Aqueous Solution Of Potassium Research Articles

Obtaining Bismuth-Potassium-Ammonium Citrate by Interaction of Bismuth Oxide with Potassium and Ammonium Citrates Solutions

The interaction of bismuth oxides of various morphologies with aqueous solutions of potassium and ammonium citrates has been studied by methods of X-ray phase, chemical analyzes and electron microscopy, and the conditions for the formation of bismuth-potassium-ammonium bismuth citrate have been determined

Multicomponent counter mass transfer in liquid-liquid extraction in presence of spontaneous interfacial convection

An experimental study on multicomponent mass transfer in the process of liquid-liquid extraction influenced by spontaneous interfacial convection (SIC) in the presence of a surface-active material is reported. The extractive systems, which investigated in the present study, are aqueous solution of potassium iodide/carbon tetrachloride and aqueous solution of potassium iodide/butyl acetate. Counter mass transfer of the components, acetic acid and iodine, were mainly studied and it has been observed that both the components mutually affect the kinetics of individual mass transfer. Presence of acetic acid, which is a surface active agent, beyond a critical driving force for mass transfer, induces spontaneous interfacial convection due to a development of gradient of interfacial tension along the interface of two extracting liquid. Interestingly, it was observed that in spite of the local disturbance developed due to SIC, counter mass transfer slows down the transfer rates of both the components in the system. The kinetic regularities of the mutual influence of the components on mass transfer are considered in the work. The work has significant values in understanding the kinetics of the multicomponent mass transfer and can be applied to selectively restrict the mass transfer of some components in a multi-component extractive system.

Crystal Structure of Metal-Organic Coordination Polymers Based on Potassium and Barium Cations with α-Cyclodextrin

In the interaction of aqueous solutions of potassium and barium hydroxides or barium chloride with α-cyclodextrin four layered coordination polymers are obtained and structurally characterized. The composition and structure of these compounds are determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

Tetraalkylammonium Cations Conduction through a Single Nanofluidic Diode: Experimental and Theoretical Studies

We describe experimentally and theoretically the concentration-dependent conduction of tetraalkylammonium (TAA+) cations through a nanofluidic diode fabricated in a polymer membrane via asymmetric track-etching techniques. This single-pore membrane exhibits current rectification characteristics because of the ionized carboxylate groups on the pore surface. We use aqueous solutions of potassium (K+), ammonium (A+), tetramethylammonium (TMA+), tetraethylammonium (TEA+), and tetrabutylammonium (TBA+) ions with concentrations ranging from 50 to 500mM under acidic (pH 3.5) and physiological (pH 6.5) conditions. Compared with the K+ and A+ ions, the TMA+, TEA+, and TBA+ ions show relatively low rectified ion currents because the cation hydrophobicity increases with the alkyl chain. At low concentrations and acidic conditions, an inversion in the current rectification characteristics is observed, which is attributed to the adsorption of the organic cations on the pore surfaces. The experimental results can be analyzed in terms of the Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations and the geometrical and electrical single pore characteristics for the different ions, pH values, and salt concentrations employed. This theoretical approach is qualitative and could be extended further to include a self-consistent theoretical treatment of the ionic adsorption and surface charge equilibria.

NH3-SCR Activity of H-BEA and Fe-BEA After Potassium Exposure

A previous developed multisite microkinetic model for hydrothermally deactivated H-BEA and Fe-BEA catalyst used for NH3-SCR applications has been applied and validated using potassium exposed H-BEA and Fe-BEA samples. The catalysts have been exposed to evaporated aqueous solution of potassium (10 ppm KNO3) in a flow-reactor for 14-48 h. The results for the H-BEA samples show an increase in NH3-SCR activity after 48 h of potassium exposure. This is correlated to an increase in NOX storage capacity, indicating that potassium forms new NOX storage sites participating in the SCR reaction. However, the Fe-BEA samples show different results. The SCR activity for the Fe-BEA catalyst decreases significantly after 14 h of exposure to potassium and after longer exposure time the activity slightly increases again compared to the sample exposed to potassium for 14 h. When applying the kinetic model to the flow-reactor measurements the model is able to predict the changes in SCR activity well when changing the site density of the active sites. In overall, combining the experimental results with the simulation indicates that exposure to potassium initially chemically blocks the active iron species which decrease with exposure time. Longer time of exposure to potassium indicates that the iron species are exchanged and lost due to formation of new potassium sites in the zeolite resulting in an overall lower SCR activity compared to a fresh Fe-BEA sample.

Studies on Nylon-66 membrane using aqueous solutions of potassium and lead nitrate salts as permeants

Abstract Measurements on hydrodynamic and electro-osmotic permeability of water and aqueous solutions of KNO 3 and Pb(NO 3 ) 2 in the concentration (C) range of 10 - 4 $10^{-4}$ M to 10 - 3 $10^{-3}$ M are made across the Nylon-66 membrane. The data obtained are used to ascertain the form of transport equation using the theory of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Conductance of membrane equilibrated with water and aqueous solutions are measured and the data are used to estimate phenomenological coefficients. These phenomenological coefficients are used to determine the average pore radius, the average number of pores and the membrane constant. Zeta potentials are evaluated using electro-osmotic permeability and membrane-permeant conductance data to understand the electrical nature of the membrane-permeant interface. It is observed that hydrodynamic permeability and electro-osmotic permeability depend linearly on the applied pressure difference and the potential difference, respectively.

A new route to the syntheses of N-(fluorosulfuryl)sulfonamide salts: Crystal structure of Ph 4P + [CF 3SO 2NSO 2F] −

A new route for the preparation of potassium and tetraphenylphosphonium salts of N-(fluorosulfuryl)trifluoromethane sulfonamide is described. N-(chlorosulfuryl)-trifluoromethane sulfonamide CF 3SO 2–NH–SO 2Cl, that was used for preparations of both salts, was prepared by the reaction of trifluoromethane sulfonamide CF 3SO 2NH 2 and chlorosulfonic acid in the presence of SOCl 2. The obtained N-(chlorosulfuryl)trifluoromethane sulfonamide was converted to potassium N-(fluorosulfuryl)trifluoromethane sulfonamide by using anhydrous KF. Potassium N-(fluorosulfuryl)trifluoromethane sulfonamide served as a starting material for the preparation of the corresponding tetraphenylphosphonium N-(fluorosulfuryl)trifluoromethane sulfonamide that crystallizes from the aqueous solution of potassium N-(fluorosulfuryl)trifluoromethane sulfonamide and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride. N-(fluorosulfuryl)trifluoromethane sulfonamide tetraphenylphosphonium salt is tetragonal, space group P 4 ¯ .

Granulation in technology for utilization of industrial waste materials

Technology is presented for the utilization of dust, captured by electric filters of a cement production rotary kiln, with preparation of granulated potassium-lime fertilizer in a drum pelletizer. The binder used is an aqueous solution of potassium, prepared by mixing sinter dust with water and unconditioned granules in the ratio S:L = 1:5. The size of the dried granules is not more than 5 mm, strength in compression 1.2‐1.6 MPa, and this satisfies the requirements for granulated fertilizer. With the aim of utilizing overburden chalk rocks from iron deposits of the Lebedinskii and Stoilenskii Mining and Concentration Combines granulation technology is developed for chalk as an improver for soil deoxidation. It is established that the most effective binder material is bentonite. The optimum weight of bentonite clay per ton of chalk is 2‐3 kg. The granules obtained satisfy the requirements for a granulated fertilizer with respect to size, strength and moisture content. During development of industrial production in the economic revolution of the country ever greater amounts of natural resources are involved. However, the degree of the rational use is very low. About 70% of industrial expenditure in CIS countries is consumed in feedstock, materials, fuel, electrical energy, and at the same time about 10‐70% of starting materials is converted into waste discharged into the atmosphere or volumes of water. In ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, and also in the production of fertilizer and chemical preparations obtaining concentrates is an obligatory production operation with which it is necessary to grind natural materials, accompanied by an increase in the dispersion of mineral waste materials (that is undesirable from an ecological point of view) and an increase in the amount of them. With known assumptions, it is possible to confirm that the level of the harmful effect on the natural environment of substances contained in dumps is proportional to their dispersion and volume. The practice of operating tailing and slurry pits indicates that they serve as a source of water and atmospheric contamination. In view of the exhaustion of natural resources, it may be suggested that these pits and dumps with time are converted from objects for burying waste materials into reservoirs for storing unclaimed mineral masses undergoing a specific treatment cycle and containing components that it will be necessary to extract in the future. Aggregation of technogenic powders by granulation may be considered as the next step in converting mineral waste material into a source of conditioned technogenic raw material. In order to store powders in pelletized form, powder with binding properties is mainly recommended, i.e., calcium ashes from thermal power stations, cement kiln dust, etc. [1]. A method has also been proposed in [2] for immobilizing and storing condensed harmful substances by processing them with a protective binder solution (aluminosilicate solution of nepheline in a 10‐20% solution of sulfuric or hydrochloric acid) followed by hardening and molding.

Foreign ion effect on the reduction of C 60 fullerene films in aqueous solutions

C 60 fullerene films were reduced in aqueous solutions of potassium and sodium ions, and the effect of positively charged Brønsted acids was investigated on these reduction processes. Ammonium, hydronium (hydrogen) and hydrated aluminium ions were used as proton donors. It was established that their overall effect is different due to their different proton donating abilities. However, their primary effect can be summarized as disturbing the reduction process. Their addition shifted the reduction potential to lower values, and changed the shape of the voltammograms, but allowed the formation of nearly the same product. It is supposed that they are not inserted into the reduced films in significant amounts. That is why their effect is called a foreign ion effect. Under special conditions, however, films could be produced that probably contained aluminium ions as dopants, i.e. produced a salt of C 60 with a trivalent cation.

STEREOCHEMISTRY OF SIX-COORDINATE OCTAHEDRAL SILICON(IV) COMPLEXES CONTAINING 2,2-BIPYRIDINE

[Si(bpy)3]4+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine), synthesized from Sil4 and 2′.-bipyndine. was optically resolved by a chromatographic method using an SP-Sephadex C-25 column as an adsorbent and a 0.16M aqueous solution of sodium (2R,3R)-(-)-O,O′-dibenzoyltartrate as an eluent. The optical isomers were characterized by measurement of their electronic absorption, circular dichroism, and 1H NMR spectra. The chromatographic resolution of [SKbpyb]4+ was also attempted with an aqueous solution of potassium [(2R,3R)-(+)-tartrato]antimonate(III). sodium (2R,3R)-(+)-hydrogentartrate, and sodium (2R,3R)-(+)-tartrate as eluents. Force-field calculations were used to elucidate the chromatographic elution mechanism. [Si(OH)2(bpy)2]I2was also synthesized from Sil4 and 2′,-bipyridine. The optical resolution of this complex was achieved with sodium [(2R,3R)-(+)-tartrato]antimonate(III).

Preparation, spectroscopic characterization and electrochemical charging of the sodium-containing analogue of Prussian Blue

An electrochemical method for the preparation of thin films of the Na +-containing Prussian Blue, NaFe III [ Fe II ( CN) 6] · nH 2 O, is proposed. The system has been studied electrochemically in sodium and potassium electrolytes, as well as in solid-state, ie in the absence of contact with any liquid electrolyte phase. Hydrated-Na + counterions are sufficiently mobile in NaFe[Fe(CN) 6] to support the system's redox reactions. During voltammetric experiments in aqueous potassium solutions, structural Na + cations in the film are irreversibly replaced by smaller hydrated-K +, and the material undergoes reorganization to the commonly studied potassium-containing analogue, KFe III [Fe II(CN) 6]. The films have been analyzed using scanning electron microscopy equipped with X-ray fluorescence elemental analysis probe. Structural differences between NaFe[Fe(CN)] 6 and KFe[Fe(CN) 6] are apparent from X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and ir measurements. A comparison is also made to so-called “insoluble” Prussian Blue, Fe III 4[Fe II(CN) 6] 3.

ヨウ化カリウム浴からの銀の電析機構

The mechanism of silver electrodeposition from a potassium iodide bath composed of 9.26×10-2mol/L of CH3SO3Ag, 2.0mol/L of KI, 0.00∼4.12×10-2mol/L of HBPSA (N-(3-Hydroxy-1-buthylidene)-p-sulfanilic acid) was examined by using a rotating disk electrode. The form of silver-iodide complex ion was estimated by the concentration dependence on the rest potential of Ag in an aqueous solution of potassium iodide.The form of the silver-iodide complex ion in the bath was either Ag2I64- or Ag2I75-. It is suggested that electrodeposition of silver from the potassium iodide bath proceeds according to the equations (i) and (ii), with (ii) being the ratedetermining step.Ag2Ix-x+2+e-→Ag+AgIy-y+1+(x-y)I-……(i)AgIy-y+1+e-→Ag+yI-……(ii)

Plate efficiency in the process of absorption with chemical reaction — experiments and example calculations

The relationships and diagrams proposed earlier permitting the evaluation of point and Murphree plate efficiencies were verified experimentally for the absorption of carbon dioxide from air on a sieve plate. The following absorbents were employed: aqueous solutions of potassium and sodium hydroxides and carbonates, and aqueous solutions of potassium and sodium carbonates containing diethanolamine or sodium arsenite. An example of the plate efficiency calculations is also presented.

Surfactant properties of unsaturated polyesters

AbstractThe emulsifying properties of unsaturated polyesters (UP) have been studied. The composition of the UP was varied between ratios of ester groups/carbon chain atoms of 1:3 and 1:5. Surfactant properties of UPs are limited to a certain range of molecular weight, which depends on the UP structure. Aqueous solutions of potassium or triethylammonium salts of the UP solubilize lipophilic monomers like styrene. Depending on the method of emulsifying, normal or multiple emulsions were obtained. By continuous agitation or more rapidly by ultrasonic treatment the multiple emulsion may be transformed to a normal emulsion.

Sulfur isotope effect on95Mo nuclear magnetic shielding in MoS 4 2?

By Fourier transform high resolution NMR spectroscopy the95Mo resonance lines of the tetrathiomolybdate species Mo32S42− and Mo32S334S2− have been resolved in aqueous solutions of potassium- and ammonium tetrathiomolybdate. An isotope effect on the Larmor frequency of (0.09±0.01) ppm to lower frequency was found for the substitution of a32S atom by a34S atom in the MoS42− ion.

Polarographic determination of hydrogen ion activities. Part IV. Basic solutions containing alkali metal ions

Acidity functions of aqueous solutions of potassium and sodium hydroxide, of 0·01M-sodium methoxide in aqueous dimethyl sulphoxide, and of 0·011M-tetramethylammonium hydroxide in aqueous tetramethylene sulphone have been measured electrochemically. It has been shown that the acidity function of tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution measured with a hydrogen electrode is the same as that measured with a glass electrode.

Photoelectron Emission by Solutions

A detailed experimental study is reported of electron photoemission at a solution–nitrogen interface by aqueous solutions of potassium or sodium ferrocyanide. Old work on this problem is briefly reviewed as well as similar studies with organic systems and alkali metals in liquid ammonia. The following topics are covered: outline of experimental methods; variations of collected current with field strength and gas pressure; dependence of electron drift velocity in gases on field strength and pressure; plot of the reciprocal of current against the reciprocal of electron drift velocity; application of this plot to the determination of the emitted current and the average velocity and energy of electrons at emission; dependence of emitted current on field strength and possible explanations based on the photoelectric Schottky effect and/or field penetration in solution; correlation with double layer structure; spectral response for the collected current and determination of the threshold at 236 mμ for 0.1M K4Fe(CN)6; correlation with absorption band for charge transfer to solvent; influence of ionic valence and spectral shift.

超硬合金の陽極溶解過程について

Electrochemical behaviour of cemented carbide electrode has been experimentally investigated. In this paper some result of experiments are presented with poarization curves of cemented carbide in aqueous solution of potassium and sodium nitrate and anodic process of the materials is discussed. The data were checked by means of potentiostatic method and chemical analysis. Surfaces of the electrode were examined by electron microscopy of replica. The main results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) Characteristic curves of the current-potential in aqueous solution of KNO3 and NaNO3 show the same features. There are four (WC-Co alloy) or five (WC-TiC-Co alloy) distinct stages in the curves according to the anodic reactions.2) In the first stage, it takes place of the dissolution of cobalt in the diralent state as prored by potassium nitrite reaction and deformation of carbide component is observed (the fourth stage) after gas evolution from the solution (the third stage).3) The second stage is a passive stage which indicated by a measurable drop in current. In this stage, current changes exponentially with respect to the time. This may suggest that cobalt oxides are formed on the electrode.4) In the ash grey precipitate of WC-TiC-Co alloy, Ti4+ is detected by hydrogen peroxide reaction. Curve with two maxima for the alloy are obtained and the second maximum (the fifth stage) depend on a rate of potential increasing. The electrode surface is covered with precipitation in the stage.

Jejunal ulceration. Report of a case apparently associated with potassium gluconate.

SINCE the report of Baker et al 1 in November 1964, physicians have been alert to the possibility of patients receiving potassium therapy developing small-bowel ulcerations. Nearly all reports have emphasized the role of enteric-coated potassium chloride as the cause of such lesions. This has made many physicians believe that aqueous solutions of potassium may be given without the danger of such a complication. Therefore, it seems appropriate to report our experience with a patient who developed an acute obstructing ulcer of the jejunum while receiving potassium gluconate (Kaon Elixir). Report of a Case A 67-year-old chronic alcoholic, very obese, white woman was admitted to the hospital on the evening of Jan 5, 1966, because of nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, cough, dyspnea, and nervousness. Her alcohol and weight problem began at least 30 years previously. Roentgenographic studies in the past had demonstrated a diverticulum of the duodenum, a small hiatal

Jejunal Ulceration

SINCE the report of Baker et al 1 in November 1964, physicians have been alert to the possibility of patients receiving potassium therapy developing small-bowel ulcerations. Nearly all reports have emphasized the role of enteric-coated potassium chloride as the cause of such lesions. This has made many physicians believe that aqueous solutions of potassium may be given without the danger of such a complication. Therefore, it seems appropriate to report our experience with a patient who developed an acute obstructing ulcer of the jejunum while receiving potassium gluconate (Kaon Elixir). Report of a Case A 67-year-old chronic alcoholic, very obese, white woman was admitted to the hospital on the evening of Jan 5, 1966, because of nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, cough, dyspnea, and nervousness. Her alcohol and weight problem began at least 30 years previously. Roentgenographic studies in the past had demonstrated a diverticulum of the duodenum, a small hiatal