Aqueous Methanol Leaf Research Articles

Isoflavone-Rich Extract of Trifolium resupinatum: Anti-obesity Attributes with In Silico Investigation of Its Constituents

Trifolium resupinatum L., Fabaceae, aqueous methanol leaf extract was selected to mitigate some obesity-associated risk factors to validate the possibility of further developing herbal drugs. Chromatography and spectrophotometric techniques verified 14 phenolics, five of which were first isolated from the plant and identified as 6''-O-acetyl ononin, genistin, daidzin, sissotrin, and astragalin. Further phytochemical characterization was performed via liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry assisted by a spectral similarity molecular network. In total, 81 metabolites were tentatively annotated including 69 species-first dereplications. Two major isolates (formononetin and pseudobaptigenin) were selected along with the investigated extract for an in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibition assay. They showed notable effects with IC50 values (µg/ml): 47.2 ± 1.1, 112.8 ± 1.23, and 471.32 ± 0.8, respectively, incomparable to orlistat (23.8 ± 0.64). Preliminary in vivo assay (25 mg/kg extract, daily, 8 weeks) displayed weight loss interest and promising advancement of serum triacylglycerides, total cholesterol, and glucose levels. Molecular docking studies confirmed the promising binding score of formononetin and pseudobaptigenin near the active sites and highlighted the affinity of other isolates to the lipase enzyme. Several isolates passed Lipinski’s law of the drug-likeness test, whereas SwissADME radar displayed that all constituents fall within the acceptable bioavailability zone. Therefore, the combination of flavonoids, especially isoflavones, could be regarded as drug-like agents for protection against obesity-induced metabolic complaints.Graphical

Antimalarial activity of Toona ciliata MJ Roem aqueous methanolic leaf extract and its antioxidant and phytochemical properties.

Malaria is a global health issue causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Screening of various traditionally important medicinal plants is a key source for the discovery of new antimalarials. We evaluated the antimalarial and antioxidant activities, and performed detailed phytochemical analyses of Toona ciliata MJ Roem aqueous methanolic leaf extract (TcMLE). Invitro antiplasmodial studies in Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) 3D7 and PfCam3.IR539T strains were performed by [3H]-hypoxanthine uptake assays. Invitro cytotoxicity in HeLa and HEK293T cell lines was evaluated using MTT assays. Hemolysis assay was performed using RBCs. Phytochemical analysis by GC-MS and invitro antioxidant studies by DPPH and ABTS assays were performed. Invivo antimalarial studies in Pb-infected mice were carried out using Rane's test and Peters' 4-day test. TcMLE showed significant invitro antioxidant activity and had phytochemicals reported for antimalarial activity. Invitro studies showed prominent antiplasmodial activity against Pf3D7 strain (IC50 ∼22μg/ml) and PfCam3. IR539Tstrain (IC50 value ∼43μg/ml). Invitro cytotoxicity studies, invitro hemolytic assays, and invivo acute toxicity studies further suggested that TcMLE is nontoxic. Invivo antimalarial studies using Rane's test showed a significant decrease in parasitemia by ∼70% at 1200mg/kg doses and delayed the mortality of mice by ∼10-14 days. Peters' 4-day test also showed a similar pattern. The present study demonstrated the antimalarial potential of TcMLE. These findings deliver a platform for further studies to identify the active components of TcMLE and discover new antimalarials.

Anti-Obesity Evaluation of Averrhoa carambola L. Leaves and Assessment of Its Polyphenols as Potential α-Glucosidase Inhibitors.

Averrhoa carambola L. is reported for its anti-obese and anti-diabetic activities. The present study aimed to investigate its aqueous methanol leaf extract (CLL) in vivo anti-obese activity along with the isolation and identification of bioactive compounds and their in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assessment. CLL improved all obesity complications and exhibited significant activity in an obese rat model. Fourteen compounds, including four flavone glycosides (1–4) and ten dihydrochalcone glycosides (5–12), were isolated and identified using spectroscopic techniques. New compounds identified in planta included (1) apigenin 6-C-(2-deoxy-β-D-galactopyranoside)-7-O-β-D-quinovopyranoside, (8) phloretin 3′-C-(2-O-(E)-cinnamoyl-3-O-β-D-fucopyranosyl-4-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucopyranosyl-6′-O-β-D fucopyranosyl-(1/2)-α-L arabinofuranoside, (11a) phloretin3′-C-(2-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl-3-O-β-D-fucosyl-4-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucosyl-6′-O-(2-O-β-D-fucosyl)-α-L-arabinofuranoside, (11b) phloretin3′-C-(2-O-(Z)-p-coumaroyl-3-O-β-D-fucosyl-4-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucosyl-6′-O-(2-O-β-D-fucosyl)-α-L-arabinofuranoside. Carambolaside M (5), carambolaside Ia (6), carambolaside J (7), carambolaside I (9), carambolaside P (10a), carambolaside O (10b), and carambolaside Q (12), which are reported for the first time from A. carambola L. leaves, whereas luteolin 6-C-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-D-fucopyranoside (2), apigenin 6-C-β-D-galactopyranoside (3), and apigenin 6-C-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-L-fucopyranoside (4) are isolated for the first time from Family. Oxalidaceae. In vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity revealed the potential efficacy of flavone glycosides, viz., 1, 2, 3, and 4 as antidiabetic agents. In contrast, dihydrochalcone glycosides (5–11) showed weak activity, except for compound 12, which showed relatively strong activity.

Cardioprotective Effect of Rumex vesicarius Linn. Leaf Extract against Catecholamine-Induced Cardiotoxicity.

Rumex vesicarius (L.) is a folklore medicinal herb that has been used for centuries to cure cardiovascular diseases. The present work was carefully designed to ascertain the pharmacological basis for R. vesicarius’s therapeutic efficacy in cardiovascular diseases, as well as the underlying mechanism. In the ex vivo investigation, the aqueous-methanolic leaf extract of R. vesicarius was shown to have endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effects in rabbit aorta tissue preparations, and its hypotensive responses were quantified by pressure and force transducers coupled to the Power Lab Data Acquisition System. Furthermore, when rabbits were subjected to adrenaline-induced myocardial infarction, R. vesicarius demonstrated cardioprotective characteristics. In contrast to the intoxicated group, the myocardial infarction model showed lower ALP, CK-MB, CRP, LDH, ALT, troponin, and AST levels (p > 0.005–0.000), as well as edema, necrosis, apoptosis, inflammatory cell enrolment, and necrosis. R. vesicarius exhibited significant antioxidant activity and delayed noradrenaline-induced platelet aggregation. Its cardioprotective, anticoagulant, and vasorelaxant properties in both investigations (in vivo and ex vivo) are mediated through partial endothelium-dependent, NO and calcium channel blockade mediated vasorelaxation. The minimizing of adrenaline, oxidative stress, and tissue damage demonstrate its therapeutic efficacy in cardiovascular diseases.

Activation of NRF2/HO-1 Pathway by aqueous methanolic leaf extract of Triclisia gilletii and selected identified compounds in Triclisia gilletii, modulates crystal binding genes (CD44/OPN) in Ethane-1,2-diol-induced nephrolithic rats

BackgroundMoonseed vine (Triclisia gilletii Staner) a member of the Menispermaceae family, has been previously investigated and reported in our laboratory to exhibit antilithiatic potentials against ethane-1,2-diol induced nephrolithiasis. However, the mechanism underlying its action is not clear. PurposeMechanism of action of aqueous methanolic leaf extact of Triclisia gilletii (TGAMLE 100 mg/kg) in comparison with compounds identified in TGAMLE (Quercetin (20 mg/kg), oleanolic acid (10 mg/kg), stigmasterol (20 mg/kg), and sitosterol (20 mg/kg)) was investigated against ethane-1,2-diol administered rats. MethodsThe mRNA expression of antioxidant marker genes (nuclear factor erythroid- 2 – related factor- 2 (NRF2) and Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)) and crystal binding genes (CD44 and osteopontin (OPN)) were assessed using RT-PCR. ResultsEthane-1,2-diol administration down-regulated antioxidant marker genes (NRF2 and HO-1) and up-regulated mRNA expression of CD44 with no significant difference in OPN when compared with control. TGAMLE and its derived compounds significantly activated the NRF2/HO-1 pathway by up-regulating its expression and modify crystal binding molecules (CD44/OPN). Overall, the additive effects of the compounds present in the extract revealed a better efficacy in attenuating NRF2/HO-1 pathway as well as the expression of crystal binding molecules. ConclusionThe present study concludes the nephro-protective effect and underlying mechanism of TGAMLE against ethane-1,2-diol exposed rats and suggests that TGAMLE or compounds in TGAMLE could be an alternative agent against kidney stones.

Flavonoids from Barnebydendron riedelii leaf extract mitigate thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats: The interplay of NF-κB/IL-6 and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways

Phytochemical investigation of the butanol fraction (BUF) derived from the 70% aqueous methanolic leaf extract of Barnebydendron riedelii led to the isolation of three flavonoid glycosides; kaempferol-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-galactopyranoside and quercetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside. Docking studies were fulfilled to validate the possible bio-properties of BUF toward nuclear factorkappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The protective role of BUF against behavioral, biochemical, molecular, histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats was investigated. The toxicological studies indicated that BUF was safe up to 2000 mg/kg bw. Prior to TAA intoxication, rats were orally treated with either BUF at multiple doses (70, 140 and 280 mg/kg bw) or lactulose (8 mL/kg bw) for 14 consecutive days. On the 13th and the 14th day, TAA (200 mg/kg bw/day) was intraperitoneally injected. The BUF significantly improved motor impairment, ameliorated cognitive deficits and attenuated TAA-induced hepatotoxicity. Moreover, BUF controlled the inflammatory processes by suppressing the hepatic inflammatory cytokine; interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as its pro-inflammatory mediator; NF-κB supporting the molecular docking assessment. The brain neurotransmitters; dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline, as well as ammonia levels were improved in BUF-treated TAA-intoxicated animals in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, BUF administration to TAA-intoxicated rats modulated the Nrf2 and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) genes expression in liver and brain tissues. The histological evaluation showed that pretreatment of TAA-intoxicated rats with BUF ameliorated the degenerative effects of TAA on liver and brain tissues as well as reduced the activation of cellular apoptotic marker; caspase-3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP+) astrocytes. In conclusion, the observed hepato-neuroprotective effect of BUF is attributed to its flavonoidal content through its modulatory effects on of NF-κB/IL-6 and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.

Appraising the Neurobehavioural Toxicity Potential of Aqueous Methanol Leaf Extract of Tapinanthus globiferus Growing on Azadirachta indica

The high prevalence and disease burden of anxiety disorders against the paucity and liabilities of existing anxiolytics indicates a need for the discovery of additional/new anti-anxiety agents. However, it is necessary to further screen these new/putative anxiolytic compounds/extracts to rule out the unwanted neurobehavioural toxicities inherent in the existing anti-anxiety drugs. Aqueous methanol leaf extract of Tapinanthus globiferus growing on Azadirachta indica host tree has previously demonstrated significant (p<0.05) anxiolytic effects in mice. This study, therefore, set out to counter-screen this extract for locomotion-suppressant, acute amnesic, sedative (myorelaxant) and hypnotic effects using standard mouse behavioural and biochemical paradigms. The leaf extract (150, 500 and 1500 mg/kg) did not cause significant (p>0.05) alterations in spontaneous locomotor activity, motor coordination/balance, sleep onset or duration, but dose-dependent and significant (p<0.05) increases (63.28±5.63, 65.63±4.12 and 69.18±3.69) in novel object recognition indices of extract-treated compared to 51.54±4.03 and 61.06±2.91 scores in diazepam- and aqua-treated mice, respectively. These findings indicate the aqueous methanol leaf extract is mostly devoid of the evaluated neurobehavioural toxicities and may possess short-term memory enhancement property in mice. These findings may justify the traditional use of Tapinanthus globiferus extracts for memory enhancement.

Antimalarial Activity of Meriandra dianthera Leaf Extracts in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice.

Objective To evaluate the antimalarial effect of aqueous methanolic extract and solvent fractions of Meriandra dianthera leaves against Plasmodium berghei in mice model. Method M. dianthera leaves were extracted with 80% methanol and dried. The dried crude extract was then defatted and further fractionated with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol. Acute oral toxicity test was performed as per the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline 425. Peter's 4-day suppressive test was used to determine the in vivo antimalarial activity of the extract and fractions. Result The crude leaf extract of Meriandra dianthera leaves against P < 0.001) chemosuppression compared to the negative control. Both the extract and fractions were able to prevent P. berghei induced body weight loss and body temperature reduction and also increased the survival time of the mice as compared to the negative control. The aqueous methanolic leaf extract of M. dianthera leaves were extracted with 80% methanol and dried. The dried crude extract was then defatted and further fractionated with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol. Acute oral toxicity test was performed as per the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline 425. Peter's 4-day suppressive test was used to determine the Conclusion The extracts of M. dianthera leaves showed promising antimalarial activity, with no sign of toxicity and therefore may support its traditional use for the treatment of malaria.M. dianthera leaves were extracted with 80% methanol and dried. The dried crude extract was then defatted and further fractionated with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol. Acute oral toxicity test was performed as per the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline 425. Peter's 4-day suppressive test was used to determine the

Bioassay-guided purification, GC-MS characterization and quantification of phyto-components in an antibacterial extract of Searsia lancea leaves

Phytocompounds in an aqueous methanol (70% MeOH) leaf extract of Searsia lancea were separated using liquid-liquid partitioning techniques and gravity-assisted column chromatography. The resultant fractions were screened for antibacterial properties (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) against four bacterial strains (Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Staphylococcus aureus). Bioactive fractions were purified using preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) and subjected to further antibacterial screening. Phytocompounds in antibacterial sub-fractions were characterized and quantified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). An ethyl acetate sub-fraction purified from the aqueous methanol extracts of the leaves demonstrated potent antibacterial properties (MIC range: 31-61 µg/ml against E. faecalis and S. aureus). Based on GC-MS analysis, 81.5% of the sub-fraction consisted of broad-spectrum antibacterial compounds namely tetracosanol (43.98%) and nonadecanol (37.5%). Current research findings support the traditional use of S. lancea leaves to manage gastro-intestinal disorders and gonorrhoea.

Haematological profile of albino rats exposed to polar leaf extracts of Portulaca oleracea Linn.

Although the use of medicinal plants is becoming popular globally, some of these plants which are purported to be safe are not without side effects or toxicity. Portulaca oleracea, Linn. is among the medicinal plants used globally in the treatment of diseases and management of health challenges. The dearth of information on the toxicity of Portulaca oleracea in a long term use prompted this study which investigated the sub-chronic effect of the oral administration of polar (aqueous methanol) leaf extracts of Portulaca oleracea on haematological parameters in male albino rats. Sixty-four animals were randomly divided into 4 groups of 16 rats each. Group 1(Control) received 0.5 ml of 20% Tween 80 (vehicle), Groups 2, 3 & 4 received 125, 250 & 500 mg/kg bw of the extract respectively for 60 days by oral gavage. On days 14, 28, 42 and 60; four rats from each group were anaesthetized and blood samples were collected for haematology. No significant (p>0.05) variation occurred in the mean values of PCV, hemoglobin concentration, RBC count, platelet count and differential leucocyte count relative to the control throughout the 60-day duration. Significant (p<0.05) increase in WBC count was recorded on day 42 in the 500mg treated group. Oral administration of polar leaf extract of P.oleracea as used in this study had no injurious effect on haematological parameters in a long term treatment of 60 days; thus can be said to be non-toxic to blood parameters.

Phytochemical Constituents, Safety and Efficacy Study of Thymus schimperi and Thymus serrulatus

Background: The genus Thymus is one of the most taxonomically complex genera in the Lamiaceae family and it includes 250- 350 taxa (species and varieties). T. serrulatus Hochst. ex Benth and T. schimperi Ronniger are the two species of thymus which are endemic to Ethiopia; locally known as Tosign. According to WHO 2018 report, NCDs (non-communicable disease) are estimated to account for 39% of all deaths in Ethiopia and Infectious diseases also represent a continuous and increasing threat to human health in developing countries like Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, 80% of the population use plant remedies or medicinal plants over centuries. Objective: The present study aimed to review Phytochemical-constituents, Safety and Efficacy Study of Thymus schimperi and Thymus Serrulatus. Method: A web-based literature search was done by using scientific databases including Pub Med, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Scopus. Searching was made using key words: Thymus, Thymus schimperi, Thymus Serrulatus, phytochemistry, pharmacology, ethnomedicine, efficacy and safety. Results: T. serrulatus grows in Tigray, Gondar, Bale, in the highlands of Semien Shoa and Wollo whereas T. schimperi is widely distributed in Oromia, Amhara and Southern Nations Nationalities & Peoples Regions. T. serrulatus and T. schimperi belong to the chemotypes Carvacrol-Thymol. Carvacrol (63%), thymol (36%-38%), Thymol (49%) are the major constituent of the essential oil of T. schimperi collected from Bale, T. schimperi from Gonder, Shewa & Wello, T. serrulatus from the Tigray region respectively. Treatment of mice with 2000 mg/kg dose of the essential oil of T. schimperi caused 50% mortality indicating that it’s the LD50 is about 2000 mg/kg. However, n-butanol fraction of the aqueous and crude methanol leaf extract T. serrulatus with the oral limit dose of 5,000 mg/kg showed no sign of overt behavioral changes and toxicity where the LD50 were above 10,000 mg/kg. n-butanol fraction and the crude aqueous extract of T. serrulatus has exhibited an increase in urine volume with the highest urine output at the highest dose (1,000 mg/kg) and an appreciable diuretic activity of 94% and 92% respectively. Conclusion and Recommendation: The essential oil of T. schimperi did not cause a rise in serum enzyme level and major organ damage (kidney and liver), but the dose range of 2000 mg/kg causes 50% mortality. The n-butanol fraction of crude aqueous leaf extract of T. serrulatus showed an increase in urine volume with the highest urine output at the highest dose (1,000 mg/kg) and appreciable diuretic activity (94%). Additional chemical isolation, development of dosage form, clinical trial and toxicological study is recommended.

Anti-adhesion potential of non-polar compounds and extracts from Ficus natalensis

Four triterpenoids, ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraene-3-one 1, stigma-4-ene-3-one 2, 3β-hydroxy-21β-H-hop-22(29)-ene 3, sitosterol and a quinone, tectoquinone 4, were isolated from the leaf, stem bark and fruit extracts of Ficus natalensis subsp. natalensis, Moraceae, a medicinal fig found in Africa. The pure compounds 1–4 and crude extracts were tested for their antibacterial activity against five Gram-negative and seven Gram-positive strains and for their potential anti-biofilm activity. Antimicrobial susceptibility was observed with all pure compounds tested at 250μg against the majority of Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains. The dichloromethane-soluble fruit extract was active against sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus xylosus. Compounds 2, 3 and 4 demonstrated broad-spectrum antibiotic effects against eight of the twelve bacterial strains tested. In the anti-biofilm assay, exposure to ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous methanol leaf, stem bark and fruit extracts decreased adhesion with a biofilm reduction of ≥100% for all three tested organisms: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus. The methanol leaf extract demonstrated the most potent anti-adhesion potential against E. coli (218% biofilm reduction). The greatest ability to decrease adhesion was observed with compounds 2, 3 and 5 against P. aeruginosa at the lowest concentration tested (100μgml−1).

Optimisation of preparative HPLC separation of four isomeric kaempferol diglycosides from Prunus spinosa L. by application of the response surface methodology

A fast and efficient preparative HPLC-PDA method was developed for the separation and isolation of four rare isomeric kaempferol diglycosides from leaves of Prunus spinosa L. The separation procedure of the enriched diglycoside fraction of the 70% (v/v) aqueous methanolic leaf extract was first optimised on analytical XBridge C18 column (100mm×4.6mm i.d., 5μm) and central composite design combined with response surface methodology was utilized to establish the optimal separation conditions. The developed method was directly transferred to preparative XBridge Prep C18 column (100mm×19mm i.d., 5μm) and the final separation was accomplished by isocratic elution with 0.5% acetic acid-methanol-tetrahydrofuran (75.2:16.6:8.2, v/v/v) as the mobile phase, at a flow rate of 13.6mL/min, in less than 12min for a single run. Under these conditions, four flavonoid diglycosides: kaempferol 3-O-α-l-arabinofuranoside-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3,7-di-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (kaempferitrin), and reported for the first time for P. spinosa kaempferol 3-O-β-d-xylopyranoside-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (lepidoside) and kaempferol 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranoside-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, were isolated in high separation yield (84.8–94.5%) and purity (92.45–99.79%). Their structures were confirmed by extensive 1D and 2D NMR studies. Additionally, the UHPLC-PDA-ESI–MS3 qualitative profiling led to the identification of twenty-one phenolic compounds and confirmed that the isolates were the major components of the leaf material.

Phenolic metabolites, biological activities, and isolated compounds of Terminalia muelleri extract

Context: Terminalia muelleri Benth. (Combretaceae), is rich with phenolics that have antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. No screening studies were published before on T. muelleri.Objective: The study focused on isolation and identification of secondary metabolites from aqueous methanol leaf extract of T. muelleri and evaluation of its biological activities.Materials and methods: The n-butanol extract was chromatographed on polyamide 6, and eluted with H2O/MeOH mixtures of decreasing polarity, then separated by different chromatographic tools that yielded 10 phenolic compounds. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by investigating its total phenolic and flavonoid content and DPPH scavenging effectiveness. The extract and the two acylated flavones were evaluated for their anticancer activity towards MCF-7 and PC3 cancer cell lines. Molecular docking study of the acylated flavones was performed against topoisomerase enzyme.Results and discussion: Two acylated flavonoids, apigenin-8-C-(2″-O-galloyl) glucoside 1 and luteolin-8-C-(2″-O-galloyl) glucoside 2, were isolated and identified for the second time in nature, with eight tannins (3–10), from the leaves of T. muelleri. The extract and compound 10 showed the most significant antioxidant activity (IC50 = 3.55 and 6.34 μg/mL), respectively. The total extract and compound 2 demonstrated cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 with IC50 = 29.7 and 45.2 μg/mL respectively, while compound 1 showed cytotoxic effect against PC3 (IC50 = 40.8 μg/mL). The docking study of compounds 1 and 2 confirmed unique binding mode in the active site of human DNA topoisomerase enzyme.Conclusions: Terminalia muelleri is a promising medicinal plant as it possesses high antioxidant activity and moderate cytotoxic activity against MCF-7.

Phenolic Content of Albizia anthelmintica Leaves and Their Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity

Objectives: This study aimed to the isolate the polyphenolic constituents from the 80% aqueous methanolic extract of Albizia anthelmintica leaves and evaluates the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the pure isolates. Methods: 80% MeOH leaves extracts of the plant subjected separately to different chromatographic separation techniques. Structures of the isolated compounds were established by different spectroscopic techniques (ESI-MS, 1H/13C NMR and 2D NMR experiments). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH scavenging activity method, the crude extracts and pure isolated compounds form active fractions of A. anthelimintica were tested for cytotoxicity against human prostate normal cell line (PNT 2A), human ovarian carcinoma cell line (A2780) and Human Caucasian breast carcinoma cell line (ZR75-1). Results: Nine compounds were isolated from A. anthelmintica four were identified for first time from the plant ferulic acid 2, 3`, 7 di-O-methylmyricetin3, Kaempferol 3-O-(6``-E-p-Coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside 6 and Kaempferol 3-O-(6``-E-p-Caffeoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside7and five were isolated before from the plant methyl gallate 1, gallic acid 4, quercetin 5, Quercetin 3-O-(6``-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside 8 and Kaemferol 3-O-(6``-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside 9. Compounds 8, 9 and 7showed the most powerful anti-oxidant activity among the compounds tested with IC50 2.75, 3.25 and 5.25 μM, respectively. Compounds 7, 3 and 6 showed activity against human ovarian carcinoma cell line (A2780) with IC50 2.6, 5.23and 6.11μM, respectively. Compound 8 showed strong cytotoxic activity against Human Caucasian breast carcinoma cell line (ZR75-1) with IC50 3.15 μM. Conclusion: A. anthelmintica 80% aqueous methanolic leaf extract contains phenolic compounds, some of which were isolated for first time from this species and some have shown strong antioxidant and cytotoxic activity against the tested cell lines. The three active isolated compounds need to be evaluated in animal models to determine their potential as natural cure products.

Antitrypanosomal activity of Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. (Scrophulariaceae) against Trypanosoma congolense isolates.

BackgroundAfrican Trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease with a large impact on the livelihood of the rural poor in Sub-Saharan Africa. The available drugs for managing this disease are old, expensive and are facing the problem of drug resistance. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo antitrypanosomal efficacy of aqueous and absolute methanol leaf extracts of Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. against Trypanosoma congolense field isolate.MethodsVerbascum sinaiticum (Local name ‘qetetina’) is a biennial plant, and 60–150 cm tall. It is traditionally used to treat wound, stomachache, viral infection, cancer, sunstroke, fever, abdominal colic, diarrhea, hemorrhage, anthrax, and hepatitis. The efficacy of aqueous and absolute methanol leaf extracts of V. sinaiticum was evaluated in a randomized experiment with Swiss albino mice infected with T. congolense field isolate. The extracts were administered at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection for seven days at 12 Days Post-Infection (DPI) when the peak parasitaemia level was approximately 108 trypanosomes/ml. Parasitaemia, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), mean survival time and change in body weight were used as indices for monitoring the efficacy of the extracts. Diminazene (28 mg/kg) was used as a positive control while 2 % Tween was used as the negative control. Phytochemicals screening were conducted following standard methods.ResultsThe extracts showed no toxicity effect in Swiss albino mice and had LD50 above 2000 mg/kg. The phytochemicals screened in V. sinaiticum were alkaloids, flavonoids, glycoside, saponins, steroids, phenolic compounds, and tannins. The mice treated with absolute methanol leaf extract of V. sinaiticum at 400 mg/kg dose had significantly lower mean parasitaemia (7.20 ± 0.16) (p < 0.001) as compared to the negative control group (8.82 ± 0.12) on day 14 of treatment. Animals treated with the same dose had significant (p < 0.001) higher PCV value and body weight and as well as the highest mean survival time of 40.20 ± 0.31 days as compared to the negative control at the end of the observation period.ConclusionThis study established that Verbascum sinaiticum had trypanocidal activity. The crude extracts have partially eliminated trypanosomes in a dose-dependent manner. The study can be a basis for future in-depth analysis of the biologically active chemicals.

Phenolic Rich Extract from Clinacanthus nutans Attenuates Hyperlipidemia-Associated Oxidative Stress in Rats.

Clinacanthus nutans is used as traditional medicine in Asia but there are limited scientific studies to support its use. In this study, the stem and leaf of C. nutans were extracted using solvents of differing polarities, and their antioxidant capacities were determined using multiple antioxidant assays. The water and aqueous methanolic leaf extracts were further fractionated and their antioxidant capacities and phenolic compositions were tested. Furthermore, the efficacies of the water and aqueous methanolic leaf extracts were tested against hyperlipidemia-induced oxidative stress in rats. Serum and hepatic antioxidant and oxidative stress markers were tested after feeding the rats with high fat diet together with the extracts or simvastatin for 7 weeks. The results indicated that both leaf extracts attenuated oxidative stress through increasing serum antioxidant enzymes activity and upregulating the expression of hepatic antioxidant genes. Multiple phenolic compounds were detected in the extracts and fractions of C. nutans, although protocatechuic acid was one of the most abundant and may have contributed significantly towards the bioactivities of the extracts. However, synergistic effects of different phenolics may have contributed to the overall bioactivities. C. nutans can be a good source of functional ingredients for the management of oxidative stress-related diseases.

In vitro antioxidant profiling of Bambusa tulda Roxb. aqueous methanolic leaf extract growing in the forests of Kokrajhar district, BTAD, Assam, India

Background: From an age-old period bamboo has been an important ingredient of traditional Asian medicines ingeneral and Chinese medicine in particular. Today people are searching over the use of herbal medicine instead of thesynthetic drugs. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate phytochemical, biochemical constituent and invitro antioxidant activity of aqueous methanolic leaf extract of Bambusa tulda. Bambusa tulda (Poaceae) is widelydistributed in North Eastern parts of the Country. Methodology: Phytochemical constituents of leaves were extractedby hot extraction method. Aqueous methanolic extract showed that the presence of phenolic compound, alkaloids,saponnins, flavonoids, steroids, anthraquinones, glycosides. The total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol content in theaqueous methanolic extract were determined by calorimetric assay as well as their antioxidant activity throughvarious chemical assays like DPPH radicals, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and reducing power assay. Results: Thetotal phenolic, flavonoids and flavonol content in aqueous methanolic extract were 17.494±0.01 mg GAE/g,176.35±0.03 mg QE /g and 96.2±0.01 mg QE /g respectively. Conclusion: This may be first report to provideevidence that the crude aqueous metanolic extract of Bambusa tulda leaf is a potential source of natural antioxidant.

QUANTITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL AND GC-MS ANALYSIS OF LEAF AND BARK EXTRACT OF DOLICHANDRONE ATROVIRENS

The present study deals with the quantitative phytoche mical and GC - MS analysis of aqueous methanolic bark and leaf extract of Dolichandrone atrovirens . This study concerns the quantitative screening of total glycosides, saponins, total phenol content, total flavonoid content a nd vitamin C content. Further ass essed the Dolichandrone atrovirens leaf and bark extracts by using GC - MS. The preliminary screening test results in the detection of bioactive principles and GC - MS analysis revealed the presence of 12 compounds in leaf extract and 11 compounds in bark extr act. This analytical technique identifies the presence of pharmacologically active constituents present in the metabolic aqueous bark and leaf extract of Dolichandrone atrovirens. So that it can be recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance

In vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts and an isolated compound from Boscia albitrunca leaves

Boscia albitrunca is a medicinal plant widely used in the management of eye related ailments and haemorrhoid diseases. Repeated column fractionation of the n-butanol fraction of a 20% aqueous methanol leaf extract of B. albitrunca on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 columns afforded a phenolic compound identified as martynoside. Structure elucidation of the isolated compound was carried out using spectroscopic techniques. The extracts and isolated compound were evaluated for antimicrobial activities using the micro dilution technique. All the extracts and compound were active against the tested Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for extracts ranged from 390.0 to 6250μg/mL and martynoside isolated from the butanol fraction was the most active with the lowest MIC values of 7.81 and 31.2μg/mL against B. subtilis and K. pneumoniae respectively. The activity demonstrated by the extracts and martynoside obtained from B. albitrunca against tested bacteria and fungi suggests that they could be helpful in the management of eye infections.