Aqueous Fraction Of Methanolic Extract Research Articles

Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activities of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Derived from Secondary Metabolites of Lentinula edodes.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are the second most prevalent metal oxide, owing to their characteristics of low cost, safe, and easily prepared. ZnO NPs have been found to exhibit unique properties which show their potential to be used in various therapies. Numerous techniques have been devised for the manufacture of zinc oxide because it is one of the nanomaterials that has received major research interest. Mushroom sources are proven to be efficient, ecologically friendly, inexpensive, and safe for humankind. In the current study, an aqueous fraction of methanolic extract of Lentinula edodes (L. edoes) was used to synthesize ZnO NPs. The biosynthesis of ZnO NPs was achieved by using the reducing and capping capability of an L. edodes aqueous fraction. Bioactive compounds from mushroom, such as flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds, are used in the green synthesis process to biologically reduce metal ions or metal oxides to metal NPs. Biogenically synthesized ZnO NPs were further characterized by using UV-Vis, FTIR, HPLC, XRD, SEM, EDX, zeta sizer and zeta potential analyses. The FTIR showed the functional group at the spectra in the range 3550-3200 cm-1 indicated the presence of the hydroxyl (OH) group, while bands in the range 1720-1706 cm-1 indicated C=O carboxylic stretches bonds. Furthermore, the XRD pattern of ZnO NPs created in the current study was found to be nanocrystals which are hexagonal. The SEM analysis of ZnO NPs showed spherical shapes and size distributions in the range 90-148 nm. Biologically synthesized ZnO NPs have substantial biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory potential. Biological activities showed significant antioxidant (65.7 ± 1.09), antidiabetic (85.18 ± 0.48), and anti-inflammatory potential (86.45 ± 0.60) at 300 µg inhibition in paw inflammation of (1.1 ± 0.06) and yeast-induced pyrexia (97.4 ± 0.51) at 10 mg in a dose-dependent manner. The outcomes of this research indicated that ZnO NPs significantly reduced inflammation and have the ability to scavenge free radicals and prevent protein denaturation, while also indicating their possible use in food and nutraceutical applications to treat various ailments.

Hepatoprotective effect of Physalis divaricata in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity: In vitro, in silico and in vivo analysis

Ethnopharmacological relevancePhysalis divaricata D. Don. is an erect weed of family Solanaceae. The root extract of this plant is used by the indigenous communities of Sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India for the treatment of liver disorders. Aim of the studyTo evaluate hepatoprotective potential of P. divaricata in paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Materials and methodsThe dried roots of P. divaricata were subjected to extraction using different solvents. The chloroform extract, methanol extract and bioactive aqueous fraction of methanol extract were evaluated for hepatoprotective effect. After initial in vitro screening, all extracts were screened for hepatoprotective potential in PCM (3 g/kg p.o) induced hepatotoxicity. Following PCM administration, extracts were administered orally for 7 days in increasing dose concentrations. All the animals were euthanized on eighth day, serum and liver tissues were collected and subjected to various biochemical and histopathological analysis. Aqueous fraction of methanol extract was further analyzed using LC- MS analysis. ResultsMethanol extract and its bioactive aqueous fraction exhibited significant and better in vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activity as compared to chloroform extract. PCM treatment caused hepatotoxicity as assessed by altered levels of various hepatic biomarkers (increase in the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, TBARS, and AOPPs as well as decrease in GSH and TrxR levels) along with histopathological changes (portal to portal bridging, necrosis, and inflammation). Methanolic extract (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) and its aqueous fraction treatment (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly restored elevated hepatic biomarkers, oxidative stress, and protected normal hepato-architecture. LC-MS analysis of aqueous fraction showed presence of rutin and kaempferol. In silico analysis further showed the capability of rutin to make complex with TNF-α and block its interaction with the target site. ConclusionAqueous fraction showed maximum hepatoprotective potential as conceived through in vitro and in vivo studies. Presence of rutin may explain hepatoprotective potential of P. divaricata.

Isolation of potential liver x receptor alpha agonist and antioxidant compounds from Hypericum microcalycinum Boiss. & Heldr.

Background and Aims: Hypericum microcalycinum Boiss. & Heldr. is used for inflammatory diseases in Anatolia. The involvement of liver X receptors (LXRs) and free radicals in inflammatory diseases, activation of LXRs, and high radical contents in cancerous tissue and organs prompted us to determine the radical scavenging and LXRα agonist activity of aqueous fraction of methanol extract and fractions of H. microcalycinum along with the isolation studies from active fractions. Methods: Isolation studies were carried out on chromatographic techniques. DPPH, NO, and SO radical scavenging activity methods were used for the determination of antioxidant activity, and a LXRE reporter gene assay was used for the determination of LXRα agonist activity. Results: While the extract showed weak LXRα agonist activity, phenolic compounds- rich fractions showed moderate activity. DPPH radical scavenging capacities of the extract and some fractions seemed to be very high as well as some isolated compounds. Bioactivity- guided studies resulted in the isolation of catechin (1), epicatechin (2), apigenin-8-C-(2-O-acetyl)- glucopyranoside (3), quercetin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside (4), quercetin-3-O-β-arabinopyranoside (5), kaempferol-3-O-βarabinopyranoside (6), luteolin-8-C-β-glucopyranoside (orientin) (7). Conclusion: According to our results, compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5 may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of H. microcalycinum as a function of LXRα agonist and free radical scavenging effects.

Evaluation of the hepatoprotective effect of oral administration of aqueous fraction of methanolic extract of Costus afer leaves during induction of hepatocellular carcinoma with diethylnitrosamine in rats

This study evaluated the hepatoprotective effect of oral administration of aqueous fraction of methanolic extract of Costus afer leaves (CALAF) during induction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in rats. The methanolic leaf extract was fractionated into hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and aqueous fractions. The in vitro antioxidant potential of the fractions were estimated by the assays of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant potential, and total antioxidant capacity. CALAF had the most antioxidant effect. Rats were orally pretreated daily with CALAF at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg or silymarin (hepatoprotective drug) at 50 mg/kg from 2 weeks prior to HCC induction and through 6 weeks of HCC induction. The HCC induction was by a single intraperitoneal injection of DEN at 200 mg/kg as an initiator, followed 2 weeks later by daily oral administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene at 30 mg/kg as promoter. At the end of HCC induction, levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), liver function and antioxidants, gamma histone 2A family member X (γH2AX), and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) expressions were determined. HCC rats treated with CALAF at all doses had significantly (p < 0.05) reduced levels of AFP, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, and γH2AX protein expression, whereas MGMT protein expression was elevated when compared with untreated HCC rats. Thus, CALAF could be effective in protecting against DEN-induced HCC in rats by ameliorating hepatic injury and genotoxicity.

Alpha-pyrone glycosides fromScutellaria salviifoliaBenth

Scutellaria salviifolia Benth. is an endemic species growing in Turkey that belongs to the family Lamiaceae. As a result of a phytochemical study on the aerial parts of S. salviifolia Benth., two new and 10 known compounds were isolated from the aqueous fraction of methanolic extract. The new compounds are methyl-$\alpha $-pyrone glucosides, 3,4-dihydroxy-6-methylpyran-2-one 3-$O$-$\beta $-glucopyranoside (=scusalvioside A, 1), and 3,4-dihydroxy-6-methylpyran-2-one 3-$O$-$\beta $-(6$'$-$O$-$E$-caffeoyl) glucopyranoside (=scusalvioside B, 2) with new skeletal structures. Along with them, 3 phloroglucinol glucosides [phlorin (3), tadehaginoside (4), and 6$^{\prime \prime} $-$O$-$Z$-$p$-coumaroyl phloroglucinol-1-$O$-$\beta $-glucopyranoside (5)], 6 flavonoids [apigenin (6), apigenin 5-$O$-$\beta $-glucopyranoside (7), isoschaftoside (8), luteolin 7-$O$-$\beta $-glucuronide (9), luteolin 4$'$-$O$-$\beta $-glucopyranoside (10), and hispidulin (11)], and one phenylethanoid glycoside [martynoside (12)] were also isolated as known compounds. Compounds 2 and 8 were isolated as a mixture. Structure elucidations of the isolated compounds were carried out using UV, $^{1}$H NMR, $^{13}$C NMR, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS analyses. Moreover, the phenylethanoid glycosides acteoside (13) and leucosceptoside A (14) were also detected in the plant by HPLC-DAD study. Tadehaginoside, 6$^{\prime \prime} $-$O$-$Z$-$p$-coumaroyl phloroglucinol-1-$O$-$\beta $-glucopyranoside, and luteolin 4$'$-$O$-$\beta $-glucopyranoside were reported for the first time from a Scutellaria species with this study.

Hibiscus sabdariffa renews pancreatic β-cells in experimental type 1 diabetic model rats

This study evaluated the antidiabetic potentials of flavonoid-rich aqueous fraction of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx (HSCE) on the pancreatic β-cells of experimental type I diabetic model rats. Type 1 diabetes mellitus was induced in Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of 80mg/kg b/w streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in 0.1M citrate buffer (pH 6.3). The rats were divided into five groups (n=12) including normal control group, test group I, diabetic negative control, test group II, and diabetic positive control. The test groups received 1.75g/kg b/w of HSCE by gavage for 15 days. Animals were sacrificed; the splenic portion of their pancreas and serum were evaluated for histopathological and biochemical parameters respectively. The regenerative effects of the extract on STZ-diabetes β-cells damage was evident from the results of the histopathological analysis and the biochemical parameters evaluated in the serum. Reduced levels of glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase in the serum of diabetic rats were significantly improved in the H.sabdariffa-treated rats (P<0.05). Histological examination of pancreatic islet sections revealed degenerative and necrotic changes (D) in the pancreatic islet of Langerhans, β-cell degranulation, pyknotic β-cell nuclei, decreased islet cellular density, and severe vacuolation (V) in the islet of STZ-diabetic negative control group. The morphology of the pancreas of HSCE-treated diabetic rats (test group II) revealed remarkable improvements in the islet of Langerhans. Stereological studies also revealed that HSCE-treatment remarkably improved volume of the pancreatic islets and the numerical density of β-cell (number of β-cells per unit area of islet) depleted by STZ diabetes. The study concluded that possible antidiabetic mechanism of Hibiscus sabdariffa in STZ diabetes is through induction of β-cell regeneration and its strong antioxidant potential.

New knowledge about old drugs; a cardenolide type glycoside with cytotoxic effect and unusual secondary metabolites from Digitalis grandiflora Miller

Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Digitalis grandiflora Miller (Plantaginaceae) led to the isolation of an undescribed cardenolide type glycoside digigrandifloroside (1) along with five known compounds, rengyoside A (2), rengyoside B (3), cleroindicin A (4), salidroside (5), and cornoside (6), from its aqueous fraction of methanolic extract. Structures of the isolated compounds were determined by means of spectroscopic techniques. 1–6 were isolated for the first time from D. grandiflora. 2 and 3 are being reported for the first time from Digitalis genus and Plantaginaceae family with this study. This is the second report for occurrence of 4 from a Digitalis species. Cytotoxic activity of the aqueous fraction was also tested against HEp-2 (Human larynx epidermoid carcinoma) and HepG2 (Human hepatocellular carcinoma) cancer cell lines and L929 (Mouse fibroblast cell) non-cancerous cell line. Aqueous fraction showed stronger cytotoxicity on HEp-2 cells than HepG2. Therefore, the cytotoxic activity of 1, 2, 4, and 6 were tested against HEp-2 and L929 cell lines. 3 and 5 couldn't be tested due to their insufficient amount. 1 showed the highest cytotoxicity against HEp-2 cells with IC50 value 10.1 μM when compared with the positive control, etoposide and 2–6 (IC50 of etoposide; 39.5 μM).

N‐Butanol and Aqueous Fractions of Red Maca Methanolic Extract Exerts Opposite Effects on Androgen and Oestrogens Receptors (Alpha and Beta) in Rats with Testosterone‐Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) affects, worldwide, 50% of 60-year-old men. The Peruvian plant red maca (Lepidium meyenii) inhibits BPH in rodents. This study aimed to determine the effects of methanolic red maca extract and its n-butanol and aqueous fractions on expression of androgen and oestrogen receptors in rats with testosterone enanthate-induced BPH. Thirty-six rats in six groups were studied. Control group received 2 mL of vehicle orally and 0.1 mL of propylene glycol intramuscularly. The second group received vehicle orally and testosterone enanthate (TE) (25 mg/0.1 mL) intramuscularly in days 1 and 7. The other four groups were BPH-induced with TE and received, during 21 days, 3.78 mg/mL of finasteride, 18.3 mg/mL methanol extract of red maca, 2 mg/mL of n-butanol fraction, or 16.3 mg/mL of aqueous fraction from red maca. Treatments with red maca extract and its n-butanol but not aqueous fraction reduced prostate weight similar to finasteride. All maca treated groups restored the expression of ERβ, but only the aqueous fraction increased androgen receptors and ERα. In conclusion, butanol fraction of red maca reduced prostate size in BPH by restoring expression of ERβ without affecting androgen receptors and ERα. This effect was not observed with aqueous fraction of methanolic extract of red maca.

Anti-hepatotoxic activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. in animal model of streptozotocin diabetes-induced liver damage.

BackgroundFlavonoid-rich aqueous fraction of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx was evaluated for its anti-hepatotoxic activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats.MethodsDiabetes Mellitus was induced in Wistar rats by a single i.p injection of 80 mg/kg b.w. streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 6.3).ResultsThe ameliorative effects of the extract on STZ-diabetes induced liver damage was evident from the histopathological analysis and the biochemical parameters evaluated in the serum and liver homogenates. Reduced levels of glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (3.76 ± 0.38 μM, 0.42 ± 0.04 U/L, 41.08 ± 3.04 U/ml, 0.82 ± 0.04 U/L respectively) in the liver of diabetic rats were restored to a near normal level in the Hibiscus sabdariffa -treated rats (6.87 ± 0.51 μM, 0.72 ± 0.06 U/L, 87.92 ± 5.26 U/ml, 1.37 ± 0.06 U/L respectively). Elevated levels of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the serum of diabetic rats were also restored in Hibiscus sabdariffa -treated rats. Examination of stained liver sections revealed hepatic fibrosis and excessive glycogen deposition in the diabetic rats. These pathological changes were ameliorated in the extract-treated rats.ConclusionThe anti-hepatotoxic activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract in STZ diabetic rats could be partly related to its antioxidant activity and the presence of flavonnoids.

Histamine-like Activity of Albizia anthelmintica

The aqueous fraction of methanol extract of Albizia anthelmintica stimulated guinea pig ileum, guinea pig tracheal chain and relaxed the spontaneously contracting rat uterus. These effects were blocked by H 1 and H 2 antagonists chlorpheniarmine and ranitidine respectively which indicate histamine-like activity. The presence of histamine was confirmed by TLC analysis.