Appropriate Number Of Points Research Articles

The minimum number of points and the calculation period of accrual as elements of the mechanism for improving the qualifications of lawyers

It is indicated that the defining elements of the lawyer’s legal status are his professional rights, duties, guarantees and responsibilities. Improving the qualifications of a lawyer is one of his fundamental professional duties (paragraph 4, part 1, article 21 of the Law of Ukraine «On Advocacy and Advocacy»). This article reveals the essence of the mechanism of the lawyer’s implementation of his professional duty to improve his qualifications, primarily through the prism of the need for him to obtain the appropriate number of points during the specified calculation period of their accrual. Attention is drawn to the dilatability of the issue not only regarding the total minimum number of points that a lawyer must receive, as well as the calculation period for their accrual, but also regarding the expediency of the existence of an institute for improving the qualifications of lawyers in general. In the framework of this article, the normative consolidation of the procedure for implementing the lawyer’s obligation to improve his qualifications in the context of the calculation of the appropriate number of points during a certain calculation period in accordance with national legislation, as well as the experience of foreign countries in determining the mechanism for improving the qualifications of lawyers, was also investigated. It is concluded that foreign countries use different positions regarding the definition of the mechanism for improving the qualifications of lawyers. Thus, a number of countries adhere to the need to use a calculation period of one year, fixing at the same time a different minimum number of credit points (hours, credits) that a lawyer must receive. Countries that not only set the minimum required number of points (hours) for a lawyer in one year, but also set a longer calculation period in general (three or five years) take a slightly different position. It is concluded that the provisions of national legislation regarding the minimum number of points (10 hours) that a lawyer must obtain within one year generally correspond to the law-making practice of European countries (the average duration of training of European professional judges and practicing lawyers is approximately 14 hours/points/credits per year).

Integrating Algorithmic Sampling-Based Motion Planning with Learning in Autonomous Driving

Sampling-based motion planning (SBMP) is a major algorithmic trajectory planning approach in autonomous driving given its high efficiency and outstanding performance in practice. However, driving safety still calls for further refinement of SBMP. In this article we organically integrate algorithmic motion planning with learning models to improve SBMP in highway traffic scenarios from the following two perspectives. First, given the number of points to be sampled, we develop a new model to sample “important” points for SBMP by predicting the intention of surrounding vehicles and learning the distribution of human drivers’ trajectory. Second, we empirically study the relationship between the number of sample points and the environment, which is largely ignored in conventional SBMP. Then, we provide a guideline to select the appropriate number of points to be sampled under different scenarios to guarantee efficiency. The simulation experiments are conducted based on the vehicle trajectory dataset NGSIM. The results show that the proposed sampling strategy outperforms existing sampling strategies in terms of the computing time, traveling time, and smoothness of the trajectory.

МЕТОДИКИ ОЦІНКИ КРИТЕРІЇВ СФОРМОВАНОСТІ СТРУКТУРНИХ КОМПОНЕНТІВ ГОТОВНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ ФАХІВЦІВ СЛУЖБИ ЦИВІЛЬНОГО ЗАХИСТУ ДО САМОЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ У ПРОФЕСІЙНІЙ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

The article describes the evaluation methods of the formation structural components criteria of the future civil defense service specialists’ readiness for self-preservation in professional activities. It is described the developed computer program, which allows to evaluate the readiness levels of future the civil defense service specialists for self-preservation in professional activities and promotes the inclusion of information and communication technologies in the educational process in National university of civil defence of Ukraine. It is given the indicators of the motivational criterion, which includes the positive nature of the cadet’s motivation for professional training, which will allow him to carry out self-preservation in further professional activity. It is emphasized that to assess the level of motivation of cadets to vocational training, we propose to use the modified method “Study of motivation of vocational training of cadets”, proposed by V. Katashev. It is proposed to use the questionnaire to determine the level of formation of the motivational component of the readiness of the future specialist of the civil defense service for self-preservation in professional activities. The method “Study of motivation of professional training of cadets”, created by the foreign scientist V. Katashev, which allows to find out the level of professional motivation of the cadet and if necessary to make changes in the initial educational process aimed at development of his professional self-consciousness is described. The completeness and thoroughness of mastering the professionally oriented knowledge required by the cadet for self-preservation in further professional activity is an indicator of the cognitive criterion; To find out, it is proposed to use self-preservation test tasks, which the cadets had to answer, determining, in their opinion, the correct answer, and get the appropriate number of points for the correct answers. The formation of the cadet’s design-constructive, executive and analytical-reflexive skills and abilities to implement self-preservation in professional activities is an indicator of the operational-activity criterion. It is emphasized that in order to establish this criterion it is proposed to develop a diagnostic card to assess the levels of formation of design and construction, performance and analytical-reflective skills and abilities of the cadet to implement self-preservation in professional activities. Completeness of the cadet’s social creativity, his ability to self-education and self-development for the effective implementation of self-preservation in professional activities is an indicator of the reflexive-analytical criterion. Also described is a test to determine the level of social creativity of the individual. It is emphasized that for the future specialist of the civil protection service it is important to be able to quickly search for and effectively apply non-standard, original creative solutions to professional situations in self-preservation in professional activities. It is substantiated that the basis for the purposeful development of this ability is a set of properties that make up the creative and communicative potentials of the individual.

МЕТОДИКА ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОГО КЛАСУ ХВОРОГО НА СИСТЕМНИЙ ЧЕРВОНИЙ ВОВЧАК

The correct and comprehensive assessment of the condition of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and typical SLE-related multi-organ and multisystemic lesions requires developing a new integrated measure of their condition. Such measure should take into account modern advances in understanding the causes and pathogenesis of the disease, while assessing the degree of its activity, its progression, the number and severity of syntropic comorbid lesions of organs and systems, and formulating a clinical diagnosis.Objective. To develop the method of assigning functional classes to patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.Materials and methods. The research was conducted in three successive steps: the purpose of the first step was toconduct a review of literature, i.e. to analyze retrospectively 130 sources of literature in English and Ukrainian using content analysis, systemic and comparative analysis, bibliographic analysis of relevant publications on SLE grading, especially by its severity, in PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, and Research Gate databases. The purpose of the second step was to develop a method of assigning functional classes to patients with SLE based on modern literature and our own clinical experience. The purpose of the third step was to demonstrate examples of its application.Results and discussion. There is an obvious need to assess SLE activity, its progression, the number and severity of syntropic comorbid lesions of organs and systems, formulate a clinical diagnosis and assign functional classes to patients with SLE based on easily calculated integrated measures for each patient. However, the review of the literature showed that such a measure had not been developed yet. The proposed method includes three phases. The purpose of the first phase is to assess the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus according to the SELENA-SLEDAI total outcome and assign the appropriate number of points: inactive systemic lupus erythematosus - 0 points, the mild activity of SLE – 1 point, the moderate activity of SLE – 2 points, the high activity and very high activity of SLE - 3 points. The purpose of the second phase is to assess the progression of systemic lupus erythematosus and assign the appropriate number of points: patients with chronic SLE – 1 point, patients with subacute SLE – 2 points, patients with acute SLE – 3 points. The purpose of the third phase was to assess the syntropic comorbid lesions of organs and systems and assign the appropriate number of points: no lesions – 0 points, a slight deviation from normality that does not require treatment – 1 point; lesions that require medical correction – 2 points; severe organ failure that requires immediate treatment – 3 points. The number of points (total score) that can be assigned to a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus ranges from 0 to 45. If the total score is 0, then the patient should be classified as being in remission. If the total score ranges from 1 to 15 points, then the patient should be classified as being in functional class I (the condition of the patient with SLE should be graded as mild). If the total score ranges from 16 to 26 points, then the patient should be classified as being in functional class II (the condition of the patient with SLE should be graded as moderate).If the total score ranges from 27 to 45 points, then the patient should be classified as being in functional class III (the condition of the patient with SLE should be graded as severe). This method takes into account the disease activity, its progression, the number and severity of syntropic comorbid lesions of organs and systems. The total score interpreted according to the defined ranges allows us to assess the condition of patients with SLE in general, i.e. to assign functional classes to them, objectivize expert assessments, determine the dynamics of disease progression and the effectiveness of treatment.Conclusions. We have developed the method to assess the condition of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in a simple and objective manner by calculating integrated measure that denotes the functional class of patient with SLE. This method takes into account the results of other research studies published in scientific Ukrainian and foreign journals, as well as the results of our research studies. It takes into account the disease activity, its progression, the number and severity of syntropic comorbid lesions of organs and systems. The method can be successfully applied in clinical practice to optimize expert assessments of patient condition, to analyze the dynamics of disease progression and the effectiveness of treatment.

Data Processing for Ship Screw Propellers Measurements

A data acquisition system was developed for measuring standardised ship propeller’s parameters. The hardware consists of two linear and one rotary encoder, all sending the data to a counter/timer data acquisition board. The software is first aligning the different coordinates systems of the propeller and of the three encoders . Data processing is initially performed for compensating the effects of different encoders’ resolutions. There are then computed the blade profile’s length and the coordinates of the points belonging to the blades’ reference lines, together with the local pitch variations on each radius and blade, the mean pitch per blade and the mean pitch of the propeller. A discussion is made about choosing the most appropriate number of points where the local pitch is computed, thus providing useful data for estimating the best way for propeller’s overhauling.

THE EVALUATION OF VISUAL INFLUENCES ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF IVANO-FRANKIVSK CITY

The article deals with the problems of urban systems visual contamination which is connected with the issues of noise and electromagnetic loading, waste utilization and storage, water resources pollution, and which depends entirely on the environmental situation within the cities. The paper analyzes Ukrainian and foreign publications on the factors of visual evaluation, particularly the calculation of the coefficient of videoecological susceptibility of the territory, the statistical analysis of visual pollution estimation based on the poll of the respondents who are exposed to negative visual impact. The authors reveal that in Ukraine there are no normative documents which regulate the procedure for the estimation of visual contamination. The article presents the main drawbacks and unresolved parts of the general problem of visual impact evaluation. The authors of the publication suggest a generalized method for conducting a visual evaluation of urban areas. The results of the estimation are presented using the urban system Ivano-Frankivsk as the example. The main stages of the evaluation of visual influences are highlighted. These stages are the city zoning according to the presence and types of dominant visual objects, the clarification of the list of those criteria which are necessary to evaluate the quality of the visual environment, the choice of the optimal solution concerning the evaluation procedure and regarding the selection of the appropriate number of points on the urban system territory, and, finally, carrying out the evaluation itself in accordance with thirty criteria. The authors of the publication substantiate visual evaluation procedure based on the suggested method together with some elements of the method of multi-criteria analysis. Using the results of the evaluation, the authors construct the map of visual influences and carry out a complex spatial analysis of the visual fields of Ivano-Frankivsk. The article solves the problem of comprehensive evaluation of the ecological situation of urbanized systems and living conditions of the population, taking into account the evaluation of the visual environment quality.

Freeform illumination lens design combining energy and intensity mapping

A composite method combining energy and intensity mapping is proposed to address the issue of surface error caused by the irregular sampling phenomenon in freeform illumination lens design. In the combined method, the central region of the freeform lens is designed by the intensity mapping method, whereas the peripheral region is designed by the energy-mapping method. Furthermore, an iterative feedback optimization is added to scale out the application in extended light sources. As an evaluating example, a freeform lens with a 120-deg viewing angle, fitted with an appropriate number of points is designed by the proposed combined method. Compared with that designed by the energy method, the lens forms a more uniform illumination on the target surface without the appearance of a hot spot in the central region. The proposed method also exhibits superiority in extended-source design, where only a one-time optimization is needed to achieve the preset uniformity with the proper choice of coefficients.

ON-LINE WAVELENGTH CALIBRATION OF PULSED LASER FOR CO2 DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION LIDAR

Abstract. Differential absorption lidar (DIAL) remote sensing is a promising technology for atmospheric CO2 detection. However, stringent wavelength accuracy and stability are required in DIAL system. Accurate on-line wavelength calibration is a crucial procedure for retrieving atmospheric CO2 concentration using the DIAL, particularly when pulsed lasers are adopted in the system. Large fluctuations in the intensities of a pulsed laser pose a great challenge for accurate on-line wavelength calibration. In this paper, a wavelength calibration strategy based on multi-wavelength scanning (MWS) was proposed for accurate on-line wavelength calibration of a pulsed laser for CO2 detection. The MWS conducted segmented sampling across the CO2 absorption line with appropriate number of points and range of widths by using a tunable laser. Complete absorption line of CO2 can be obtained through a curve fitting. Then, the on-line wavelength can be easily found at the peak of the absorption line. Furthermore, another algorithm called the energy matching was introduced in the MWS to eliminate the backlash error of tunable lasers during the process of on-line wavelength calibration. Finally, a series of tests was conducted to elevate the calibration precision of MWS. Analysis of tests demonstrated that the MWS proposed in this paper could calibrate the on-line wavelength of pulsed laser accurately and steadily.

ON-LINE WAVELENGTH CALIBRATION OF PULSED LASER FOR CO<sub>2</sub> DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION LIDAR

Differential absorption lidar (DIAL) remote sensing is a promising technology for atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> detection. However, stringent wavelength accuracy and stability are required in DIAL system. Accurate on-line wavelength calibration is a crucial procedure for retrieving atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration using the DIAL, particularly when pulsed lasers are adopted in the system. Large fluctuations in the intensities of a pulsed laser pose a great challenge for accurate on-line wavelength calibration. In this paper, a wavelength calibration strategy based on multi-wavelength scanning (MWS) was proposed for accurate on-line wavelength calibration of a pulsed laser for CO<sub>2</sub> detection. The MWS conducted segmented sampling across the CO<sub>2</sub> absorption line with appropriate number of points and range of widths by using a tunable laser. Complete absorption line of CO<sub>2</sub> can be obtained through a curve fitting. Then, the on-line wavelength can be easily found at the peak of the absorption line. Furthermore, another algorithm called the energy matching was introduced in the MWS to eliminate the backlash error of tunable lasers during the process of on-line wavelength calibration. Finally, a series of tests was conducted to elevate the calibration precision of MWS. Analysis of tests demonstrated that the MWS proposed in this paper could calibrate the on-line wavelength of pulsed laser accurately and steadily.

QMC designs: Optimal order Quasi Monte Carlo integration schemes on the sphere

We study equal weight numerical integration, or Quasi Monte Carlo (QMC) rules, for functions in a Sobolev space H s ( S d ) \mathbb {H}^s( \mathbb {S}^d) with smoothness parameter s > d / 2 s > d/2 defined over the unit sphere S d \mathbb {S}^d in R d + 1 \mathbb {R}^{d+1} . Focusing on N N -point configurations that achieve optimal order QMC error bounds (as is the case for efficient spherical designs), we are led to introduce the concept of QMC designs: these are sequences of N N -point configurations X N X_N on S d \mathbb {S}^d such that the worst-case error satisfies sup f ∈ H s ( S d ) , ‖ f ‖ H s ≤ 1 | 1 N ∑ x ∈ X N f ( x ) − ∫ S d f ( x ) d σ d ( x ) | = O ( N − s / d ) , N → ∞ , \begin{equation*} \sup _{\substack {f \in \mathbb {H}^s( \mathbb {S}^d ), \\ \| f \|_{\mathbb {H}^s} \leq 1}} \Bigg | \frac {1}{N} \sum _{\mathbf {x} \in X_N} f( \mathbf {x} ) - \int _{\mathbb {S}^d} f( \mathbf {x} ) \, \mathrm {d} \sigma _d( \mathbf {x} ) \Bigg | = \mathcal {O}\big ( N^{-s/d} \big ), \qquad N \to \infty , \end{equation*} with an implied constant that depends on the H s ( S d ) \mathbb {H}^s( \mathbb {S}^d ) -norm, but is independent of N N . Here σ d \sigma _d is the normalized surface measure on S d \mathbb {S}^d . We provide methods for generation and numerical testing of QMC designs. An essential tool is an expression for the worst-case error in terms of a reproducing kernel for the space H s ( S d ) \mathbb {H}^s( \mathbb {S}^d ) with s > d / 2 s > d/2 . As a consequence of this and a recent result of Bondarenko et al. on the existence of spherical designs with appropriate number of points, we show that minimizers of the N N -point energy for this kernel form a sequence of QMC designs for H s ( S d ) \mathbb {H}^s( \mathbb {S}^d ) . Furthermore, without appealing to the Bondarenko et al. result, we prove that point sets that maximize the sum of suitable powers of the Euclidean distance between pairs of points form a sequence of QMC designs for H s ( S d ) \mathbb {H}^s( \mathbb {S}^d ) with s s in the interval ( d / 2 , d / 2 + 1 ) {(d/2,d/2+1)} . For such spaces there exist reproducing kernels with simple closed forms that are useful for numerical testing of optimal order Quasi Monte Carlo integration. Numerical experiments suggest that many familiar sequences of point sets on the sphere (equal area points, spiral points, minimal [Coulomb or logarithmic] energy points, and Fekete points) are QMC designs for appropriate values of s s . For comparison purposes we show that configurations of random points that are independently and uniformly distributed on the sphere do not constitute QMC designs for any s > d / 2 s>d/2 . If ( X N ) (X_N) is a sequence of QMC designs for H s ( S d ) \mathbb {H}^s( \mathbb {S}^d) , we prove that it is also a sequence of QMC designs for H s ′ ( S d ) \mathbb {H}^{s’}( \mathbb {S}^d) for all s ′ ∈ ( d / 2 , s ) s’\in (d/2,s) . This leads to the question of determining the supremum of such s s (here called the QMC strength of the sequence), for which we provide estimates based on computations for the aforementioned sequences.

Determination of Parameters of a Technical and Control States of the Bus Engine by Using its Discretized Operation Information / Wyznaczenie Parametrów Stanu Technicznego I Stanu Regulacji Silnika Autobusu Z Wykorzystaniem Jego Zdyskretyzowanej Informacji Eksploatacyjnej

Abstract The paper presents fundamentals of an innovative diagnostic method using operation information (imported in the form of dimensionless number of points). This process consists in the fact that for any change in the signal (depending on the signal value and the time when the change occurs) appropriate number of points determined by the by experts is assigned. The existing methods of assesing the operability include summing of all the points and then determining the current state and maintance level [10]. The proposed method uses these signals expressed in the form of points to determine the coupled interaction equations [3] defining parameters of the control and technical states, which are the basis for the assessment of the plant’s operability. In addition, the changes in control and technical states can be used to identifiy the parametric and momentary failures, and thus for the continuous monitoring of plants operability [7].

Counting tropical elliptic plane curves with fixed $j$-invariant

In complex algebraic geometry, the problem of enumerating plane elliptic curves of given degree with fixed complex structure has been solved by R. Pandharipande [8] using Gromov–Witten theory. In this article we treat the tropical analogue of this problem, the determination of the number E_{\mathrm{trop}}(d) of tropical elliptic plane curves of degree d and fixed “tropical j -invariant” interpolating an appropriate number of points in general position and counted with multiplicities. We show that this number is independent of the position of the points and the value of the j -invariant and that it coincides with the number of complex elliptic curves (with j -invariant j ∉ \{ 0, 1728 \} ). The result can be used to simplify G. Mikhalkin's algorithm to count curves via lattice paths (see [6]) in the case of rational plane curves.

Herfindahl index applied to Fourier analysis

Since the harmonic components in the signal to be analyzed are uncertain and diverse, it is difficult to make the sampling frequency and the signal length be harmonically related to the component frequencies included in the signal, and the leakage is produced in the discrete Fourier transform. Based on the definition of the Herfindahl index in economics, the spectrum concentration can be defined and computed. The appropriate number of points can be decided according to the peak location of the spectrum concentration. The method and the examples are specified in detail in the paper.

Towards relative invariants of real symplectic four-manifolds

Let (X, ω, c X ) be a real symplectic four-manifold with real part \(\mathbb{R}X\). Let \(L \subset \mathbb{R}X\) be a smooth curve such that \([L] = 0 \in H_1 (\mathbb{R}X;\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}).\) We construct invariants under deformation of the quadruple (X, ω, c X , L) by counting the number of real rational J-holomorphic curves which realize a given homology class d, pass through an appropriate number of points and are tangent to L. As an application, we prove a relation between the count of real rational J-holomorphic curves done in [W2] and the count of reducible real rational curves done in [W3]. Finally, we show how these techniques also allow us to extract an integer valued invariant from a classical problem of real enumerative geometry, namely about counting the number of real plane conics tangent to five given generic real conics.

Spinor states of real rational curves in real algebraic convex 3-manifolds and enumerative invariants

Let X be a real algebraic convex 3-manifold whose real part is equipped with a Pin− structure. We show that every irreducible real rational curve with nonempty real part has a canonical spinor state belonging to {± 1}. The main result is then that the algebraic count of the number of real irreducible rational curves in a given numerical equivalence class passing through the appropriate number of points does not depend on the choice of the real configuration of points, provided that these curves are counted with respect to their spinor states. These invariants provide lower bounds for the total number of such real rational curves independently of the choice of the real configuration of points.

A real Riemann-Hurwitz theorem

We prove a real version of the Riemann-Hurwitz theorem and apply it to solve a problem of enumerative geometry in the real case: the number of plane projective curves tangent to a line and passing through the appropriate number of points.

A New Approach of Coordinated Motion Control Subjected to Actuator Saturation

In this paper, a new approach of motion coordination of two axes systems in the presence of actuator saturation is proposed. The proposed approach includes two parts: feedback controller and on-line trajectory planning. The feedback controller is designed using an anti-windup design to reduce the degradation in performance of each axis when saturation occurs. An on-line trajectory planning algorithm is also proposed to maintain the contouring accuracy during saturation periods. The desired outputs for X- and Y-axis are given as sequences of points. When the actuator of any axis is predicted to saturate, an appropriate number of points are inserted in the original sequence to slow down the motion. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is studied by simulation of a two-axis Cartesian positioning system.