Objective To understand the present situation of the emergency ability of the pediatrics in township hospital of Hunan province, and to provide the basis for improving the treatment of critical diseases and strengthening the medical quality in basic hospital. Methods Status survey, expert consultation, on-spot examination, and questionnaire were conducted.One representative of the 1 217 township hospitals participating in the appropriate health technologies for pediatric emergency was sent to a face-to-face survey by investigators. Results In 1 217 township hospitals, only 965 pediatricians had been certified.Among them, 58 township hospitals did not purchase the first aid equipment in the scope of the survey, and 211 township hospitals were not equipped with first aid drug.Less than 30% of township hospitals had tracheotomy kits, cardiac defibrillator and first aid equipment such as neonatal incubator, newborn radiation table and infusion pump.Among the trained 1 095 general practitioners, only 305(27.85%) understood the basic first-aid knowledge of this training in pediatrics; 258(258/1 217, 21.20%) township hospitals could not carry out 7 pediatric emergency projects of this survey.The proportion of the capable of carrying out rescue treatment including acute respiratory failure (191/1 217, 15.69%), heart failure (201/1 217, 16.52%) and shock(227/1 217, 18.65%) in township hospitals were less than 30%. Conclusion The primary hospital is the basis for the treatment of critical diseases in pediatrics, but the level of diagnosis and treatment and basic equipment need to be further strengthened.The urgent task is to strengthen the training of medical and nursing staff in the treatment of critical diseases in pediatrics. Key words: Township hospitals; Pediatric critical disease; Status quo of treatment