Aqueous Extract Of Onion Research Articles

Water Extract of Onion Catalyst: A Sustainable Approach for the Synthesis of 4-Substituted 1,5-Benzodiazepine Derivatives via an In Situ Generated Enaminones

Background: A simple, convenient and environmentally benign green protocol has been developed for the one-pot synthesis of 4-substituted-1,5-benzodiazepines through three-component reaction of 1,2-diamine, 1,3-cyclic diketone with an aldehyde catalyzed by water extract of onion. The reaction conditions were optimized and the scope of the reaction was extended to various 1,2- diamines, 1,3-cyclic diketones and aldehydes. The main advantages of this method are good to excellent yields, easy workup, simple experimental procedure, and an ability to tolerate a variety of functional groups which gives cost-effective as well as green rewards. The structure of compound 5f was confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis. Objective: A methodology developed for the synthesizing of 4-substituted 1,5-Benzodiazepine derivatives via enaminones intermediates using 1,2-diamine, 1,3-cyclic diketone and aldehyde in environmentally friendly ethanol as medium. Methods: As a more environmentally friendly catalyst for producing products containing benzodiazepines using aqueous extract of onion. The devised method was proven reliable, non-toxic and greener solvent with quick work-up to produce the intended product. Results: Here, using a one-pot, three-component reaction with a dimedone, 1,2-diamine and range of aldehyde while using water extract of onion as a catalyst. The acquired experimental results showed that the employed synthesis methodology is a straightforward procedure that offers various benefits, including sustainability, easy separtion from the reaction medium. Conclusion: We have developed a sustainble approach for synthesizing benzodiazepine from radily available precursors under mild reaction conditions.

Histological examination and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken dosed varying levels of onion extract

This experiment was designed to determine the effect of onion extract on histological response and carcass characteristics of finisher broilers. Sixty day old chicks of Cobb 500 strain were used for this study which lasted for four weeks. The day old chicks were purchased from Ibadan, Nigeria. The chicks on arrival were brooded for four weeks using normal starter feed (New hope brand). At the expiration of four weeks brooding period the broilers were randomly assigned to three treatment groups with three replicates in a completely randomized design (CRD). The onion bulbs were purchased from Ogige market in Nsukka town, Enugu State, Nigeria. The aqueous onion extract were prepared by slicing, soaking and extracting the active ingredients from the onions. The extract was diluted at different concentrations such as; 0.5g/ml, 1.0g/ml and 1.5g/ml of clean water for T2, T3 and T4 respectively. T1 had no onion extract and as such served as control. The onion extracts were administered to the birds every 48 hours using dropper. Water and feed were given ad libitum to the birds. The result obtained showed normal hepatocytes with acinar-like arrangement and central vein with no abnormal changes in all the organs examined. In conclusion, it has been revealed that the dietary onion extract enhanced the histological features and carcass characteristics of finisher broilers without any detrimental effects on the organs. We therefore, recommend the use of T3(1.0g/ml) which had highest dressed carcass yield to farmers for optimum gain.

Optimization, kinetics, and electrochemical investigations for green corrosion inhibition of low-carbon steel in 1 M HCl by a blend of onion-garlic leaves wastes

An aqueous extract of onion and garlic leaf extract (OGLE) blend was employed to retard low-carbon steel (LCS) corrosion in 1 M HCl for the first time. The corrosion inhibition ability of OGLE has been tested via weight loss and electrochemical techniques. Firstly, onion and garlic leaf extracts are separately tested at 30 °C using a Doehlert experimental design to find the optimum concentration of each extract. Secondly, a full-factorial design is used to evaluate the corrosion rate at different blend concentrations and temperatures. Experimental results revealed that the OGLE blend can be considered a good green inhibitor. At 300 ppm OGLE and 60 °C, the maximum blend corrosion inhibition efficacy was 96.65 %. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm demonstrates that OGLE adsorbed with negative heat of adsorption, suggesting a stable monolayer developed spontaneously on LCS. According to electrochemical experiments, when OGLE is present, corrosion current densities are greatly reduced.

Antioxidant Power on Dermal Cells by Textiles Dyed with an Onion (Allium cepa L.) Skin Extract.

In this study, the phenol loading and antioxidant activity of wool yarn prepared with the aqueous extract of onion (Allium cepa L.) skin was enhanced by implementing the dyeing process with the use of alum as a mordant. Spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods were applied for the characterization of polyphenolic substances loaded on the wool yarn. The antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated by determining the level of intra- and extra-cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts pre-treated with lipopolysaccharide put in contact with artificial sweat. An elevated dye uptake on wool was observed for the pre-mordanted sample, as demonstrated by high absorbance values in the UV-Visible spectral range. Chromatographic results showed that protocatechuic acid and its glucoside were the main phenolic acid released in artificial sweat by the wool yarns, while quercetin-4′-glucoside and its aglycone quercetin were more retained. The extract released from the textile immersed in artificial sweat showed a significant reducing effect on the intra-and extracellular ROS levels in the two cell lines considered. Cytofluorimetric analyses demonstrated that the selected mordant was safe at the concentration used in the dyeing procedure. Therefore, alum pre-mordanted textiles dyed with onion-skin extracts may represent an interesting tool against skin diseases.

In Vitro Antioxidant, Antipathogenicity and Cytotoxicity Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Fabricated by Onion (Allium cepa L.) Peel Extract

In this study, we emphasize a rapid and cost-effective biogenic approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous extract of onion (Allium cepa L.) peel (brown skin) acting as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The morphology of synthesized AgNPs was a spherical shape, cubic structure with an average particle size range of 33–50 nm. The AgNPs have higher antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTs) when compared with ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The synthesized AgNPs have strong antipathogenic activity towards foodborne illness–causing bacterial pathogens of Gram-positive (Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Corynebacterium sp.) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., and Vibrio cholerae) organisms. Furthermore, the AgNPs have the potential anti-proliferative action on A549 lung cancer cell lines, suggesting a novel chemotherapeutic agent against human lung cancer.

Tumor inhibition and Cytotoxicity assay by aqueous extract of onion (Allium cepa) & Garlic (Allium sativum): an in-vitro analysis

The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of four different varieties of Allium cepa (Onion) & Allium sativum (Garlic) on B16F10 Melanoma cell population by ex-vivo. For cytotoxicity assay, cellular micronucleus, apoptotic assay and cell viability assay were followed. Our results showed significant activity of garlic and onion as cytoprotective agents of normal cells and cytotoxicity agents for tumor cells. A significant decrease in Melanoma B16F10 cell population by crude extract was observed. Therefore, Allium cepa & Allium sativum might be a candidate for naturally healing the tumor. Keywords: Allium cepa; Allium sativum; B16F10 Melanoma; cell lines; in- vitro culture

Protective roles of onion and garlic extracts on cadmium-induced changes in sperm characteristics and testicular oxidative damage in rats

Cadmium (Cd) is known to exert gonadotoxic and spermiotoxic effects. The present study was performed to assess the possible protective roles of onion ( Allium cepa Linn) and garlic ( Allium sativum Linn) extracts on Cd-induced testicular damage and spermiotoxicity. The control group received double distilled water; Cd group received Cd (1.5 mg/100 g BW/day) orally; extract-treated groups were pre-treated with varied doses of onion and/or garlic extract (0.5 ml and 1.0 ml/100 g BW/day) orally for one week and then simultaneously challenged with Cd (1.5 mg/100 g BW/day) for additional three weeks. Testicular tissue oxidant/antioxidant status and sperm characteristics were determined. Cd caused a marked ( p < 0.001) rise in testicular lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) levels whereas glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were decreased. Cd intoxication significantly ( p < 0.001) decreased epididymal sperm concentration and sperm progress motility, increased percent total sperm abnormalities and live/dead count. Both extracts successfully attenuated these adverse effects of Cd. Onion extract offers a dose-dependent protection. Our study demonstrated that aqueous extracts of onion and garlic could proffer a measure of protection against Cd-induced testicular oxidative damage and spermiotoxicity by possibly reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing the antioxidant defence mechanism in rats.

Morphological evidences for onion-induced growth inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Abstract The antifungal activity of onion ( Allium cepa L.) on two important dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, with special reference to morphological aspects was studied. Growth of both fungi was found to be strongly inhibited by aqueous onion extract (AOE) as a dose-dependent manner. The extract showed fungicidal effect for both fungi at concentrations >3.12% (v/v). The fungus T. mentagrophytes was more affected by the onion as compared to T. rubrum at all concentrations used. Morphological effects of onion exposure were examined in correlation with fungal growth. Corresponding to the growth inhibition, light and electron microscopy observations revealed morphological anomalies in hyphal compartments. The results demonstrated that AOE targets the cell membrane of the fungi as breaking down of both inner and outer membranes with consequent extrution of materials into the surrounding medium. Cytoplasmic membranes and other membranous structures of organelles, such as nuclei and mitochondria, were also disrupted. In correlation to the fungal growth, morphological alterations occurred to a less content for T. rubrum compared with T. mentagrophytes. The hyphae of T. rubrum were found to be mainly affected by converting to resistant forms, i.e., chlamidospores as a consequence of phenotype switching response to AOE. Plasmolysis accompanied by an almost complete depletion and disorganization of cytoplasmic structures were found to be the final event which led to cell death. Ultrastructural evidences obtained from this study strongly support that morphological changes of T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes caused by AOE are associated with its fungistatic and fungicidal activities. With respect to the morphological results and the preliminary data on fungal biochemistry, a mechanism of action by interacting of AOE with thiol (–SH) groups present in essential compartments of the fungal cells was postulated.

Antileishmanial activity of aqueous onion extract in vitro

Onion has had an important dietary and medicinal role for centuries. In this study the antileishmanial effect of aqueous onion extract (AOE) was investigated. Five leishmanial strains in the promastigote stage were studied in vitro. Seventy-two hour inoculation of AOE gave an IC100 and average IC50 values of 1.25 mg/ml and 0.376 mg/ml, respectively, against all leishmanial strains tested.

Antileishmanial activity of aqueous onion extract in vitro

Onion has had an important dietary and medicinal role for centuries. In this study the antileishmanial effect of aqueous onion extract (AOE) was investigated. Five leishmanial strains in the promastigote stage were studied in vitro. Seventy-two hour inoculation of AOE gave an IC 100 and average IC 50 values of 1.25 mg/ml and 0.376 mg/ml, respectively, against all leishmanial strains tested.