Functional Approach Research Articles

Unveiling the therapeutic potential and mechanism of inulin in DSS-induced colitis mice

Inulin has been reported to alleviate colitis. In this study, colitis patients' feces were used to simulate fermentation to demonstrate changes in the microbiota profile in the presence of inulin. We found inulin can reshape the gut microbiota profile of colitis patients, especially by altering the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Blautia. Interestingly, the subsequent co-culture with inulin demonstrated that inulin promoted the growth of these two strains of bacteria. The dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse model was used to examine the effect of inulin and its combination with two probiotics on colitis. Results showed that all three treatments can alleviate the clinical symptoms, including weight-losing, colon-shortening, and the Disease Activity Index (DAI) score. Further investigations showed that the administrations regulate colitis mice's pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17. Also, they alter the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium and Blautia, change the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profile in the cecum and colon, and improve the intestinal barrier; specifically, the intervention increased the expressions of Claudin, Occludin, Zonula Occludens (ZO)-1, and Mucin (MUC)-2 in colonic tissues, thus restoring the colonic tissue structure and morphology of colitis mice. Collectively, our results confirm that inulin can alter the colitis patients' characteristic microbial community, and they can ameliorate experimental colitis by inhibiting the TRL4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway—improving the inflammatory response and enhancing the intestinal barrier. In conclusion, we propose that inulin may hold promise as a functional food therapeutic approach for the treatment of colitis.

Nonlinear Radiative Response to Patterned Global Warming due to Convection Aggregation and Nonlinear Tropical Dynamics

Abstract Climate responses to global warming exhibit large dependence on the spatial pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) changes. A Green’s function (GF) approach—predicting the global climate response to a complex SST pattern change as the linear superposition of the response to finite-area SST perturbations evaluated in isolation—has been used to systematically evaluate and understand the top of atmosphere (TOA) radiation response to patterned warming. However, in general, the linear GF approach fails for TOA radiation reconstruction under future global warming scenarios in coupled models. Here, we show that the linear superposition of global mean TOA radiation responses to large SST warming perturbations at multiple patches (the GF approach prediction) overestimates the actual response to simultaneous multipatch perturbation. This is because the linear superposition overestimates tropical large-scale convection aggregation strengthening upon localized heating that enhances longwave radiative cooling, which is further explained by the overestimation of circulation response and associated horizontal water vapor transport. The nonadditivity of TOA radiation response is caused by the nonadditivity of convection aggregation, ultimately rooted in nonlinear tropical dynamics. We also demonstrate that the prediction error of the GF approach grows with decreasing patch size (equivalently, increasing patch number). We conclude that using the GF approach to predict future climate change could overestimate longwave radiative cooling and underestimate (effective) climate sensitivity. Numerical experiments may be used to identify specific perturbation patterns where the errors are smaller than the signal. Our research also highlights that an increase in the degree of large-scale convection aggregation has a nonlinear and negative feedback for mean warming.

Exposome, oxidative stress and inflammation in multiple sclerosis: the EXPOSITION study protocol

Abstract Background The functional exposome approach examines the relationship between biological effects (internal exposome) and the sum of environmental exposures (external exposome). Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by selective demyelination and acute inflammation; miRNAs and microbiota are emerging in the pathogenesis as inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers. The EXPOSITION study protocol has been designed to study such biomarkers variation in response to the external exposome (air pollution, urbanization, lifestyles) in people with MS (pwMS). Methods EXPOSITION is a cross-sectional observational study collecting a sample of 200 pwMS residing in Lombardy, Northern Italy. Sample size is based on the prediction of differential expression of candidate miRNAs through bioinformatic analyses. All participants will be investigated for social, demographic and clinical data as well as general and specific external exposome factors. The internal exposome factors will be collected for each participant from blood and stool samples, as well as from nasal swabs. Exposome clustering and correlation statistical techniques will be applied and variation of miRNA and microbiota will be tested in association with the variation of the external exposome in urban and extra-urban environments. Results and conclusions The expected results will help pwMS and researchers understanding which biomarkers and which components of the external exposome are associated to oxidative stress and inflammation, to improve precision medicine and contrast disease progression. The relationship between urban exposome and biodiversity is an important dimension in the study of environmental impact on human health. This study may provide preliminary data to assess which nature-based solutions are suitable for enhancing the biodiversity of urban areas. Key messages • The functional exposome approach could be used to link environmental risk factors and disease biomarkers using the right methology. • EXPOSITION will quantify the variation of miRNA and microbiota in association with the variation of external exposome, in urban and extra-urban environments.

Functional genomics implicates natural killer cells in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis

Multiple lines of evidence indicate that ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a lymphocyte-driven disease. However, which lymphocyte populations are critical in AS pathogenesis is not known. In this study, we aimed to identify the key cell types mediating the genetic risk in AS using an unbiased functional genomics approach. We integrated genome-wide association study (GWAS) data with epigenomic and transcriptomic datasets of human immune cells. To quantify enrichment of cell type-specific open chromatin or gene expression in AS risk loci, we used three published methods - LDSC-SEG, SNPsea, scDRS - that have successfully identified relevant cell types in other diseases. Natural killer (NK) cell-specific open chromatin regions are significantly enriched in heritability for AS, compared to other immune cell types such as T cells, B cells, and monocytes. This finding was consistent between two AS GWAS. Using RNA-seq data, we validated that genes in AS risk loci are enriched in NK cell-specific gene expression. Using the human Space-Time Gut Cell Atlas, we also found significant upregulation of AS-associated genes predominantly in NK cells. We performed co-localization analyses between GWAS risk loci and genetic variants associated with gene expression (eQTL) to find putative target genes. This revealed four AS risk loci affecting regulation of candidate target genes in NK cells: two known loci, ERAP1 and TNFRSF1A, and two under-studied loci, ENTR1 (aka SDCCAG3) and B3GNT2. Our findings suggest that NK cells may play a crucial role in AS development and highlight four putative target genes for functional follow-up in NK cells.

MiRNA-519e promotes cardiomyocyte cell division accompanied by pro-angiogenic and anti-apoptotic effects

Abstract Background MicroRNAs have the therapeutic potential for heart repair after myocardial infarction(MI). Using a functional high-throughput screening approach, we identified microRNA-519e(miR-519e) as an inducer of cell-cycling in human-derived iPSC-cardiomyocytes(hiPSC-­CM). Purpose This study examines miR-519e for cell division in hiPSC-­CM, additional beneficial functions in heart-related non-CMs, and direct target identification and validation in vitro and in vivo. Methods MiR-519e-mimics or miR-scrambled(miR-scr) were transfected into hiPSC-­CM, human aortic endothelial cells(HAEC) and human cardiac fibroblasts(cFB). Proliferative markers (EdU(5-Ethynyl-2'- deoxyuridine), H3P(Phospho-Histone H3) and AURKB(Aurora B-kinase)) and apoptotic response using MTT assay after exposure to doxorubicin were assessed in hiPSC­-CMs. Angiogenic capacity of HAEC was evaluated by tube formation assay and fibrotic response of cFBs using EdU and α-SMA(smooth muscle actin) staining. In vivo, a mouse MI model with ligation of the left anterior descending followed by intramyocardial injection of miR-519e or miR-scr was used. Direct target identification of miR-519e was assessed using in silico analysis combined with RNA-Seq of miR-519e-mimic treated hiPSC-CMs and validated using Ago2-RNA immunoprecipitation(RIP) followed by qPCR. Results After transfection of miR-519e-mimics in hiPSC-­CM, a significant proliferative response indicative of cell division was observed in immunofluorescence staining and on protein level as compared with miR-scr treated hiPSC-CMs (EdU, H3P and AURKB, p<0.01). Apoptosis was blunted in miR-519e-treated hiPSC-CMs (p<0.05). MiR-519e-treatment of HAEC resulted in more meshes (p<0.01) and longer tube length (p<0.05), indicating enhanced pro-angiogenic capacity. Importantly, EdU-uptake and α-SMA were similar in miR-519e-treated cFB as compared to miR-scr, suggesting neutral effects of miR-519e on myofibroblast transition. In mice undergoing MI, injection of miR-519e-mimics significantly downregulated CDKN1A/P21(Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A) (p<0.05 vs. miR-scr), a direct target of miR-519e and negative master regulator of cell-cycling. For further novel target identification of miR-519e, we performed in silico analysis combined with RNA-Seq data from miR-519e-treated hiPSC-CM and validation using Ago2-RIP followed by qPCR. Herein, we identified PTEN(Phosphatase and tensin homolog) and TGFBR2(Transforming growth factor β receptor 2) that are involved in cardiomyocyte proliferation and hypoxic response, as direct targets of miR-519e. Conclusion Collectively, miR-519e is a potent inducer of cell division in human cardiomyocytes, with anti-apoptotic and pro-angiogenic capacity in the absence of pro-fibrotic effects. We show that miR-519e treatment downregulates key negative cell-cycle regulators in vivo and we identified novel direct targets of miR-519e that are involved in regulatory pathways for heart regeneration.

Probing double-distribution-function models in discrete-velocity Boltzmann methods for highly compressible flows: Particles-on-demand realization

The double distribution function approach is an efficient route toward an extension of kinetic solvers to compressible flows. With a number of realizations available, an overview and comparative study in the context of high-speed compressible flows is presented. We discuss the different variants of the energy partition, analyses of hydrodynamic limits, and a numerical study of accuracy and performance with the particles on demand realization. Out of three considered energy partition strategies, it is shown that the nontranslational energy split requires a higher-order quadrature for proper recovery of the Navier-Stokes-Fourier equations. The internal energy split, on the other hand, while recovering the correct hydrodynamic limit with fourth-order quadrature, comes with a nonlocal—both in space and time—source term that contributes to higher computational cost and memory overhead. Based on our analysis, the total energy split demonstrates the optimal overall performance. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Ludic reading is 20 minutes a day? – Adding a socio-material perspective to ludic reading

This article presents unexpected findings about children’s experiences with ludic reading, discovered through a collaborative project involving schools, libraries, and Pedagogical Learning Centres (PLC). The findings reveal that while children’s ludic reading experiences often reflect a goal-oriented, functional approach typical of educational contexts, they also seek social, playful, and immersive reading environments. This article explores how a socio-material approach can illuminate these findings, which existing literature does not fully address. The research question guiding this study is: How can a socio-material perspective on ludic reading inform professionals in rethinking initiatives to enhance children’s ludic reading? The methodology involves analysing these unexpected findings, termed ‘stumble data,’ derived from empirical material based on child-centred methods. The results suggest that a socio-material perspective can bridge the contexts in which ludic reading occurs. The article concludes that this perspective provides new explanatory frameworks and practice opportunities by integrating social and material elements that have not been sufficiently explored in the literature.

Cell-type-aware regulatory landscapes governing monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus.

In plants, the biosynthetic pathways of some specialized metabolites are partitioned into specialized or rare cell types, as exemplified by the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (MIA) pathway of Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar Periwinkle), the source of the anticancer compounds vinblastine and vincristine. In the leaf, the C. roseus MIA biosynthetic pathway is partitioned into three cell types with the final known steps of the pathway expressed in the rare cell type termed idioblast. How cell-type specificity of MIA biosynthesis is achieved is poorly understood. We generated single-cell multi-omics data from C. roseus leaves. Integrating gene expression and chromatin accessibility profiles across single cells, as well as transcription factor (TF)-binding site profiles, we constructed a cell-type-aware gene regulatory network for MIA biosynthesis. We showcased cell-type-specific TFs as well as cell-type-specific cis-regulatory elements. Using motif enrichment analysis, co-expression across cell types, and functional validation approaches, we discovered a novel idioblast-specific TF (Idioblast MYB1, CrIDM1) that activates expression of late-stage MIA biosynthetic genes in the idioblast. These analyses not only led to the discovery of the first documented cell-type-specific TF that regulates the expression of two idioblast-specific biosynthetic genes within an idioblast metabolic regulon but also provides insights into cell-type-specific metabolic regulation.

Functional EWMA control chart for phase II profile monitoring

Due to rapid developments in technology, profile monitoring is becoming challenging, as the profile data are a series of observations on a specific quality characteristic that are taken across some continuum. In this paper, a functional exponentially weighted moving average (FEWMA) control chart is developed for phase-II monitoring of nonlinear profiles based on the functional data approach. In particular, the profiles are estimated using cubic B-splines to solve the problem of high dimensionality that hinders the implementation of classical multivariate control charts. An extensive simulation study has been conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme for detecting changes in the functional mean of the process to its magnitude and assuming scenarios of independence and dependence between curves. The properties of the run-length distribution of the proposed scheme are discussed. The FEWMA control chart is also applied to the real-time data of the vertical density profile of particleboard manufacturing.

To investigate the effect of discharge energy and addition of nano-powder on processing of micro slots using EDM assisted µ-milling operation

ABSTRACT Micro-electric Discharge-Milling (µ-ED-M) is a non-contact process that uses an electrical spark to remove the material from a submerged workpiece with an electrode in a dielectric. The present paper focuses on optimizing process energizing (Capacitor, Voltage) and process stabilizing (Tool Travel Speed, Nano-Powder) parameters for controlling the size and surface characteristics of micro-crater. The present work focuses on the effect of nano-powder concerning dimensional aspects and surface characteristics at high and low capacitance levels. A µ-slot has been generated on the copper material by a tungsten carbide electrode. The experimentation is performed with two capacitor levels and three voltage and tool travel speed levels using full factorial design technique using with and without mixing of nano-powder in dielectric. The desirability functional multi-objective optimization approach is used to analyze the MRR, TWR, Width, and Depth. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), non-contact optical profilometer, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques are used to analyze the surface morphology of machined surfaces. The ANOVA is used to optimize the results; at low discharge energy, tool travel speed contributes 41% and promotes a higher thickness of recast layer 12.7 µm, whereas high discharge energy and nano-powder concentration contribute approx.—36% with 8.56 µm of recast layer.

Benthic Community Metrics Track Hydrologically Stressed Mangrove Systems

Mangrove restoration efforts have increased in order to help combat their decline globally. While restoration efforts often focus on planting seedlings, underlying chronic issues, including disrupted hydrological regimes, can hinder restoration success. While improving hydrology may be more cost-effective and have higher success rates than planting seedlings alone, hydrological restoration success in this form is poorly understood. Restoration assessments can employ a functional equivalency approach, comparing restoration areas over time with natural, reference forests in order to quantify the relative effectiveness of different restoration approaches. Here, we employ the use of baseline community ecology metrics along with stable isotopes to track changes in the community and trophic structure and enable time estimates for establishing mangrove functional equivalency. We examined a mangrove system impacted by road construction and recently targeted for hydrological restoration within the Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Florida, USA. Samples were collected along a gradient of degradation, from a heavily degraded zone, with mostly dead trees, to a transition zone, with a high number of saplings, to a full canopy zone, with mature trees, and into a reference zone with dense, mature mangrove trees. The transition, full canopy, and reference zones were dominated by annelids, gastropods, isopods, and fiddler crabs. Diversity was lower in the dead zone; these taxa were enriched in 13C relative to those found in all the other zones, indicating a shift in the dominant carbon source from mangrove detritus (reference zone) to algae (dead zone). Community-wide isotope niche metrics also distinguished zones, likely reflecting dominant primary food resources (baseline organic matter) present. Our results suggest that stable isotope niche metrics provide a useful tool for tracking mangrove degradation gradients. These baseline data provide critical information on the ecosystem functioning in mangrove habitats following hydrological restoration.

Synthesis of 3-Benzazepines via Cobalt-Catalyzed C-H Bond Functionalization with CaC2 as the Acetylene Source.

Herein, we report a simple method for the synthesis of 3-benzazepine derivatives via a cobalt-catalyzed, picolinamide-directed α-amidoacrylate C(sp2)-H bond functionalization approach. The reactions utilize calcium carbide as an inexpensive, easy-to-handle, and solid acetylene source, and simple CoCl2 as the reaction catalyst. Excellent functional group tolerance is observed, yielding diverse substituted 3-benzazepine derivatives in good to excellent yields.

Magneto-optical properties of heavily Fe-doped GaAs: a density functional approach.

The magneto-optical properties of heavily iron-doped GaAs are investigated. Complex permittivity, optical conductivity and absorption coefficients are mainly discussed using spin-polarized electronic band structures close to the Fermi energy level. Furthermore, prominent magneto-optical properties in visible light and ultraviolet regions, including magnetic circular dichroism as well as complex Kerr and Faraday rotation angles, are presented and discussed. A density functional approach corroborated by some experimental results indicates that GaAs with 25% Fe dopants either in As or Ga sites is a promising ferromagnetic material and a useful platform for optoelectronic and spintronic device applications.

Partition function approach to non-Gaussian likelihoods: macrocanonical partitions and replicating Markov-chains

Monte-Carlo techniques are standard numerical tools for exploring non-Gaussian and multivariate likelihoods. Many variants of the original Metropolis-Hastings algorithm have been proposed to increase the sampling efficiency. Motivated by Ensemble Monte Carlo we allow the number of Markov chains to vary by exchanging particles with a reservoir, controlled by a parameter analogous to a chemical potential μ, which effectively establishes a random process that samples microstates from a macrocanonical instead of a canonical ensemble. In this paper, we develop the theory of macrocanonical sampling for statistical inference on the basis of Bayesian macrocanonical partition functions, thereby bringing to light the relations between information-theoretical quantities and thermodynamic properties. Furthermore, we propose an algorithm for macrocanonical sampling, 𝙰𝚟𝚊𝚕𝚊𝚗𝚌𝚑𝚎 𝚂𝚊𝚖𝚙𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚐, and apply it to various toy problems as well as the likelihood on the cosmological parameters Ωm and w on the basis of data from the supernova distance redshift relation.

How promotion mix helps sustain brand sales during market transitions: insights from the pharmaceutical industry

Purpose Pharmaceutical marketers use detailing, sampling and direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) to promote a branded prescription drug (brand drug) to health-care professionals and consumers. These promotion mix elements help raise brand awareness, increase prescription likelihood and guard a product market against competing brand drugs. However, the extent to which these elements remain effective when a brand drug goes off patent and its marketing exclusivity expires, allowing low-price generics to enter the market, remains unclear. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of promotion mix elements before and after the market entry of a generic drug. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected and analyzed a panel data set of 41 brand drugs from 7 therapeutic classes between 2007 and 2014 (3,201 observations) using the two-stage control function approach to address potential endogeneity. Findings The effectiveness of promotion mix elements changes significantly, but not in a universally uniform way, during a market transition. Detailing and DTCA are increasingly effective after a brand drug’s generics enter the market. In contrast, sampling is more effective before the market transition. The positive effects of sampling on brand sales are stronger when the price of a brand drug is higher than the average price of its competing brands. Sampling also helps amplify the positive influences of detailing and DTCA on brand sales. Research limitations/implications This study shows that pharmaceutical promotion is not equally effective in the brand drug market with/without generic competitors. Detailing and DTCA are increasingly effective when generic competition intensifies. In contrast, the distribution of free drug samples is less effective after more generic drugs enter the market. Practical implications Incumbent brands’ promotion expenditures often drop dramatically when the expiration of their patents is near, a practice that likely continues after generics enter the market. Taking into consideration these industry norms and their findings, the authors suggest that promotional decisions during a market transition should not overly focus on cutting promotional expenditures across the board. Since a firm’s promotional expenditure tends to be expensive, factoring in information on the effectiveness of each promotion mix element helps marketers make well-informed strategic decisions on resource allocation during the transition from a market without generics to a market with generics. Originality/value Previous studies do not explicitly account for structural changes in the brand drug market over time. However, the expiration of patent and marketing exclusivity marks a transitional period in which a brand drug eventually competes with its generic counterparts. Given the criticality of such structural change, the authors examine brand drugs’ promotion effectiveness in the presence of their generic counterparts.

Wave function approach to the off-shell T-matrix for the Deng–Fan potential

Wave function approach to the off-shell T-matrix for the Deng–Fan potential

Средства выражения итеративной неоднократности с семантикой «цикличность» в произведении «Темные аллеи» И. А. Бунина

The aim of the research is to identify the specifics of the functioning of iterative repetition with the semantics of cyclicity in the individual style of I. A. Bunin. The article considers iterative repetition as a functional grammatical category that constitutes the functional-semantic field of aspectuality; details the ways of expressing iterative repetition in a literary text at the lexical, morphological and syntactic levels; creates a semantic model of iterative repetition with the meaning of cyclicity in the work ‘Dark Alleys’ by I. A. Bunin. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the category of iteration is considered in I. A. Bunin’s work from the point of view of the functional approach. The iterative meaning is studied taking into account not only the paradigmatics, but also the syntagmatics of verb forms. As a result, it has been found that the category of iterative repetition in the work of I. A. Bunin is presented as a complex and branched system of multi-level linguistic means. It has been revealed that the category of iterative repetition as an expressive means is actively used in Bunin’s texts when describing everyday habits, lifestyle and activities of characters. It has also been determined that the semantic meaning of iterativity is combined with other components of the functional-semantic field of aspectuality: duration, phase and statality.

Noise filter using a periodic system of dual Helmholtz resonators

This study investigates noise reduction using a periodic arrangement of dual Helmholtz resonators and explores the introduction of defects within this periodic structure. The transfer matrix method was employed to carry out theoretical research. The computations of the interface response function approach results are verified, and consistent outcomes are demonstrated. The simulation results highlight the distinctive dual resonance frequencies of dual Helmholtz resonators. By differentiating dual Helmholtz resonators from traditional Helmholtz resonators, prospective applications for low-frequency noise reduction are envisioned. In this contribution, introducing defects in the middle of perfect dual Helmholtz resonators adds more value to the acoustic filter. In particular, the first neck and cavity of the defective dual Helmholtz resonator. This study shows that introducing a 2D-defect into identical dual Helmholtz resonators can improve the transmission of defect modes by taking advantage of the advantageous interaction of the resonant modes. In such arrangements, the entire structure functioned as a potent selective filter.

Aqueous phase transfer of near-infrared ZnCuInS2/ZnS quantum dots: Synthesis and characterization

Cadmium-free and NIR fluorescent QDs are promising candidates for bio-application. Thus, we present the synthesis of ternary ZnCuInS2/ZnS (ZCIS/ZnS) quantum dots (QDs) where the molar variation of Cu/Zn of the precursors was used to tune the optical and structural properties. QDs with Cu/Zn molar ratio of 2/1 passivated with ZnS exhibited the best optical properties. They showed dominant near-infrared photoluminescence (approx. 850 nm) and highest quantum yield (approx. 52 %, λexc = 500 nm). Therefore, they were further subject to modification to ensure their transfer to the aqueous phase and improve biocompatibility. For this, different functionalization approaches were used. The first method relied on encapsulation with polymers like PSMA (poly(styrene co-maleic anhydride)) and PMAO (poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) coupled with polyetheramine (JEFF; Jeffamine M-1000), and the second relied on hydrophilization with PMAO. Furthermore, we also applied a surface ligand exchange process using DHLA (dihydrolipoic acid) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-appended DHLA. The comprehensive study indicated that ZnCuInS2/ZnS QDs functionalized with PMAO (ZnCuInS2/ZnS@PMO) exhibited the highest photoluminescence (PL QY) along with ensured high colloidal stability in aqueous media. Moreover, no noticeable deterioration of the photoluminescence profile was observed for all used functionalization approaches. However, a significant decrease in QY was observed for almost all functionalized QDs except those that were PMO-capped. The synthesized QDs were systematically characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Biological studies indicate that the obtained hydrophilic ZCIS QDs are biocompatible and localized intracellularly inside endosomes.

Episode model: The functional approach to emotional experiences of music

We present a novel framework for music and emotion research that addresses emotional experiences with music as functional episodes. This framework, called the Episode Model, places the situation and the function of the music for the individual at the centre of the experience and integrates acts of affective self-regulation to our understanding of music as emotional experiences. The model consists of a set of five common and functionally unique episodes of emotional experiences related to music, which are: (1) Enjoyment–Distraction–Relaxation (EDR), (2) Connection–Belonging (CB), (3) Focus–Motivation (FM), (4) Personal Emotional Processing (PEP), and (5) Aesthetic–Interest–Awe (AIA). Each episode type can be characterised by a distinct configuration of six descriptive schemes: (1) core affect and emotion qualia, (2) induction mechanisms, (3) listening modes and agency, (4) reward and exposure, (5) musical meanings, and (6) functional contexts. This framework of episodes and schemes places the functionality of emotions at the forefront of music and emotion research and explains how emotional experiences are situated and functionally constructed. In addition, we provide a set of assumptions and specific predictions to facilitate focussed empirical studies of emotional engagement with music.