Approach For Synthesis Research Articles

Factors that influence recruitment to COVID-19 vaccine trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic marked a unique period characterised by an extraordinary global virus spread. The collective effort to halt the transmission of the virus led to various public health initiatives, including a variety of COVID-19 vaccine trials. Many of these trials used adaptive methods to address the pandemic’s challenges, such as the need for rapid recruitment. These adaptive methods allow for modifications to the trial procedures without undermining the trial’s integrity, making the research process more flexible and efficient. However, recruiting participants for vaccine trials remains a considerable challenge. The aim of this qualitative evidence synthesis (QES) is to explore the factors that influence a person’s decision to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine trial. Lessons learned from this could help shape future trials’ design and conduct, particularly those conducted within a pandemic.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search for qualitative studies and mixed methods studies with a qualitative component in the WHO COVID-19 Research Database, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Epistemomikos, Online Resource for Research in Clinical Trials (ORCCA), and the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register. We used the best-fit framework synthesis approach and the Social Ecological Model as an a priori framework. We used the GRADE-CERQual approach to assess our confidence in the review findings.ResultsFive studies involving 539 participants were included. One of these studies included participants in a COVID-19 vaccine trial. In three of the studies, participants were asked hypothetically about their attitudes. Another study included people who had either not responded to or declined an invitation to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine trial.We developed six themes outlining the factors that influence a person’s decision to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine trial: (1) personal gains, (2) perceived risk, (3) influence of family and community, (4) contributing for others, (5) institutional trust and mistrust, and (6) accessibility of the trial.ConclusionThis review sheds light on how people perceive the potential personal, family, and community advantages of trial participation and how these perceptions may be weighed against concerns about vaccine safety. The findings also point toward specific aspects of trial methodology to consider when designing COVID-19 vaccine trials.Graphical

Advances in Phosphorus-Based Catalysts for Urea Electrooxidation: A Pathway to Sustainable Waste to Energy Conversion Through Electrocatalysis

The electrocatalytic oxidation of urea has gained significant attention as a promising pathway for sustainable energy conversion and wastewater treatment that could address the dual goals of waste remediation and renewable energy generation. Phosphorous function groups-based catalysts have been introduced as potential electrode materials for enhancing the urea electrocatalytic oxidation reaction (UEOR) due to their unique structural properties, high stability, and tunable electronic characteristics. This review presents recent advancements in phosphorous-based catalysts (phosphates/phosphides) for UEOR. It highlights the development of novel phosphorous materials, synthesis approaches, and electrocatalytic insights into urea electrooxidation on phosphorous-based materials surfaces. Key topics include the role of different metal phosphates, surface modifications, and compositional optimizations to improve electrocatalytic efficiency and durability. Through a critical evaluation of current research trends and technological progress, this review underscores the potential of phosphate-based catalysts as environmentally friendly and efficient alternatives for sustainable waste-to-energy conversion via UEOR. The review concludes with a perspective on future directions for optimizing phosphate catalysts, scaling up practical applications, and integrating UEOR systems into renewable energy infrastructures.

Withania somnifera as a potential nanomedicine: A review

Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwaganda, is an important medicinal plant for a long time. Roots, seeds and other parts of Ashwaganda have clinically important pharmacological properties. The phytochemicals present in the plant include flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols and withanolids which make it useful in treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Withania somnifera possess anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-aging activities. Nanobiotechnology is an emerging field as nanoparticles allow targeted and controlled drug delivery. Green synthesis of nanoparticles involves the use of plants for their ability to reduce harmful impacts associated with chemically synthesized nanoparticles. The green synthesis approach has been applied for the synthesis of nanoparticles form plant extracts obtained from Withania somnifera. Silver, gold, selenium, platinum and many more nanoparticles have been synthesized by mixing the root extracts of Ashwaganda and metal salts. Another approach involves the use of plant extracts encapsulated in niosomes and in combination with solid lipid nanoparticles which is pharmacologically helpful. The nanoparticles from Withania somnifera utilize anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-aging activities of Ashwaganda and help in targeted delivery of the drug. The plant-based nanoparticles show better characteristics including bioavailability, solubility and improved shelf life. This approach can be developed further for agricultural and technological uses like sensors and imaging technology.

People with dementia disclosing their diagnosis to social networks: A systematic review and meta-synthesis.

Given the stigma of dementia, individuals with the condition may be wary to disclose their diagnosis to other people, both in face-to-face and digital settings. While sharing one's dementia diagnosis with others is essential for accessing valuable support for social, cognitive, and physical well-being, this area of research has largely been neglected. In this meta-synthesis, we aimed to systematically review qualitative research on the factors associated with online and offline self-disclosure in people with dementia. We conducted a systematic search in six electronic databases. Inclusion criteria comprised qualitative and mixed-methods studies describing experiences with self-disclosure in people with any type of dementia. Quality of the included studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. The meta-synthesis was conducted in NVivo using a thematic synthesis approach. Twenty-eight studies were included. Three analytical themes were generated: 'Concealment', 'Stigma and fear', and 'Taking control', the latter two with subthemes. Findings from this review were corroborated with people with dementia and family carers as part of Patient and Public Involvement meetings. Our findings reveal that while stigma plays a pivotal role, people with dementia can take control of the meaning of their diagnosis through self-disclosure. Self-disclosure is complex and multifaceted. People with dementia, particularly those experiencing stigma, can benefit from post-diagnostic support that encompasses resources and interventions for self-disclosure. Further research is required to investigate people with dementia's disclosure decision-making process.

Recent Applications of the Sonogashira Reaction in the Synthesis of Drugs and Their Derivatives: A Review

ABSTRACTMetal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions are essential tools for constructing C–C bonds in organic synthesis. Among these prominent approaches, the Sonogashira reaction stands out as a key player and is widely utilized in medicinal chemistry. This versatile method enables the creation of complex C (sp2)–C (sp) bonds by linking aryl or vinyl halides with terminal alkynes, facilitating the efficient construction of molecular structures crucial for drug development. A notable application of the Sonogashira reaction is its ability to incorporate aromatic and alkynyl functionalities into pharmaceutical compounds. Depending on the impactful catalytic system evolved gradually, the Sonogashira reaction can involve either double‐metal catalysis or single‐metal catalysis. This review sheds light on the diverse applications of the Sonogashira coupling approach in drug synthesis and the generation of their derivatives.

Metal oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis and applications in energy, biomedical, and environment sector

AbstractMetal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs), pivotal in cutting‐edge research, are examined comprehensively in this article. Encompassing definition, types, and applications, the focus intensifies on synthesis methods. Detailed discussions include chemical synthesis approaches for silver oxide, zinc oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, and tin oxide NPs. Additionally, the article emphasizes the burgeoning significance of green synthesis methods in tailoring these NPs. The applications section underscores their pivotal role in wastewater treatment, water splitting, and biomedical fields. This targeted resource offers in‐depth insights into MONP synthesis, bridging the gap between traditional and environmentally conscious methodologies, for researchers and practitioners in emerging technologies. In this article, future perspectives are also discussed.

Titanium Mxene: A Promising Material for Next‐Generation Optical Biosensors and Machine Learning Integration

AbstractNano biosensors based on MXenes have been emerging as a promising tool in the detection of biomarkers, for the discrimination of diseases and in the detection of environmental pollutants. Their potential in sensing applications has also drawn a lot of attention to their unique qualities such as their high conductivity, huge surface area, outstanding hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and simplicity of surface functionalization. The development of scalable synthesis techniques is essential to the large‐scale manufacturing and broad application of MXene‐based sensors. Furthermore, the stability of the MXene layers in diverse environmental circumstances continues to be a difficulty for their practical application. To increase the dependability and precision of MXene‐based sensors, their selectivity must be increased through functionalization and tuning. With innovative technologies like machine learning, MXene biosensor is now taken advantage of new opportunities. Personalized healthcare solutions, remote data analysis, and real‐time monitoring are all possible when MXene sensors and AI algorithms work together. Herein, the optical properties, synthesis approaches, role of MXene biosensors in machine learning, its significant challenges and future prospects of MXene‐based nano(bio)sensors are deliberated.

A study of microstructure and properties of BaTiO3 from solid‐state and hydrothermal synthesis on MLCCs performance

AbstractIt has generally been believed that the performance of ultra‐thin multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) are mainly controlled by doping elements and the contribution of synthesis approaches of BaTiO3 (BT) powders can be neglected. However, in this study, we demonstrate that the solid‐state powders exhibit a heterogeneous distribution of residual BaCO3 (BC), TiO2, or Ti‐rich phases, whereas hydrothermal powders are characterized by a BC surface layer, which can be characterized by nanoinfrared (AFM‐IR), and the divergent approaches play an important role in the “core–shell” structure. The BC layer in hydrothermal BT contributes to Ti vacancies during sintering, increasing the “core–shell” ratio in MLCCs. This results in augmented capacitance but reduced performance at elevated temperatures. Conversely, the presence of a Ti‐rich phase in solid‐state powders induces Ba vacancies, leading to decreased “core–shell” ratios and dielectric constants.

Maximum sensitivity constrained modified Smith predictor for delayed integrating type stirred tank reactors model

Abstract A maximum sensitivity constrained modified Smith predictor consisting of two PD controllers is developed for integrating type continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) model. This CSTR type model approximated as integrating first order plus time delay with and without inverse response processes is challenging to control as it contains integrating term, process time delay and a zero lying in the right half of s-plane. The inner and outer loop PD blocks are tuned to achieve the desired set-point tracking and load disturbance rejection responses using direct synthesis approach. The proposed control is free from integrating action and therefore, smooth setpoint tracking response with no overshoot is obtained which is highly desirable in the process industries. Two design parameters λ and τ are involved in the suggested control whose suitable values are recommended to achieve the desired robustness level by specifying the maximum sensitivities of the inner and outer loop transfer functions. Various illustrative models are considered to show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control structure. The system robustness towards process parameter perturbations and load disturbances are investigated in all the examples. Performance of the suggested modified Smith predictor is found superior as compared to the other recently published works.

Women's perspectives to improve prenatal care for gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-aggregation of qualitative studies.

In numerous qualitative primary studies, women have identified opportunities to improve prenatal gestational diabetes care. The objective of our systematic review and meta-aggregation was to synthesize patient-guided suggestions for improving prenatal gestational diabetes care that are informed by lived experience of women and their support persons. This study was registered a priori on PROSPERO (CRD42023394014). Our search strategy was executed in five databases (Medline, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science). Primary studies that were qualitative, had full texts in English, studied women who have or had gestational diabetes or their support persons, and included experiential accounts on prenatal gestational diabetes care were included. No date restrictions were applied. Studies that were not qualitative, were secondary analyses, included data on only postpartum care, or evaluated an intervention that was not standard care were excluded. Two independent authors used Covidence software to facilitate screening. The outcomes of interest were patient-reported suggestions to improve quality of gestational diabetes care that are informed by women's or their support persons' accounts of the lived experience of gestational diabetes. Meta-aggregation followed by a thematic synthesis approach was used to analyze the qualitative data to identify women's perspectives to improve gestational diabetes care. After duplicate removal, a total of 4761 studies underwent screening and a total of 80 studies were ultimately included. Patient- and support persons-reported suggestions to improve care include timely and comprehensive education around gestational diabetes with active engagement of family members, personalized and tailored counseling, patient-centered care, incorporation of digital or online adjuncts to care, and increasing support for women. Our systematic review and meta-aggregation identifies several actionable and patient-guided suggestions to improve prenatal gestational diabetes care that are important to consider when embarking on clinical quality improvement.

Enhancing Stability of Microwave-Synthesized Cs2SnxTi1-xBr6 Perovskite by Cation Mixing.

The double-perovskite material Cs2TiBr6 shows excellent photovoltaic potential, making it a promising alternative to lead-based materials. However, its high susceptibility to degradation in air has raised concerns about its practical application. This study introduces an interesting synthesis approach that significantly enhances the stability of Cs2TiBr6 powder. We implemented a gradual cation exchange process by substituting Ti4+ with Sn4+ in the efficient microwave-assisted synthesis method, developing a double perovskite Cs2SnxTi1-xBr6 type. A systematic study of increasing concentration of Sn4+ in Cs2TiBr6 perovskite has been performed to analyze the effect of Sn-doping degree on the chemical and thermal stability of the material and the optical features in both nitrogen and ambient atmospheres, significantly increasing the stability of the material in the air for over a week. Furthermore, introducing Sn4+ results in a more uniform polygonal crystal morphology of the powders and a slight band gap broadening. We show that microwave-assisted synthesis is highly efficient and cost-effective in producing more sustainable lead-free perovskite materials with enhanced stability and desirable electrical characteristics. This work suggests a promising method for synthesizing perovskite materials, opening new routes for scientific research and applications.

Topliss Modified Approach for Design and Synthesis of 1,3 Thiazines as Antimicrobials

In the series of 6-[4-substitutedphenyl]-4-phenyl-6H-1,3-thiazine-2-amines and N-[6-(4-substitutedphenyl)-4-phenyl-6H-1,3-thiazine-yl]acetamides, substituents at fourth position of the phenyl ring were selected according to the Topliss modified approach and synthesized initial set of compounds. The antimicrobial screening revealed that compounds with methoxy substituent having negative sigma (-0.04) and negative pi (-0.27) values are good antimicrobials showing low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Based on the observation hydroxyl group with more negative sigma (-0.61) and pi (-0.37) values was selected to synthesize second set compounds and were found better antimicrobials than the initial set of compounds. The study revealed that electron donating polar substituents at fourth position of the phenyl ring are required to improve antimicrobial potential in the series of 6-[4-substitutedphenyl]-4-phenyl-6H-1,3-thiazine-2-amines and N-[6-(4-substitutedphenyl)-4-phenyl-6H-1,3-thiazine-yl]acetamides.

Green Synthesis of Silver-Incorporated Rutile TiO2 for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin and Carmine G Dye Pollutants

Developing sustainable TiO2-based photocatalysts for environmental remediation is an increasingly significant area of research. However, a limited understanding of the long-term ecological impact of these photocatalysts poses a barrier to their practical and industrial-scale applications. To address this challenge, this work employed a green synthesis approach to prepare an Ag/TiO2 photocatalyst designed to improve environmental compatibility and enhance efficiency in pollutant degradation. Ag/TiO2 was synthesized using mushroom biomass as a natural capping to evaluate its effectiveness in the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and azo Carmine G dye (ACGD). The mushroom biomass served as a renewable cost-effective support for Ag incorporation, while the Ag modification of TiO2 could enhance the photocatalyst’s performance. Structural, chemical, and morphological characterization techniques were applied and showed that the Ag/TiO2 particles consisted of irregularly shaped nanoparticles. The CIP removal reached 82.46% after 300 min and ACGD removal efficiency went up to 83.64%. The enhanced performance is attributed to the unique electronic and structural properties of Ag-modified TiO2. This study highlights the potential of Ag/TiO2 synthesized via green methods as a high-performance photocatalyst for the effective remediation of pharmaceutical and dye pollutants in wastewater treatment applications.

Rationale and approach to evaluating interventions for newborn care in low- and middle-income countries.

Introduction The neonatal period is the most vulnerable time in a child's life, contributing to almost half of all deaths in children under 5 years. Many of these deaths are preventable and are mainly caused by preterm birth, birth asphyxia, or serious infections. Over the past decade, the evidence base for interventions to prevent and manage these causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has expanded significantly. This growth calls for a comprehensive and systematic approach to synthesizing the available evidence. This paper describes the methodological approach taken before and during the conduct of the systematic overviews and reviews included in this supplement. Methods Alongside consultation with a newborn technical advisory group, the overall evidence synthesis approach began with an extensive literature scoping exercise to establish a universe of interventions that were relevant to neonatal health and survival, and to identify the associated systematic reviews examining their effectiveness. Three main approaches were taken to synthesize the evidence based on the availability of prior evidence. New systematic reviews were conducted for topics lacking an existing comprehensive synthesis. Existing systematic reviews with search dates prior to 2020 were updated. High-quality, up-to-date systematic reviews were used without modification. In all cases, trial data from studies conducted in LMICs were sought and prioritized for analysis. Conclusion A comprehensive approach to summarizing the best available evidence for newborn intervention effectiveness is described.

Atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via asymmetric multicomponent reaction.

Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines are privileged heterocycles with diverse applications in medicinal chemistry; however, the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of these heterocyclic structures remains underexplored. Herein, we present an efficient and modular approach for the atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via an asymmetric multicomponent reaction. By utilizing a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst, the Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reaction involving various 6-aryl-2-aminopyridines, aldehydes, and isocyanides gave access to a wide range of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine atropoisomers with high to excellent yields and enantioselectivities. Extensive control experiments underscored the pivotal role of the remote hydrogen bonding donor on the substrates in achieving high stereoselectivity for these reactions. The versatile derivatizations of these atropisomeric products, especially their role as an analog of NOBINs and their facile conversion into unique 6,6-spirocyclic products, further emphasize the merits of this methodology.

Unexpected Magnetic Moments in Manganese-Doped (CdSe)13 Nanoclusters: Role of Ligands.

This study explores the enhancement in magnetic and photoluminescence properties of Mn2+-doped (CdSe)13 nanoclusters, significantly influenced by the introduction of paramagnetic centers through doping, facilitated by optimized precursor chemistry and precisely controlled surface ligand interactions. Using a cost-effective and scalable synthesis approach with elemental Se and NaBH4 (Se-NaBH4) in n-octylamine, we tailored bonding configurations (Cd-O, Cd-N, and Cd-Se) on the surface of nanoclusters, as confirmed by EXAFS analysis. These bonding configurations allowed for tunable Mn2+-doping with tetrahedral coordination, further stabilized by hydrogen-bonded acetate ligands, as evidenced by 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy. Mulliken charge analysis indicates that the charge redistribution on Se2- suggests electron transfer between surface ligands and the nanocluster, contributing to spin fluctuations. These tailored configurations markedly increased the nanoclusters' magnetic susceptibility and photoluminescence efficiency. The resulting nanoclusters demonstrated a clear concentration-dependent response in emission lifetimes and intensities upon exposure to magnetic field effects (MFE) and spin-spin coupling, alongside a large magnetic moment exceeding 40 μB at 180K. These findings highlight the potential of these nanoclusters for magneto-optical devices and spintronic applications, showcasing their tunable magnetic properties and exciton dynamics.

A Narrative Review in Hip Surgery: Key Findings from a Leading Orthopedic Journal in 2022–2023

Background/Objectives: Orthopedic hip surgery has undergone advances driven by innovations in surgical techniques and improved patient care protocols. The aim was to synthesize and appraise all studies relevant to hip surgery published in Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy (KSSTA) in 2022–2023. Methods: The search included all studies published in KSSTA from 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2023. Quality assessment was performed using appropriate tools for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs, and systematic reviews. Due to the diverse nature of the included studies, a narrative synthesis approach was used. Results: A total of 33 primary studies were included in this narrative review, of which 10 were reviews (5 systematic reviews), 1 was an RCT, and 22 were non-RCTs. A total of 11 were from the UK, 10 studies were from the USA, and 5 were from Canada. Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) was investigated in a total of 23 studies, followed by hip micro-instability in 7 studies, dysplasia in 5 studies, and gluteal and hamstring tears in 4 studies. The RCT had a low risk of bias. Of the 22 non-RCTs, 16 had a low risk of bias, 5 had a moderate risk of bias, and 1 had a high risk of bias. All systematic reviews were of moderate quality. Conclusions: Hip arthroscopy is an effective treatment for FAI with promising early outcomes, especially when combined with closed capsular repair and appropriate rehabilitation. Surgeons should tailor their approach to capsular management to optimize recovery, as closed capsular repair may enhance functional outcomes. Additionally, preoperative tools like the HAR Index can help identify patients at higher risk of requiring hip arthroplasty after surgery. The conclusions of the included primary studies align with current general recommendations and contribute valuable insights to the field of hip orthopedics.

Unexpected Magnetic Moments in Manganese‐Doped (CdSe)13 Nanoclusters: Role of Ligands

This study explores the enhancement in magnetic and photoluminescence properties of Mn2+‐doped (CdSe)13 nanoclusters, significantly influenced by the introduction of paramagnetic centers through doping, facilitated by optimized precursor chemistry and precisely controlled surface ligand interactions. Using a cost‐effective and scalable synthesis approach with elemental Se and NaBH4 (Se‐NaBH4) in n‐octylamine, we tailored bonding configurations (Cd‐O, Cd‐N, and Cd‐Se) on the surface of nanoclusters, as confirmed by EXAFS analysis. These bonding configurations allowed for tunable Mn2+‐doping with tetrahedral coordination, further stabilized by hydrogen‐bonded acetate ligands, as evidenced by 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy. Mulliken charge analysis indicates that the charge redistribution on Se2‐ suggests electron transfer between surface ligands and the nanocluster, contributing to spin fluctuations. These tailored configurations markedly increased the nanoclusters' magnetic susceptibility and photoluminescence efficiency. The resulting nanoclusters demonstrated a clear concentration‐dependent response in emission lifetimes and intensities upon exposure to magnetic field effects (MFE) and spin‐spin coupling, alongside a large magnetic moment exceeding 40 μB at 180K. These findings highlight the potential of these nanoclusters for magneto‐optical devices and spintronic applications, showcasing their tunable magnetic properties and exciton dynamics.

Mathematical modeling development and synthesis of tapered transmission line resonators and filters

Abstract Tapered transmission line resonators can be used to achieve specific frequency responses and enhance the performance of microwave devices and impedance transformers. To develop a mathematical model (transfer function) of such a wideband resonator will facilitate the construction of an equivalent circuit and the synthesis of resonators of this type. This study discusses the system modeling of tapered transmission line (TTL) resonators using the singularity expansion method (SEM). The transfer function is analytically established for two types of wideband TTL resonators: exponential tapered transmission lines (ETTL) and linear tapered transmission lines (LTTL). The analytical transfer function is derived for the general tapered ratio (k/β). The physical poles of the structures are identified using the pole-energy matrix pencil (MP) approach. The transfer function expression is then utilized to develop an accurate equivalent lumped-element circuit for the TTL resonator. This study’s simplified approach for estimating the transfer function and associated poles and zeros from the S-parameters is the main contribution, whereas it is known that the transfer function becomes complicated for wideband frequency response. A direct synthesis approach is presented to develop two-stage and four-stage ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filters. The agreement between the frequency response data and the derived transfer function of the system model of the synthesized TTL filters demonstrates the reliability of the presented method. The proposed system modeling and synthesis methodology can be applied to more sophisticated filter TTL architectures.

Spatial confinement growth of high-performance persistent luminescence nanoparticles for image-guided sonodynamic therapy.

Near-infrared (NIR) persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) have significant potential in diagnostic and therapeutic applications owing to their unique persistent luminescence (PersL). However, obtaining high-performance NIR PLNPs remains challenging because of the limitations of current synthesis methods. Herein, we introduce a spatial confinement growth strategy for synthesizing high-performance NIR PLNPs using hollow mesoporous silica (hmSiO2). By calcining precursor ions in the hollow cavity, the yolk size of NIR PLNPs was regulated, yielding well-dispersed Zn1.3Ga1.4Sn0.3O4: Cr0.005, Y0.003@hmSiO2 (ZS) with a yolk-shell structure. Compared to the conventional template method, ZS synthesized via the spatial confinement growth strategy exhibited a 7.7-fold increase in PersL intensity and a threefold increase in specific surface area. As a proof of concept, ZS@PpIX@CaP-AMD (ZPSC-AMD) nanoparticles, with potential for sonodynamic therapy (SDT), were synthesized by loading the sonosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) into ZS, coating it with a calcium phosphate (CaP) shell, and modifying it with a tumor-targeting molecule plerixafor (AMD-3100). The tumor enrichment behavior of ZPSC-AMD was monitored by sensitive NIR PersL to guide SDT. Simultaneously, ZPSC-AMD enabled the precise monitoring of tumor accumulation, thereby guiding effective SDT. In addition, Ca2+ released from CaP degradation increased the level of reactive oxygen species during SDT, promoting tumor cell apoptosis. This study outlines a reliable design and synthesis approach for high-performance NIR PLNPs and promotes their development in biomedical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The potential of near infrared (NIR) persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) in bio applications is hindered by limitations in the synthesis method. In this article, we proposed a spatial confinement growth strategy of high-performance NIR PLNPs. The obtained PLNPs with yolk-shell structure showed a 7.7-fold increase in PersL intensity and a 3-fold increase in specific surface area, compared with the commonly used template method. Due to the advantages, sonodynamic therapeutic nanoparticles were constructed based on the above PLNPs, where persistent luminescence was used for ultrasensitive imaging to determine the optimal timing in sonodynamic therapy. In addition, the multifunctional calcium phosphate shell elevated the intracellular reactive oxygen species level to promote tumor cell apoptosis.