Product Development Approach Research Articles

Rapid Prototyping Technology: A Driving Force in Product Design Innovation

Abstract: This paper explores the transformative impact of rapid prototyping on product design processes across various industries. Rapid prototyping, characterized by its ability to quickly create physical models from digital designs, significantly enhances the iterative design phase, facilitating early testing and validation of concepts. RP includes the integration of technologies such as 3D printing, computer-aided design (CAD), and additive manufacturing in accelerating product iterations, reducing time-to-market, and fostering innovation. Rapid prototyping (RP) has emerged as a transformative approach in product development, significantly enhancing design processes across various industries. Sectors including automotive, consumer electronics and healthcare show how rapid prototyping streamlines communication among stakeholders, enhances user feedback incorporation, and reduces production costs

A new product development method to incorporating customer sensory preferences in food product design

As the way people consume has changed, the focus of customer satisfaction has moved away from engineering and towards sensory preferences (SPs), necessitating a new approach to product development. This paper introduces a novel product development model that incorporates SP factors. First, utilizing literature and expert input, a domain-specific food sensory attribute knowledge graph is built. Then, SPs/non-sensory preferences (NSPs) are extracted from extensive online product evaluations using Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) and sentiment analysis. Customer preferences (CPs) are formed by combining quantifiable SPs/NSPs. Following that, CPs are used to design and distribute product components. To improve customer satisfaction, a new product development approach has been developed. Finally, a genetic algorithm is applied to the optimization model in order to determine the best product development approach. This model has been empirically and comparatively demonstrated to be practical and effective.

New approach for quality function development based on cooperative game-based consensus mechanism and three-way decision method

Quality function deployment (QFD) is a team-based product development approach for identifying critical engineering characteristics according to customer requirements to improve customer satisfaction. Nonetheless, there are some limitations in the current QFD methods when used in real-world situations. For example, most of them cannot handle experts’ conflict opinions regarding the correlation evaluations between customer requirements and engineering characteristics, and only focus on how to acquire a complete importance ranking of engineering characteristics which is unnecessary in many realistic cases. In this study, we aim to develop a new QFD approach by using the cooperative game consensus reaching process and three-way decision theory. First, the cooperative game-based consensus mechanism is applied to help experts reach a consensus on the correlation assessments between customer requirements and engineering characteristics. Then, an extended three-way decision method is adopted to obtain the importance classifications of engineering characteristics and identify the critical ones for product improvement. Finally, the proposed QFD approach is illustrated with a case study regarding renewable energy storage technology improvement, and its efficiency and advantages are verified via comparative analysis and simulation analysis.

The Effect of Storage Time and Temperature on Quality Changes in Freeze-Dried Snacks Obtained with Fruit Pomace and Pectin Powders as a Sustainable Approach for New Product Development

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of storage temperature on quality changes in freeze-dried carrot–orange–ginger (COG) snacks obtained with 2% of apple (AP) or blackcurrant (BP) pomace powder or 1.5% of pectin (LMP). The material was stored at 4, 25 and 40 °C for 1, 3, 6 and 12 months in pouches impermeable to vapour, oxygen and light. Water content and activity, texture, colour, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were examined to evaluate the products’ quality. During storage, water content and activity fluctuations were noted, but no critical values were exceeded. Texture properties remained stable in snacks with pomace powders compared to those with pectin, the hardness of which significantly decreased when stored at ambient and elevated temperatures. However, the product with pectin was found to change colour the least over time. The results obtained for chemical properties were not clear, but they strongly indicated the occurrence of the transformation of some chemical compounds. Overall, a lowered temperature helped to maintain the quality of the freeze-dried snacks for the longest time. The presented research contributes to the general knowledge of the behaviour of innovative products with the addition of nonconventional but sustainable compounds, revealing the potential for quality and stability improvements.

Experience on Utilization of Novel Modeling & Simulation Approaches in Generic Product Development

Modeling and simulation approaches such as Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) and Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM) are gaining importance due to their impact to transform drug development paradigm. Development of such modeling approaches include integration of drug substance, drug product and physiological aspects followed by validation against clinical data. In this manuscript, we have highlighted utility of PBPK and PBBM in generic product development using case examples. An application where PBBM was utilized to obtain biowaivers and dissolution safe space was portrayed. Utility of such modeling approaches in obtaining fed bioequivalence studies was discussed with case example. Impact of gender evaluation on bioequivalence study outcome using PBPK approach was highlighted with a case example. Evaluation of safety aspects of extended release formulation with help of modeling approach was discussed with practical example. In the last case study, understanding the impact of critical bioavailability attributes with help of PBBM was indicated. Further, future direction in terms of sharing best practices across academia, industry and regulatory was highlighted. Overall, this manuscript summarizes experience on utilization of modeling and simulation approaches in generic product development with an aim to have more affordable and quality medicines to the patients.

Designing lab-on-a-chip systems with attribute dependency graphs

AbstractLab-on-a-Chip (LOC) products for point-of-care diagnostics have gained significant attention. However, there is a lack of systematic approaches for LOC product development. To address this, we introduce an Attribute Dependency Graph exemplary for a magnetophoretic LOC system for pathogen detection. This model organizes dependencies between the design variables and crucial quantities of interest, such as detectability, cost per test, and test duration. The obtained model helps to manage design complexity and can be adapted to other LOC approaches.

Understanding perspectives for product design on personal data privacy in internet of things (IoT): A systematic literature review (SLR)

As the number of Internet users grows, the increase in smart devices interconnected through the Internet of Things (IoT) have contributed to improvements in the functionality of everyday products and enhancement of user experience. Yet, they affect user privacy and render personal data more vulnerable. To foster a digital future fully aware of user privacy requirements, a line of design research emerges that focuses on balancing product innovation with user data protection. This matter relates to sociocultural, economic, and technological aspects, and its core is a human-centered design strategy. Still, there is a gap in academic research oriented towards guiding product developers on how to consider personal data privacy concerns when designing honest IoT devices. To define this gap and delve deeper into this relevant topic, this paper presents a systematic literature review of recent academic research using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. This review focuses on prevalent research topics such as data privacy, personal data, data surveillance, and user behaviour in IoT. The result is a state-of-the-art compilation of 45 scientific studies mapping the most relevant concepts and approaches for product development in the last ten years of research, aligned with some central research questions. The Discussion and Conclusion sections provide a deep understanding of the complexity of the fast-changing landscape of privacy and personal data management using IoT products. Finally, this study proposes future academic research directions devoted to providing product designer specific, specialised help from different (yet interconnected) scientific approaches.

Simulation-Based Thermal Fatigue Validation Test Development for Exhaust Manifold

Abstract Exhaust manifolds in diesel engines undergo continuous thermal cycle loading of varying thermal cycles with different mean, amplitude, and rate of temperature change created by application duty cycles. This makes analysis and testing of the exhaust manifold to meet the thermal mechanical fatigue life expectation of different applications challenging. In this paper, a simulation-based product development approach, which uses application duty cycles, simulation models of different capabilities, including three-dimensional Finite element simulation model, one-dimensional (1D) physis-based damage model to develop an abusive thermal cycle engine test for validating exhaust manifold, is presented.

The challenge of downstream processing of spray dried amorphous solid dispersions into minitablets designed for the paediatric population – A sustainable product development approach

Poorly water-soluble drugs present a significant challenge in the development of oral solid dosage forms (OSDs). In formulation development the appropriate use of excipients to adjust solubility, and the choice of manufacturing method and pharmaceutical processes to obtain a dosage form to meet the needs of the patient group, is crucial. Preparing an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a well-established method for solubility enhancement, and spray drying (SD) a common manufacturing method. However, the poor flowability of spray dried materials poses a significant challenge for downstream processing. Promoting sustainability in OSD development involves embracing a versatile formulation design, which enables a broader spectrum of patients to use the product, as opposed to altering existing dosage forms retrospectively. The objective of the current study was to develop a formulation of spray dried indomethacin ASD suited to the production, by direct compression, of instant release paediatric minitablets. Excipients evaluated were PVP or HPMCAS in solid dispersions at the preformulation phase, and MCC and lactose as a filler in direct compression. From the studied formulations, a 3:1 ratio blend of Vivapur 200/Pharmatose 200 M (MCC/lactose) with 0.5% (w/w) magnesium stearate was found to be the most promising in tableting, and minitablets containing a 6.22% content of spray-dried ASD of indomethacin/PVP K 29–32 could be obtained with desired tablet hardness and pharmaceutical quality, complying with tests of weight variation and fast disintegration in an aqueous environment. As a case example, this study provides a good foundation for further studies in harnessing a sustainable approach to the development of pharmaceutical formulations that can appropriately serve different patient sub-populations.

Breaking the Taboo: Understanding the Relationship between Perception, Beliefs, Willingness to Eat Insects, and Food Neophobia among Polish Adults.

Insects are a potential source of protein for direct human consumption or indirectly in processed foods. The research examined consumer perceptions and beliefs regarding the consumption of insects and food products containing insect proteins. The study aimed to identify beliefs about insect consumption, assess the perception of food products containing added insect proteins, and gain a deeper understanding of the role of food neophobia in accepting insects as an alternative source of protein. The data were collected in 2023 through a cross-sectional quantitative online survey of a group that was representative of consumers by age, gender, and region sample (n = 1000) who were responsible for food purchasing decisions in their households. While many respondents viewed foods enriched with insect protein as innovative and environmentally friendly, others found the idea of consuming insects repulsive and expressed concerns about potential allergic reactions. Food neophobia was a determining factor in respondents' beliefs and perceptions regarding the consumption of insects and food products containing insect proteins. Respondents were more inclined to consume products with added insect protein rather than visibly identifiable insects. The results highlight the need for targeted marketing strategies and product development approaches to align with the varied expectations of consumers in the rapidly expanding insect-based food market.

Antibody-Drug Conjugate Overview: a State-of-the-art Manufacturing Process and Control Strategy.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) comprise an antibody, linker, and drug, which direct their highly potent small molecule drugs to target tumor cells via specific binding between the antibody and surface antigens. The antibody, linker, and drug should be properly designed or selected to achieve the desired efficacy while minimizing off-target toxicity. With a unique and complex structure, there is inherent heterogeneity introduced by product-related variations and the manufacturing process. Here this review primarily covers recent key advances in ADC history, clinical development status, molecule design, manufacturing processes, and quality control.The manufacturing process, especially the conjugation process, should be carefully developed, characterized, validated, and controlled throughout its lifecycle. Quality control is another key element to ensure product quality and patient safety. A patient-centric strategy has been well recognized and adopted by the pharmaceutical industry for therapeutic proteins, and has been successfully implemented for ADCs as well, to ensure that ADC products maintain their quality until the end of their shelf life. Deep product understanding and process knowledge defines attribute testing strategies (ATS). Quality by design (QbD) is a powerful approach for process and product development, and for defining an overall control strategy. Finally, we summarize the current challenges on ADC development and provide some perspectives that may help to give related directions and trigger more cross-functional research to surmount those challenges.

ENSS (Expanded Nursing Stress Assessment) version 1,0: An Android-Based Mobile Application Efficient Stress Assessment in Nurses

The nursing profession is a profession that is prone to experiencing stress. Long work duration in accompanying patients is one of the factors that causes stress in nurses. To anticipate work-related stress problems, it is necessary to periodically identify the level of stress experienced by nurses. The use of mobile applications needs to be developed for easy and efficient stress assessment Android-based which are expected to help nurses identify the stress they are experiencing. The aim of this study was to developing a stress assessment application android-based to identify stress levels efficiently and effectively. This research uses design Research and Development (R&D) with a product development and validation approach through use trials on 34 nurses with a sampling method that is the total sample. Test use using the instrument System Usability Scale (SUS). The research developed an Android-based stress analysis application called ENSS version 1.0 with login features, stress questionnaire main menu and load interpretation. The test was tested by respondents with a score of 74.78 in the category of Acceptable or Admissible. The ENSS application has been developed and is suitable for use in the identification of stress levels in nurses. The application of ENSS is an assessment of the stress level of nursing so that proper management can be carried out.

Weaving emotions: unraveling the emotional significance of Sri Lankan handloom artistry

PurposeThis paper examines the socio-emotional identities of handloom artisans in Sri Lanka as a novel technique for new product development.Design/methodology/approachQualitative research methods, including observational research and semi-structured interviews with 27 artisans from different handloom communities in Sri Lanka were conducted and analyzed in thematic approach.FindingsBy highlighting the maker of the craft through their socio-emotional identities in an artisan-oriented approach, this paper provides insight into new product development for handloom in alignment with up-and-coming trends. Ultimately, this can increase the demand for handloom and sustain the sector in both local and international fashion markets.Originality/valueThis research study is one of the first of its kind to propose a novel approach for artisan-oriented product development through the application of artisans’ socio-emotional identities.

Applying a System of Systems Perspective to Hyundai‐Kia's Virtual Tire Development

ABSTRACTSystems engineering has become important in almost every complex product manufacturing industry, especially automotive. Emerging trends like vehicle electrification and autonomous driving now pose a system of systems (SoS) engineering challenge to automotive OEMs. This paper presents a proof‐of‐concept (PoC) that applies a top‐down SoS perspective to Hyundai‐Kia Motor Corporation's (HKMC) virtual product development process to develop a performance‐critical component of the vehicle, the tire. The PoC demonstrates using the Arcadia MBSE method to develop a consistent, layered, vehicle architecture model starting from the SoS operational context down to the lowest level of system decomposition in the physical architecture thereby capturing top‐down knowledge traceability Using the concept of functional chains, several vehicle performance views are captured that serve as the basis for architecture verification orchestration across engineering domains using a cross‐domain orchestration platform thereby validating key vehicle/tire performance metrics that influence the tire design parameters. Preliminary results of the study show that applying a method‐based modeling approach could provide several benefits to HKMC's current product development approach such as reduced time to model, SoS knowledge capture and reusability, parameter/requirement traceability, early performance verification, and effective systems engineering collaboration between the OEM, tire design supplier, and tire manufacturers.

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Millets as supergrains: a holistic approach for sustainable and healthy food product development

The Global Report on Food Crises underscores the urgent need for sustainable food solutions as the world faces a 34% increase in acute food insecurity.

User-Centric Design in Product Development

User-centric design is a core approach in product development that places an emphasis on the requirements, preferences, and experiences of end users across the whole process of design and development. This technique is founded on the premise that successful products are those that closely coincide with the expectations of consumers and increase the overall pleasure of those people. Organisations are able to develop products that are not only functional but also intuitive, engaging, and successful if they place an emphasis on user experience (UX) and incorporate input directly from the audience they are trying to reach. In most cases, the first step in the user-centric design process is to get a knowledge of the user's requirements by doing extensive research using techniques such as interviews, questionnaires, and observation. It is at this phase that the user's pain points, objectives, and behaviours are identified. These identifications serve as the foundation for the creation of user personas and scenarios. The designers are able to empathise with a variety of user viewpoints and predict how they will engage with the product by using these personas, which represent diverse portions of the target population.

A Supplier Selection Decision-Making Approach for Complex Product Development Based on Hesitant Fuzzy Information

During the development process of complex products, selecting the best desirable alternative supplier is a challenge since an improperly selected alternative may cause losing capacity and increasing the cycle time and cost of development for a company. For this multiple-attribute decision-making problem of supplier selection, in this paper, a supplier selection problem in which the decision data are hesitant fuzzy information and the attribute weight is unknown in complex product development is investigated, and a supplier selection decision-making approach based on hesitant fuzzy information is proposed. Firstly, a bidirectional projection based on hesitant fuzzy information is established, and then the measurement equation for the degree of closeness is improved. Further, an attribute weight determination model which minimizes the projection total deviation for the hesitant fuzzy elements is constructed. By solving this model, scientific and reasonable attribute weights are provided. Subsequently, an illustrative example is employed to not only give the ranking result of alternative suppliers but also demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the developed approach. Meanwhile, sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis are put forward to illustrate the stability of the given final ranking result and the advantages and reliability of the constructed method. For alternative or strategy selection, this proposed approach can be used as a decision-making means when uncertainties are inherent.

Development of Herbal Topical Anesthetic Mucoadhesive Spray for oral Cavity using Customer-Centric Approach

The use of herbal medicines is increasing globally due to consumer perceptions and scientific research. The limited availability of herbal medications and a lack of effective topical anesthetics have driven the development of new products using a customer-centric strategy. This study aimed to present a novel herbal topical anesthetic mucoadhesive spray development using the New Product Development (NPD) process though three steps: the idea concept of the product, prototype development, and consumers’ acceptance evaluation, involving key stakeholders-consumers and healthcare professionals. Multiple research methods were implemented, including qualitative, quantitative, and scientific methods, in each step. The findings showed insights gathered through in-depth interviews about the product needs of stakeholders. Multiple regression analysis showed that price, attitude, and social value significantly positively influenced consumer purchase intentions, while attitude influenced healthcare professionals' prescribing intentions. Consequently, the prototype was developed based on consumer needs. The results of the acceptance evaluation phase indicated high consumer acceptance of the herbal topical anesthetic mucoadhesive spray. The entire journey of the new product development process in this study enhances our understanding of customer-centric approaches in product development and can be applied to generate market-driven innovations that meet the needs of the target market. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2023-04-03-02 Full Text: PDF

Applying a System of Systems Perspective to Hyundai‐Kia's Virtual Tire Development

AbstractSystems engineering has become important in almost every complex product manufacturing industry, especially automotive. Emerging trends like vehicle electrification and autonomous driving now pose a System of Systems (SoS) engineering challenge to automotive OEMs. This paper presents a proof‐of‐concept (PoC) that applies a top‐down SoS perspective to Hyundai‐Kia Motor Corporation's (HKMC) virtual product development process to develop a performance‐critical component of the vehicle, the tire. The PoC demonstrates using the Arcadia MBSE method to develop a consistent, layered, vehicle architecture model starting from the SoS operational context down to the lowest level of system decomposition in the physical architecture thereby capturing top‐down knowledge traceability. Using the concept of functional chains, several vehicle performance views are captured that serve as the basis for architecture verification orchestration across engineering domains using a cross‐domain orchestration platform thereby validating key vehicle/tire performance metrics that influence the tire design parameters. Preliminary results of the study show that applying a method‐based modeling approach could provide several benefits to HKMC's current product development approach such as reduced time to model, SoS knowledge capture and reusability, parameter/requirement traceability, early performance verification, and effective systems engineering collaboration between the OEM, tire design supplier and tire manufacturers.