-controlled measurements, as well as a suitable surface for drop casting protein films. Polycrystalline CdO electrodes were electrodeposited onto a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) working electrode held at –0.7 V vs. SCE for 15 min in aqueous solutions of CdCl2, then annealed at 450 °C for 2 h. CdO surfaces were characterized by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XPS and XRD confirm formation of polycrystalline CdO. Electron micrographs confirm complete coverage of the FTO by CdO. To generate protein films, 10 mg/mL solutions of either cytochrome c or hemoglobin were drop cast onto CdO electrodes and left for 2 h. Cyclic voltammograms recorded for both hemoglobin and cytochrome c display nearly reversible electron transfer, with redox potentials similar to those previously reported.4 1 A. El Kasmi, M. C. Leopold, R. Galligan, R. T. Robertson, S. S. Saavedra, K. El Kacemi, E. F. Bowden, Electrochem. Commun. 2002, 4, 177–181. 2 H. Liu, G. Zou, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods. 2006, 68, 87–99. 3 G. Valincius, V. Reipa, M. P. Mayhew, V. L. Walker, Electrochem. Commun. 2002, 4, 314–317. 4 G. Battistuzzi, M. Bosari, M. Sola, F. Francia, Biochemistry, 1997, 36, 16247–16258.

Characterization and NO2 gas sensing performance of CdO:In2O3 polycrystalline thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique

Polycrystalline CdO:In2O3 thin films for gas sensor applications were prepared on glass and silicon substrates by using one-step spray pyrolysis technique from the aqueous solution of CdCl2 and InCl3 at a substrate temperature of 300 °C. The structure, surface morphology, and the optoelectronic properties of prepared films were characterized respectively by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope and UV–visible spectroscopy. Based on the XRD results, the polycrystalline nature of CdO films has been confirmed, and In2O3 films were found to exhibit a preferred orientation along (222) diffracted plane. The grain size varies between 9.0 and 28.4 nm. The results of Hall effect measurement of CdO:In2O3 thin films confirms that all films were an n-type semiconductor. The electrical properties of prepared thin films and their sensitivity to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas are also studied. The influence of the operating temperature and In2O3 concentration on the NO2 response were investigated. It is found that all films are sensitive to NO2 gas, and the ideal operating temperature for the film contented 20 vol% of In2O3 was found to be 200 °C at a gas concentration of 25 ppm. The sensing mechanism of the CdO:In2O3 thin film is discussed and attributed to electron transfer between the sensing element and NO2 molecules.

Removal of Cd(II) from water using carbon, boron nitride and silicon carbide nanotubes

Molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the removal of Cd(II) as a heavy metal from wastewater using armchair carbon nanotube, boron nitride nanotube and silicon carbide nanotubes under applied electric field. The system contains an aqueous solution of CdCl2 as a heavy metal and a (7,7) nanotube as a nanostructured membrane, embedded in a silicon nitride membrane. An external electric field was applied to the considered system for the removal of Cd2+ through nanotubes. The simulation results show that in the same conditions, considered armchair nanotubes were capable to remove Cd2+ from wastewater with different ratios. Our results reveal that the removal of heavy metals ions through armchair carbon, boron nitride and silicon carbide nanotubes was attributed to the applied electric field. The selective removal phenomenon is explained with the calculation of potential of mean force. Therefore, the investigated systems can be recommended as a model for the water treatment.

Heteroepitaxial growth of cadmium carbonate at dolomite and calcite surfaces: Mechanisms and rates

The systematic variation of rates and the mechanism of cadmium uptake on the (104) surface of dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) were investigated using in situ and ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM), ex situ specular X-ray reflectivity (XR), and ex situ X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Selected experiments were performed on the calcite (CaCO3) (104) surface for comparison. Aqueous solutions of CdCl2, CaCl2, and NaHCO3, undersaturated with respect to calcite and supersaturated with respect to otavite (CdCO3) and the (CdxCa1−x)CO3 solid solution, were reacted with dolomite surfaces for minutes to days. Calcite substrates were reacted with solutions containing 1–50μM CdCl2, and with no added Ca or CO3. Thin carbonate films following the Stranski–Krastanov growth mode were observed on both substrates. Specular XR and XRF revealed the formation of nm-thick Cd-rich carbonate films that were structurally ordered with respect to the dolomite (104) plane. Epitaxial films adopted the calcite crystal structure with a d104-spacing (3.00Å) larger than those of pure dolomite (2.88Å) and otavite (2.95Å) indicating either a solid solution with x≈0.5, or a strained Cd-rich carbonate with a composition near that of otavite. The growth rate r of this phase increases with the initial supersaturation of the solution with respect to the solid solution, βmax, and follows the empirical relationship, as determined from XRF measurements, given by: r=10-4.88±0.42(βmax2.29±0.24-1),(in units of atoms of Cd/Å2/h).The morphology of the overgrowth also varied with βmax, as exemplified by AFM observations. Growth at step edges occurred over the entire βmax range considered, and additional growth features including 3Å high monolayer islands and ∼25Å high tall islands were observed when logβmax>1. On calcite, in situ XR indicated that this phase is similar to the Cd-rich overgrowth formed on dolomite and images obtained from X-ray reflection interface microscopy (XRIM) reveal the existence of laterally variable Cd-rich domains.

Synthesis and Characterization of CuO Doped ZrO2 Hollow Sphere for Gas Sensing Application

CuO doped ZrO2 hollow spheres were synthesized via spray pyrolysis route, 0.05M mixed aqueous solution of CdCl2.2H2O and ZrOCl2.8H2O was dissolved in equal volumetric percentage of 1 NN dimethylformmamide in which Cu-Zr wt% varied as 0-100%, 3-97%, 5-95%,7-93% and 9-91%. Surfactant DEG was added and sprayed on heated glass substrate at 350oC. It was annealed at 500oC for 1hrs and characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, TEM techniques, then after exposed to various target gases at different operating temperature. It had shown response (51.56 for 500ppm) to H2S gas at 250oC. Quick response and recovery, hollow structure features were discussed.

Removal Of Contaminants From Aqueous Solutions Using Hop (Humulus Lupulus L.) Agricultural By-Products

Abstract Agricultural wastes can be used as an alternative to the existing sorbents for the removal of metals or synthetic dyes from contaminated liquids. In this work, the fine powdered biomass of the hop (Humulus lupulus L.) variety Osvald's clone 72 and variety Bohemie as a sorbent for the removal of Cd from aqueous solutions of CdCl2 spiked with radionuclide 109Cd and synthetic dyes thioflavine T (ThT) or methylene blue (MB) from single dye solutions under conditions of batch systems was used. The maximum sorption capacity Q = 264 µmol Cd/g (d.w.) was found in the case of the leaf biomass of hop (H. lupulus L.) variety Osvald's clone 72 at the initial concentration of CdCl2 10,000 µmol/dm3, whereby the sorption capacity decreased in the order Qleaves : Qstems : Qroots = 1.0 : 0.8 : 0.7. The sorbed amount of Cd was removed from the hop biomass with the following increasing desorption efficiency of the extraction reagents: deionised H2O << 0.1 mol/dm3 HCl ≤ 0.1 mol/dm3 EDTA-Na2. Similarly as in the case of Cd sorption, the kinetics of ThT and MB sorption by the leaf biomass of the hop (H. lupulus L.) variety Bohemie were also showed as two-phase processes. The maximum sorption of ThT approx. Q = 19 mg/g (d.w.) and MB approx. Q = 70 mg/g (d.w.) were found within the range of the initial values of pH 4 – 7. The sorption of both dyes by the leaf biomass from single dye solutions decreased with increasing biomass concentration and on the other hand increased with increasing the initial concentrations of ThT or MB. The process of ThT and MB sorption was better described by the Langmuir model than the Freundlich model of sorption isotherm. From the obtained values of Qmax, it was found that in the case of MB the dried leaf biomass showed more than 2-times higher sorption capacity (Qmax = 184 mg/g; d.w.) in comparison with the value predicted for ThT. Obtained results suggest that dried plant biomass of hop (H. lupulus L.) as agricultural by-products can be used as a potential sorbent for both types of studied contaminants.

Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of Spray Pyrolysis Deposited CdS Films

SummaryThe n‐type cadmium sulfide (CdS) is one of the most promising materials for hetero‐junction thin film solar cell applications due to its wide bandgap (2.42 eV). In present communication, the deposition of pure CdS films with hexagonal symmetry by using home‐built spray pyrolysis technique and aqueous solutions of CdCl2 and NH2.CS.NH2 as the precursor materials is reported. The films were deposited at the substrate temperatures of 200, 250 and 300 °C with UHP nitrogen as a carrier gas and characterized by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV‐visible spectroscopy and Hall Effect measurement. The structural studies by using XRD showed that the resultant films have strong orientation of CdS crystallites along (101) with hexagonal structure (wurtzite type). The average crystallite size is found to be 17 nm. The UV‐visible spectroscopy studies of resultant films showed the optical transmittance equal to ≈50% and bandgap is found to be between 2.39 – 2.41 eV. The resistivity and average Hall coefficient are found to be 1.451 × 101 Ωcm and ‐ 1.557 × 103 cm3/C respectively. The resultant films are observed to be good to make a solar cell with CdS as a window layer.

Extracellular bio-production and characterization of small monodispersed CdSe quantum dot nanocrystallites

Engineered nanoparticles of diverse forms are being profoundly used for various applications and demand ecologically benign synthesis processes. Conventional chemical methods employed for the syntheses of nanoparticles are environmentally unfriendly and energy intensive. Biologically inspired biofabrication approaches that utilize naturally existing microorganisms or plant extracts or biomaterials might overcome these issues. The present investigation for the first time shows the synthesis of small and monodispersed cadmium selenide nanoparticles utilizing the plant pathogenic fungus, Helminthosporum solani upon incubating with an aqueous solution of CdCl2 and SeCl4 under ambient conditions. Multiple physical characterizations involving ultraviolet–visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the production, purity, optical and surface characteristics, crystalline nature, size and shape distributions, and elemental composition of the nanoparticles. Pluralities of the particles are monodisperse spheres with a mean diameter of 5.5±2nm, are hydrophilic, highly stable with a broad photoluminescence and 1% quantum yield. This approach provides an alternative facile route for the biofabrication of quantum dot that is reliable, environmentally friendly, and lends itself directly for the creation of fluorescent biological labels.

Sorption of Cd2+ with the product formed by alkali treatment of boron production wastes

Experiments on sorption of Cd2+ ions from aqueous CdCl2 solutions with calcium hydrosilicate prepared from borogypsum (boron production waste) showed that this cheap sorbent can be used for effi cient sorption of Cd2+ ions in a wide range of solid: liquid ratios.

Effect of heat treatment on the photoluminescence of CdS nanocrystallites in cadmium-rich organic Langmuir Blodgett matrix

CdS nanocrystallites were grown within an organic layered matrix by partial sulphidation of precursor cadmium arachidate LB multilayers. The cadmium arachidate–arachidic acid composite multilayers containing CdS nanocrystallites were enriched by intercalation with Cd2+ ions in aqueous solution of CdCl2 and subsequently heat treated at different temperatures up to 300 °C, in air and in vacuum. CdS nanocrystallites within the composite multilayer have been found to exhibit treatment process dependent characteristic changes in optical absorption and luminescence. The optical data obtained at different stages/conditions of processing have been analyzed by considering changes in excitonic absorption and emission as well as contributions from surface and bulk defects related emission and a suitable energy level diagram has been proposed. The composition, microstructure and surface morphology of the composite multilayers were also studied at all stages of processing to develop a comprehensive understanding of the interaction of the organic matrix with CdS nanocrystallites and the consequent influence on the optical behavior of the nanocrystallites. These studies have shown that the organic moieties encapsulating the CdS nanocrystallites tend to restrict their growth and aggregation, while the presence of cadmium in the organic matrix is responsible for the passivation of surface defects as well as the reduction of bulk defects, and these factors have significant influence on the photoluminescence of CdS nanocrystallites.

From planar-heterojunction to n–i structure: an efficient strategy to improve short-circuit current and power conversion efficiency of aqueous-solution-processed hybrid solar cells

In this paper, inverted hybrid solar cells (HSCs) with planar heterojunction (PHJ) and n–i structure are fabricated from an aqueous-solution-processed poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) precursor and 2-mercaptoethylamine (MA)-stabilized CdTe nanocrystals (NCs). Firstly, one densely stacked, smooth CdTe film with a wide absorption range and sufficient water resistance is obtained and used for fabricating the PHJ device. A PCE of 3.75% is obtained, which is comparable to the bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) devices. Secondly, the n–i structure is constructed by replacing the PPV layer with a mixed solution consisting of the PPV precursor and CdTe NCs. The n–i structure shows improved photocurrent with lowered fill factor (FF). The low FF is attributed to the severe phase separation of the PPV:CdTe layer, which is caused by the hydrophobicity of the annealed CdTe layer. Subsequently, the hydrophilicity of the annealed CdTe layer is improved by spin-coating an aqueous solution of CdCl2, which greatly increases the FF. Eventually, a record power conversion efficiency of 4.76% is achieved and the maximum Jsc can reach 16.08 mA cm−2.

ChemInform Abstract: Eu3+‐Doped CdMoO4 Red Phosphor Synthesized Through an Aqueous Solution Route at Room Temperature.

AbstractThe title phosphor is synthesized by precipitation from aqueous solutions of CdCl2, Eu(NO3)3, Na2MoO4, and NaCl at room temperature.

Effect of Water Concentration on the Characterization of Sprayed Cd0.5Zn0.5S Films

Cd0.5Zn0.5S film samples are prepared by a spray pyrolysis technique using aqueous solutions of CdCl2, ZnCl2, SC(NH2)2 and deionized water, which are atomized using compressed air as the carrier gas onto glass substrates with different water (H2O) concentrations. H2O is used as the activator. The prepared films are characterized by means of XRD and UV-VIS spectroscopy. Experimental results reveal that the structures and properties of the films are greatly affected by the H2O content. Water in a certain range of concentrations promotes the formation of the Cd0.5Zn0.5S films and improves the properties of the films.

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Hollow‐Flower‐Ball‐Like Cd4(OH)5Cl3 Using Microwave Irradiation Method.

AbstractNew mesoporous hollow‐flower‐ball‐like Cd4(OH)5Cl3 samples are prepared in high yield by microwave irradiation for 10 min of aqueous solutions of CdCl2, hexamethylenetetramine, and polyacrylamide and characterized by powder XRD, FE‐SEM, HRTEM, and UV/VIS spectroscopy.

Determination of acute and chronic effects of cadmium on the cardiovascular system of rats

In this study, the systemic hemodynamics induced by acute and chronic cadmium (Cd+2) intoxication in the cardiovascular system of rats using thoracic electrical bioimpedance were examined and the acute and chronic effects of Cd+2 intoxication on the activities of antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde (MDA) were compared. Also, in this study, ultrastructural changes in the heart and aorta of rats were evaluated. Thirty-eight male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into control, acute, and chronic groups. Chronic group was administered by oral gavage an aqueous solution of CdCl2 for 60 days, at dose of 15 mg Cd+2/kg/day. Acute group was administered by oral gavage an aqueous solution of CdCl2 with a single dose of 15 mg Cd+2/kg. Cadmium increased the stroke volume and cardiac output of rats in the chronic group, but did not change the heart rate significantly. Antioxidant enzymes activities and MDA level significantly increased in the chronic group. In ultrastructural examination, there were widespread degenerative changes in heart muscle cells of the chronic group but endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in the aorta tissue samples had normal morphological features in all groups. All of the findings indicate that Cd+2 toxication can cause deformation in heart muscle cells due to an increase in free radicals and lipid peroxidation. Also, this study has confirmed that a long-term-Cd+2 exposure increased stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO), but did not change the heart rate (HR).

CdCl2-induced morphogenetic variation of Triticum aestivum cultivars

The effect cadmium chloride on released local cultivars of soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) has been studied under laboratory and field conditions in order to widen the variation spectrum of this plant. It has been found that treatment of grains with a 0.01% aqueous solution of CdCl2 induces the appearance of tall, strong plants with productive bushiness in the M1 generation that are characterized by various morphological changes: elongated ears, scales, and grains; increased number of grains per ear and mass of 1000 grains; anthocyan pigmentation of the stem and leaf axil; etc. Study of meiosis showed chromosome aggregation, displacement of the mitotic spindle of the metaphase plate, and empty (sterile) cells in anaphases (AI and AII). The altered characters of M1 plants are preserved in the M2-M4 generations.

Aqueous Solution Synthesis of Cd(OH)2 Hollow Microspheres via Ostwald Ripening and Their Conversion to CdO Hollow Microspheres

In this work we demonstrate that Cd(OH)2 hollow microspheres could be prepared in high yield by a facile aqueous solution route from the mixture of aqueous solutions of CdCl2, Na2MoO4, and NaOH at room temperature. The synthesized products are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffraction, and the nitrogen adsorption−desorption isotherm technique. The Cd(OH)2 hollow microspheres have an average diameter of 3 μm and hollow interior of about 1.5 μm. The shell consists of numerous single-crystalline nanoplates with thickness of about 100 nm and sizes of 400−700 nm. The controlled synthetic experiments indicate that the growth process of Cd(OH)2 hollow microspheres involves first the formation of CdMoO4 solid microspheres and then the formation of Cd(OH)2 solid microspheres through the reaction between CdMoO4 and OH− ions controlled by the difference of solubility product for CdMoO4 and Cd(OH)2. The Ostwald ripening mechanism is proposed to account for the formation of Cd(OH)2 hollow microspheres on the basis of scanning electron microscopy observations of intermediate products at different precipitation stages. Furthermore, the Cd(OH)2 hollow microspheres can be easily converted to CdO semiconductors with similar morphology by calcining Cd(OH)2 in air at 350 °C for 4 h.

Microwave-assisted Fabrication of PS@CdS Core–Shell Nanostructures and CdS Hollow Spheres

Abstract PS@CdS core–shell nanostructures were fabricated by microwave irradiation at 70 °C from the aqueous solution of CdCl2, TAA, and PVP with PS microspheres without surface modification. The products were investigated by XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, IR, and Raman. CdS hollow spheres were easily obtained by removing the PS cores in toluene solution. The method presented here can be used for the preparation of other PS@II–VI semiconductor core–shell nanostructures and hollow spheres.