Aquaculture Farms Research Articles

Carbon Footprint and Automation in Aquaculture

Objective: This paper proposes research on the state of the art of automation and carbon footprint in aquaculture. Theoretical Framework: The development of electronics and automation, which are so prevalent in everyday activities and industries, has contributed to the advancement of automation levels in aquaculture. The use of electrical sensors could be an alternative for estimating the carbon footprint of aquaculture production systems. Method: The methodology was based on scientific research with a qualitative approach on automation and the carbon footprint in aquaculture and observations made during visits to fish farms and fish technology fairs. Results and Discussion: The levels of automation used in aquaculture are still low compared to other economic activities, especially industry. The use of existing technology in fish farms would raise the level of automation in aquaculture, but this transformation faces challenges on the part of fish farmers, such as: cost of access, difficulty of operation and lack of interest in investing in automation. The use of automation and control techniques could corroborate methodologies for estimating the carbon footprint during the animal rearing phase in excavated ponds. Research Implications: Promote discussion on the use of new technologies and influence research on the theme of carbon footprint and automation in aquaculture. Advance research into the need to expand the use of automation in fish farms. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by reviewing the state of the art of automation in aquaculture, demonstrating the need for research to expand the use of technologies both to automate aquaculture farming and to estimate the carbon footprint during farming.

Economic performance differentials of coastal and noncoastal pond aquaculture farms in Bangladesh

Economic performance differentials of coastal and noncoastal pond aquaculture farms in Bangladesh

Effect of nanoformulated cypermethrin, a parasiticide in Labeo rohita fingerlings: impact on biochemical, haematological, and stress response.

Cypermethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide used in aquaculture farms against ectoparasites. The conventional pesticide formulations are now being found to be greatly ineffective at low dosages, and their indiscriminate usage may cause undesired effects in ecosystems. So, the current study was designed to develop a nanoformulation of cypermethrin that would have many advantages over conventional pesticide formulations, and the toxic effects of this formulation were then tested on the carp Labeo rohita fingerlings. The 96-h LC50 was estimated at 0.018mg L-1 after the acute toxicity study. Chronic toxicity studies were carried out, exposing the fish to two sublethal doses via 1/10th (C1) and 1/50th (C2) of 96-h LC50 for a period of 45days. The nanoformulation exposure caused a significant reduction in the brain AChE enzyme activity. Catalase and glutathione-s-transferase enzyme activity in the gills and liver increased significantly, as did superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in the kidney. Serum total protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, and some serum enzyme activities decreased. In contrast, white blood cells, red blood cells, haemoglobin, and hematocrit levels decreased only in fish exposed to a higher dose. As baseline information, these findings may aid in understanding the toxic effect of nanoformulated cypermethrin on finfish.

Mercury monitoring in farmed Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) using liquid asymmetric-electrode plasma optical emission spectroscopy: Ventricle tissue as a potential indicator

Tuna muscle is known to contain high levels of mercury, necessitating the monitoring of mercury concentrations in farmed fish at production sites. There is currently no straightforward in on-site method for testing whether the mercury levels in farmed tuna exceed regulatory limits. This study investigated the potential application of liquid asymmetric-electrode plasma optical emission spectroscopy (LAEP-OES) to estimate mercury concentrations in the tissues of cultured Pacific bluefin tuna at aquaculture farms. No significant differences in mercury concentrations were observed between the ventricle tissue and biopsied tissue from tuna bleeding site (TTBS), which can be harvested without reducing the market value of farmed tuna (Hg concentration of the ventricle tissue and the TTBS, median: 0.41 and 0.40 mg/kg, respectively). In addition, the relationship between mercury concentrations in the ventricle tissue and in the edible portions of three tuna fish was examined. The findings showed that total mercury level in the edible tissues varied, with the ratio of the mercury level in edible tissues to that in the ventricle ranging from 0.39 to 1.08. A positive correlation was observed between the average total mercury levels in edible tissues and ventricle tissue. These results suggest that determining the total mercury level in the ventricle, which is typically discarded at processing sites, may serve as a convenient proxy for quality control and monitoring purposes using the LAEP-OES method. However, larger sample sizes are needed to validate the proposed approach more robustly.

The economic sustainability of Italian aquaculture farms: Who has the potential to start the blue transition?

The European policy objectives, aligned with the Green Deal, focus on strengthening the aquaculture sector’s resilience, competitiveness, and sustainability. In this regard, the present work explores whether aquaculture companies are prepared to embrace the blue transition and invest in new practices and technologies. The study examines the case of Italian aquaculture by analyzing the financial performance of various companies through Altman’s Z’ Score, classifying them based on their balance sheets from 2017 to 2021. This study supports the idea that financially stable companies have the economic potential to invest in a more sustainable future. The findings highlight that 80 % of Italian aquaculture companies are currently under financial stress, limiting their capacity to adopt new practices or technologies. These results open the debate for decision-makers about whether the priority should be the blue transition or the companies’ financial stability.

Marine spatial planning techniques with a case study on wave-powered offshore aquaculture farms

As emerging marine technologies lead to the development of new infrastructure across the ocean, they enter an environment that existing ecosystems and industries already rely on. Although necessary to provide sustainable sources of energy and food, careful planning will be important to make informed decisions and avoid conflicts. This paper examines several techniques used for marine spatial planning, an approach for analyzing and planning the use of marine resources. Using open-source software including QGIS and Python, the potential for developing offshore aquaculture farms powered by a reference model wave energy converter from the Sandia National Labs, the RM3, along the Northeast coast of the United States is assessed and several feasible sites are identified. The optimal site, located at 43.7°N 68.9°W along the coast of Maine, has a total cost for a 5-pen farm of $56.8M, annual fish yield of 676 tonnes, and a levelized cost of fish of $9.23 per kilogram. Overall trends indicate that the cost greatly decreases with distance to shore due to the greater availability of wave energy and that conflicts and environmental constraints significantly limit the number of feasible sites in this region.

Molecular Characteristics Demonstrate the Occurrence of Phylogenetic Similar Isolates of <i>Vibrio alginolyticus</i> and <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> in Aquatic Environments

Vibrio alginolyticus is an opportunistic fish pathogen with a potential to cause septicemia and often associated with other Vibrio infections, particularly Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and can pose a significant threat to aquatic health. This study investigated the biochemical and phylogenetic characteristics of V. alginolyticus isolated from various aquaculture farms, focusing on its prevalence, hemolysin genes, genetic relatedness, and antibiotic susceptibility. Out of 92 brackish water aquaculture farm samples, 16 isolates were biochemically confirmed as V. alginolyticus, with 12 subsequently confirmed by polymerase chain reaction targeting collagenase gene. Molecular analysis of the thermolabile hemolysin gene (tlh) via specific PCR amplified a 450 bp fragment in 8 isolates, confirming the presence of the tlh gene. Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) typing differentiated tlh-positive and tlh-negative V. alginolyticus isolates with 92% genetic similarity. The isolates exhibited proteolytic, lipolytic, and lecithinase activities. Notably, the isolates showed intermediate resistance to most of the tested antibiotics, indicating exposure to antimicrobial agents. This study provides evidence of the presence of similar phylogenetical isolates of V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus in aquatic environments. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the importance of expanding surveillance programs by incorporating strain-specific characterization to better understand and control vibriosis in aquaculture.

Effective Surveillance of Water Quality in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems through the Application of Intelligent Biosensors

Water quality (WQ) is the paramount element influencing fish well-being and productivity in aquaculture farming systems. The survival of fish is mostly reliant on the aquatic environment that sustains them. Consequently, it is vital to possess a comprehensive awareness of the WQ prerequisites for the fish. Optimal WQ in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) is essential for cultivating species' effective development and survival. Currently, no laws dictate the parameters to be monitored in RAS, leaving each farmer to choose which parameters to monitor. Historically, WQ measurements have been assessed at certain intervals using portable sensors and laboratory tests, which may be labor-intensive. This study proposes an Effective Surveillance of Water Quality (ESWQ) in RAS using Intelligent Biosensors (IBS). This study examines essential water characteristics (temperature, pH, calcium, magnesium, and Dissolved Oxygen (DO)) for RAS and evaluates the IBS for monitoring these factors. This research provides a potential solution for RAS using IBS, which would enhance ESWQ aspects, facilitate data-driven decision-making, and enable more rapid adaptation to evolving RAS situations.

Identification, characterization, and distribution of novel amidase gene aphA in sphingomonads conferring resistance to amphenicol antibiotics.

Amphenicol antibiotics, such as chloramphenicol (CHL), thiamphenicol (TAP), and florfenicol (Ff), are high-risk emerging pollutants. Their extensive usage in aquaculture, livestock, and poultry farming has led to an increase in bacterial antibiotic resistance and facilitated the spread of resistance genes. Yet, limited research has been conducted on the co-resistance of CHL, TAP, and Ff. Herein, a novel amidase AphA was identified from a pure cultured strain that can concurrently mediate the hydrolytic inactivation of CHL, TAP, and Ff, yielding products p-nitrophenylserinol, thiamphenicol amine (TAP-amine), and florfenicol amine (Ff-amine), respectively. The antibacterial activity of these antibiotic hydrolysates exhibited a significant reduction or complete loss in comparison to the parent compounds. Notably, AphA shared less than 26% amino acid sequence identity with previously reported enzymes and exhibited high conservation within the sphingomonad species. Through enzymatic kinetic analysis, the AphA exhibited markedly superior affinity and catalytic activity toward Ff in comparison to CHL and TAP. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis revealed the indispensability of catalytic triad residues, particularly serine 153 and histidine 277, in forming crucial hydrogen bonds essential for AphA's hydrolytic activity. Comparative genomic analysis showed that aphA genes in some species are closely adjacent to various transposable elements, indicating that there is a high potential risk of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). This study established a hydrolysis resistance mechanism of amphenicol antibiotics in sphingomonads, which offers theoretical guidance and a novel marker gene for assessing the prevalent risk of amphenicol antibiotics in the environment.IMPORTANCEAmphenicol antibiotics are pervasive emerging contaminants that present a substantial threat to ecological systems. Few studies have elucidated resistance genes or mechanisms that can act on CHL, TAP, and Ff simultaneously. The results of this study fill this knowledge gap and identify a novel amidase AphA from the bacterium Sphingobium yanoikuyae B1, which mediates three typical amphenicol antibiotic inactivation, and the molecular mechanism is elucidated. The diverse types of transposable elements were identified in the flanking regions of the aphA gene, indicating the risk of horizontal transfer of this antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). These findings offer new insights into the bacterial resistance to amphenicol antibiotics. The gene reported herein can be utilized as a novel genetic diagnostic marker for monitoring the environmental fate of amphenicol antibiotics, thereby enriching risk assessment efforts within the context of antibiotic resistance.

Underwater Optical Imaging: Methods, Applications and Perspectives

Underwater optical imaging is essential for exploring the underwater environment to provide information for planning and regulating underwater activities in various underwater applications, such as aquaculture farm observation, underwater topographical survey, and underwater infrastructure monitoring. Thus, there is a need to investigate the underwater imaging process and propose clear and long-range underwater optical imaging methods to fulfill the demands of academia and industry. In this manuscript, we classify the eighteen most commonly used underwater optical imaging methods into two groups regarding the imaging principle, (1) hardware and (2) software-based methods, each with an explanation of the theory, features, and applications. Furthermore, we also discuss the current challenges and future directions for improving the performance of current methods, such as improving the accuracy of underwater image formation model estimation, enlarging the underwater image dataset, proposing comprehensive underwater imaging evaluation metrics, estimating underwater depth and integrating different methods (e.g., hardware- and software-based methods for computational imaging) to promote the imaging performance not only in the laboratory but also in practical underwater scenarios.

The Application of Fungi and Their Secondary Metabolites in Aquaculture.

Ensuring sustainability has increasingly become a significant concern not only in aquaculture but in the general agrifood sector. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate pathways to feed substitutes/best practices to enhance aquaculture sustainability. The application of fungi in aquaculture provides innovative methods to enhance the sustainability and productivity of aquaculture. Fungi play numerous roles in aquaculture, including growth, immunity enhancement and disease resistance. They also play a role in bioremediation of waste and bioflocculation. The application of fungi improves the suitability and utilization of terrestrial plant ingredients in aquaculture by reducing the fibre fractions and anti-nutritional factors and increasing the nutrients and mineral contents of plant ingredients. Fungi are good flotation agents and can enhance the buoyancy of aquafeed. Pigments from fungi enhance the colouration of fish fillets, making them more attractive to consumers. This paper, via the relevant literature, explores the multifaceted roles of fungi in aquaculture, emphasizing their potential to transform aquaculture through environmentally friendly and sustainable techniques. The effectiveness of fungi in reducing fibre fractions and enhancing nutrient availability is influenced by the duration of fermentation and the dosage administered, which may differ for various feed ingredients, making it difficult for most aquaculture farmers to apply fungi approximately. Therefore, the most effective dosage and fermentation duration for each feed ingredient should be investigated.

Investigating aquaculture farmers' preferences for multiobjective green production schemes: A discrete choice experiment in China

In recent years, the objectives of green agricultural development have increasingly diversified, incorporating food safety, pollution control, and resource conservation. This diversification has further heightened the potential for conflicts between policy objectives and the individual interests of farmers. Understanding farmer trade-offs with respect to multiobjective green production (MOGP) policies is crucial for the comprehensive implementation of agricultural green development policies. The green and healthy aquaculture action (GHAA) encompassing multiple green technology objectives promoted by the Chinese government provides a favorable policy context. On the basis of the policy background of the GHAA, this study utilized the choice experiment method (CEM) to explore the preferences of aquaculture farmers for various green technology objectives and supporting measures. The results indicate that aquaculture farmers are willing to make trade-offs among various green technology objectives with the support of specific measures to transform traditional production methods. Farmers have varying preferences for different green technology objectives. Overall, they tend to prefer implementing compound feed utilization but are averse to implementing aquaculture effluent treatment. In terms of support measures, providing technical guidance is more effective than providing aquaculture insurance in incentivizing farmers to participate in MOGP schemes. Further analysis indicates that there are three latent preference classes, which differ in their preferences for green technology objectives and support measures. Age, gender, aquaculture area, risk preferences, and participation in cooperatives explain the probability of preference class membership.

Real‐time estimation of olive flounder growth in indoor aquaculture using cameras combined with a grid

AbstractEstimating fish growth in real time has many benefits for indoor aquaculture farms, such as saving labor time and costs, reducing water pollution during feeding, improving feeding activity and determining when to harvest. Hence, this study proposed a visual‐information‐based method for measuring olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) length, using accurate growth tracking for efficient aquaculture management. Using two cameras, an light‐emitting‐diode (LED) grid was placed at the bottom of the water tank to measure fish length. The pixels unit from the fish length in the captured image was converted to centimeters based on the relationship of a pre‐built dataset. A total of 180 lengths were calculated using images captured by the cameras. The average length of each fish acquired from the cameras was calculated separately, and Lagrange's interpolating polynomial algorithm was implemented to calculate the overall length of each fish. This method reduced the computational complexity, and results were obtained more rapidly and in a user‐friendly environment. The power model generated the length–weight relationship, which allowed us to estimate the body weight of each olive flounder based on the length. The proposed approach enabled us to calculate the length of olive flounders with a highly accurate R2 of 0.995.

Characterization of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae isolated from diseased Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) and the preliminary development of a formalin-killed cell vaccine.

Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) is an economically important fish species that is widely cultivated in Thailand. However, aquaculture of Asian seabass is limited by infectious diseases. One of the most serious diseases is photobacteriosis, caused by Photobacterium damselae. Vaccination is recognized as an efficient disease prevention and pathogen control method for strengthening the aquaculture industry. To promote vaccine development, the characterization of pathogenic bacteria and their pathogenesis is required. In this study, isolates of P. damselae were obtained from commercial aquaculture farms in Thailand during 2019-2021. Analyses of 16S rRNA and the urease subunit alpha genes identified the isolates as P. damselae subsp. damselae (Phdd). Antibiotic susceptibility analyses showed that all Phdd isolates were resistant to amoxicillin (10 μg). Haemolysis and phospholipase activities were used to categorize P. damselae into three groups based on their biological activities. The pathogenicity of four candidates (SK136, PD001, PD002 and T11L) was tested in Asian seabass. Isolate SK136 showed the highest virulence, with a lethal dose (LD50) of 1.47 × 105 CFU/fish, whereas isolate PD001 did not show any virulence. Genotypic characterization, based on multi-locus sequence typing analysis, demonstrated that all candidates were novel strains with new sequence types (64, 65, 66 and 67). Preliminary vaccination using formalin-killed cells (FKCs) protected Asian seabass from artificial challenges. Taken together, these results provide fundamental knowledge for vaccine development against Phdd infection in Asian seabass.

Bacillus Sp. as Potential Probiotics for Use in Tilapia Fish Farming Aquaculture – A Review

Abstract Aquaculture is a crucial and rapidly expanding industry in global food production. Fisheries are also an essential socio-economic activity, providing abundant resources and remarkable prospects. However, due to the deteriorating ecological environment, aquatic animals are often exposed to traumatic conditions and are susceptible to bacterial infections that pose significant challenges for aquaculture production. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the past has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and sudden outbreaks of infectious diseases, resulting in serious economic losses. Moreover, the use of expensive chemotherapeutic drugs and antibiotics has negative impacts on aquatic environments. Therefore, it is increasingly important to adopt alternative natural agents, such as probiotics and their metabolites, to enhance healthy fish production. Probiotics are microorganisms that have numerous beneficial effects on their hosts. They are environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and cost-effective. This review specifically focuses on the use of Bacillus sp. as probiotics to promote healthy tilapia production in the aquatic sector, while also examining their interactions with the immune system and gut micro-biota. The information presented in this review can guide future research and promote effective and healthy tilapia culture production.

Assessment of Fungal Contamination and Their Toxigenic Potential of Farmed Fish in Western Algeria

Fish and fish products have been documented as a major source of pathogens, with fungi playing a key role. In this paper, a survey was conducted to determine the presence of fungi in fish reared in various aquaculture farms in western Algeria, namely Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). The search for micromycetes was carried out on different parts of the body: skin and flesh, gills, and intestines. A total of 1937 fungal strains were revealed and divided into 10 genera of filamentous fungi, one genus of yeast, and other yeasts that have not yet been determined. Penicillium was the most common genus, representing 41.56% of the fungal population, fol-lowed by Rhodotorula (17.60%), and Aspergillus (15.95%). The greatest number of isolates was identified in the gills of gilthead sea bream, while the lowest number was isolated from sea bass intestines. Secondly, we sought to highlight the toxigenic potential of the fungal strains isolated, using the brine shrimp lethality test. Five of the fungal strains tested, belonging to the two genera Penicillium and Aspergillus, showed toxic potential for Artemia salina. The highest toxicities were observed mainly by strains of Aspergillus parasiticus (APAR001), Aspergillus terreus (ATER002), and Aspergillus niger (ANIG001) respectively. Penicillium chrysogenum (PCHR002) showed the lowest activity. These results confirm the infection of farmed fish by toxigenic fungal communities, which can present a real health hazard to consumers. Regular monitoring and compliance with fish health management practices are recommended.

Exploring the prospects, challenges and need assessment of live fish marketing from aquaculture farms in Kerala

The current study investigated the potential and challenges of live fish marketing in the aquaculture farms of Kerala, India. Surveys were conducted among farmers from six major aquaculture producing districts of Kerala to gather information regarding aquaculture practices, harvesting methods and marketing strategies followed. Freshwater aquaculture systems, particularly tilapia farming was dominant among the farmers. The respondents primarily sold their products to domestic market through dealers. The study revealed that approximately 20% of the farmers adopted live fish transportation methods, preferring tank systems and open-type transportation. The study emphasised the importance of addressing challenges related to culture, harvest as well as post-harvest operations and providing knowhow on effective marketing and distribution channels to promote the adoption of live fish marketing. Keywords: Aquaculture, Kerala, Live fish transportation, Marketing, Need assessment, Price realisation

Exploring sustainable livelihood options for COVID-impacted rural communities in Bangladesh

The COVID pandemic paralyzed all economy-generating sectors of Bangladesh, putting abrupt pressure on livelihood-making. In this study, two sequential surveys were conducted in the Mymensingh district of Bangladesh to gain a deep understanding of the impacts of COVID on job status and post-COVID job preference. The effectiveness of preferred occupations in livelihood resilience within the Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) framework was also empirically analyzed and people-driven policies were recommended for sustaining livelihoods. About 35.96 % of respondents experienced short-to long-term unemployment and migrated to rural areas. The groups most severely affected were predominantly engaged in both formal and informal employment, characterized by lower levels of education, older age brackets, and predominantly female (45 out of 114). In the COVID situation, a large portion of respondents adopted agriculture (18.42 %), aquaculture (10.53 %), livestock farming (5.26 %), and small businesses (13.27 %) as their means of livelihood. However, for post-COVID preferences, respondents remained limited to only 13 job categories, considering aquaculture (22.02 %), agriculture (19.90 %), and livestock farming (26.22 %) as their most desired sectors. Considering all five capitals within the SLA framework, aquaculture and livestock farming were found to be more effective in bringing livelihood resilience within COVID-affected rural communities than agriculture. However, the greater advantages that aquaculture offers in achieving post-COVID livelihood led the authors to consider aquaculture as a decisive choice for policy recommendation. Therefore, the study proposed 28 people-oriented policies under four broad categories (financial support, technical assistance, marketing and logistics, and governance and institutional) in making sustainable livelihoods from aquaculture where financial support takes precedence as their top priority.

Isolation, Identification and Genomic Analysis of Orange-Spotted Grouper Iridovirus Hainan Strain in China.

The orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) is an important mariculture fish in China. However, in recent years, with the rapid development of aquaculture activities, outbreaks of viral diseases have affected the grouper aquaculture industry, causing severe economic losses. In the present study, we isolated and identified a virus from diseased, orange-spotted groupers from an aquaculture farm in Hainan Province, China. The isolated virus was identified as orange-spotted grouper iridovirus, hence named the orange-spotted grouper iridovirus Hainan strain (OSGIV-HN-2018-001). OSGIV-HN-2018-001 induces a cytopathic effect after the infection of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) brain clonal passage (SBC) cells. In addition, the cytoplasm of the OSGIV-HN-2018-001-infected SBC cells was found to contain a large number of hexagonal virus particles with a diameter of approximately 134 nm. Using the Illumina NovaSeq system, we assembled the sequence data and annotated the complete genome of OSGIV-HN-2018-001 (GenBank accession number: PP974677), which consisted of 110,699 bp and contained 122 open reading frames (ORFs). Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that OSGIV-HN-2018-001 was most closely related to ISKNV-ASB-23. The cumulative mortality rate of groupers infected with OSGIV-HN-2018-001 reached 100% on day 8. The spleens were enlarged and blackened after the dissection of the dying groupers. These results contribute to the understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of the iridovirus infection and provide a basis for iridovirus prevention.

Price transmission relationships in Taiwan seafood supply chain: Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and milkfish (Chanos chanos)

Tilapia and milkfish are aquaculture species associated with the highest production volume in Taiwan. With both fish species as the research focus, this study explored their price transmission relationships along the seafood supply chain. Our study results revealed that tilapia and milkfish prices had a long-run equilibrium relationship at different stages of the seafood supply chain and presented inconsistent price transmissions in the short run. There are domestic and foreign market channels for tilapia, enabling producers and wholesalers to transmit prices to retailers. By contrast, milkfish are mostly supplied to domestic markets, there is not perfect price transmission in the milkfish supply chain besides between farmers and wholesalers. An accurate price forecasting model can effectively indicate future price volatility and predict seafood prices, especially following government policy changes or in the face of external impacts. Such model can also serve as a crucial reference for future research of tilapia and milkfish industry, producers, and aquaculture farmers. Finally, seafood prices are a key determinant of fisheries and supply chain sustainability. Therefore, the stability of seafood prices, fish market wholesale pricing, and retail pricing are issues meriting continuous attention for a sustainable seafood supply chain.