Approach For Restructuring Research Articles

Multiscale optical phase fluctuations link disorder strength and fractal dimension of cell structure

Optical methods for examining cellular structure based on endogenous contrast rely on analysis of refractive index changes to discriminate cell phenotype. These changes can be visualized using techniques such as phase contrast microscopy, detected by light scattering, or analyzed numerically using quantitative phase imaging. The statistical variations of refractive index at the nanoscale can be quantified using disorder strength, a metric seen to increase with neoplastic change. In contrast, the spatial organization of these variations is typically characterized using a fractal dimension, which is also seen to increase with cancer progression. Here, we seek to link these two measurements using multiscale measurements of optical phase to calculate disorder strength and in turn to determine the fractal dimension of the structures. First, quantitative phase images are analyzed to show that the disorder strength metric changes with resolution. The trend of disorder strength with length scales is analyzed to determine the fractal dimension of the cellular structures. Comparison of these metrics is presented for different cell lines with varying phenotypes including MCF10A, MCF7, BT474, HT-29, A431, and A549 cell lines, in addition to three cell populations with modified phenotypes. Our results show that disorder strength and fractal dimension can both be obtained with quantitative phase imaging and that these metrics can independently distinguish between different cell lines. Furthermore, their combined use presents a new approach for better understanding cellular restructuring during different pathways.

An Integrated Approach for Flexible Restructuring of Inpatient Wards

An Integrated Approach for Flexible Restructuring of Inpatient Wards

Towards the automatic restructuring of structural aesthetic design of Android user interfaces

End-user engagement heavily relies on the aesthetic design of the application’s user interfaces. Designers are keen to create user interfaces that are usable and appealing. However, fundamental design issues , such as inconsistent padding and margins, cluttered user interfaces, and a high variation of element sizes, are too frequent in a UI design.. Prior studies provided ready-to-implement user interface alternatives. However, the aesthetic quality of these alternative designs is not guaranteed, and it limits the creativity of designers. Therefore, we present in this study an automated approach for restructuring a user interface structural design based on its data model. Our framework checks the violation of 13 generic structural design standards provided by Google Material Design. Then, the framework provides a set of recommendations for each violated guideline based on the specifications of the evaluated MUI. As a proof of concept, we used the tool ADDET to evaluate the quality of the original and restructured versions of 511 user interfaces in terms of the number of aesthetic defects and aesthetic properties. The results revealed a significant positive difference with a mean of 0.59 for the benefit of restructured user interfaces with an improved set of 7 quality metrics. We have also found that our approach could improve to an extent the accessibility of some designs by providing bigger element sizes.

Governance and Expertise in the Teaching Profession: An Analysis of Contemporary Japanese Educational Reforms

Purpose: This article examines the Japanese teaching profession’s position on current school governance reforms in Japan and the difficulties teachers are facing as the reforms progress. Design/Approach/Methods: This article describes how a policy for developing teacher quality standards tends to suppress teacher independence while increasing the heteronomy of the teaching profession. The article discusses how Japan can meet its goal of ensuring “expertise in the teaching profession” by referring to the relationship between “professionalism” and “publicness” in the theories of occupational sociology. Findings: Expertise in the teaching profession is based on a mixture of academic and practical knowledge. The term “educational professionals” should be interpreted to include both “researchers” and “practitioners.” A sustainable governance mechanism for the Japanese teaching profession should be built on a four-way relationship among researchers, practitioners, citizens, and government administrators. Originality/Value: This study provides a critical review of a broad-reaching educational policy and proposes a new approach for restructuring the governance of the Japanese teaching profession.

Urban Regeneration as an Approach for Rehabilitating the Two Entrance Region of Alexandria City

Over the last four decades, the urban formation of Alexandria City's two entrance region has changed from natural agricultural farmlands to informal urbanized areas that contain different uses. The urban regeneration is an approach for restructuring the urban informal areas by providing radical changes depend on the origins of the social and economic formation of the informal areas. This process is based on the contemporary urban design principles that help in analyzing the formation of urbanization based growth and stating the required principles for a rehabilitation process, since the traditional methods by demolishing and replacing mostly failed to cope with the continuously rising social and economic changes in the areas. This approach considers the distorted growth by urbanization or urban sprawl as a required social and economic guidance in regenerating informal areas. The paper attempts to analyze the potentials behind the urban distortion by the ongoing urbanization process in the region. It was found that the social formation and economic creations in the areas are the basis for creating an optimal urban pattern. It aims to assist with the emergence of academic disciplines that effectively regenerate a comprehensive framework to continuously manage the urban growth for generations to come.

Urban Regeneration as an Approach for Rehabilitating the Two Entrance Region of Alexandria City

Over the last four decades, the urban formation of Alexandria City's two entrance regions has changed from natural agricultural farmlands to informal urbanized areas that have different uses. The urban regeneration is an approach for restructuring the urban informal areas by providing radical changes which depends on the origins of the social and economic formation of the informal areas. This process is based on the contemporary urban design principles that helps in analyzing the formation of urbanization based growth and stating the required principles for a rehabilitation process, since the traditional methods by demolishing and replacing mostly failed to cope with the continuously rising social and economic changes in the areas. This approach considers the distorted growth by urbanization or urban sprawl as a required social and economic guidance in regenerating informal areas. The paper attempts to analyze the potentials behind the urban distortion by the ongoing urbanization process in the region. It was found that the social formation and economic creations in the areas are the basis for creating an optimal urban pattern. It aims to assist with the emergence of academic disciplines that effectively regenerated a comprehensive framework to continuously manage the urban growth for generations to come.

Estimating the Effectiveness of HPV Vaccination in the Open Population: A Bayesian Approach

ObjectivesEstimation of the effectiveness of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in the open population on the basis of published data from various sources. MethodsA Bayesian approach was used to reanalyze the data underlying a guidance by the Dutch National Health Insurance Board about the quadrivalent HPV vaccine Gardasil. Several studies document the vaccine’s effectiveness in preventing cases in different subpopulations. None of these (sub)populations, however, is representative of the actual target population that the vaccination program will be applied to. We used a Bayesian approach for restructuring the data by means of reweighting the subpopulations by using HPV prevalence data, to estimate the effectiveness that can be expected in the actual target population. ResultsThe original data show an effectiveness of 44% in the entire population and an effectiveness of 98% for women who were compliant and were HPV-free at the start of the study. In the study population, the HPV prevalence was below 4%. In the relevant target population, however, the actual prevalence could be very different. In fact, some publications find an HPV prevalence of around 10%. We used Bayesian techniques to estimate the effectiveness in the actual target population. We found a mean effectiveness of 25%, and the probability that the effectiveness in the target population exceeds 50% is virtually zero. The results are very sensitive to the HPV prevalence that is used. ConclusionsA supplementary analysis can put together the bits and pieces of information to arrive at more relevant answers. A Bayesian approach allows for integrating all the evidence into one model in a straightforward way and results in very intuitive probability statements.

Defect Engineering in CdSxSe1–x Nanobelts: An Insight into Carrier Relaxation Dynamics via Optical Pump–Terahertz Probe Spectroscopy

Defects in nanomaterials often induce dramatic changes in the photoelectrical properties of semiconducting II–VI compound nanomaterials. The relationship between defects and carrier dynamics is pivotal in material engineering for potential applications. A thorough understanding of the dynamics of defect-related free carrier depletion is particularly important for the fabrication and optimization of nano-optoelectronic devices. In this work, optical pump–terahertz probe spectroscopy was employed to investigate the carrier dynamics in CdS and Se-alloyed CdS nanobelts. The dynamics are dominated by the surface defect trapping in the case of CdS and structural-defect-related recombination for the Se-alloyed CdS. The conclusion is also supported by temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectroscopic studies. Our results indicate that congeneric element replacement is an effective approach for defect-distribution restructuring, which modifies the physical properties of nanomaterials through defect engineering.

Conceptual approach for multi-level restructuring of categorized documents in a corpus

In order to improve the browsing activity in a documentary database, we propose a conceptual approach for multi-level restructuring of categorized documents in a corpus. Starting from a manual and static organized corpus, based on the domain ontology, we derive new dynamically generated structures embedded in the static one. We use a conceptual recursive indexing method based on the selection of the minimal number of concepts covering either a document or a subset of documents corresponding to a sub-corpus. Hence, our system provides an additional browsing feature to the user, by dynamically providing the system with a conceptual structure of clusters of documents. For illustration, you may find in the figure an application to Arabic financial news for a particular ontology. Therefore, one finds sub-category under the category . Also, under the category, etc. In parallel with the classical browser system, indexing words, provided for each level, give the user more details about the file's content, as well as the category content, before further exploration. Our approach improves human-computer interaction by decreasing the browsing time. Assessment of the proposed method proves that combining manual documents categorizations, with the automatic feature generations, gives a flexible and effective structured browsing interface to the users. Finally, low-level features help for incrementally placing new documents in the right category, by using suitable supervised classification methods.

SERFing the web: The Re-Web approach for web re-structuring

In our emerging digital paper-less society, massive amount of information is being maintained in on-line repositories and diverse web site representations of this information must be served over the Internet to different user groups. E-commerce and digital libraries are two representative sample applications with such needs. In this paper we present a database-centric approach called Re-Web that addresses this need for flexible web site generation, re-structuring, and maintenance. Re-Web is based on two key ideas. First, we exploit the web site structure by associating web semantics (XML equivalents) with the modeling constructs of the ODMG object model to aid the web site generation process. By capturing the logical structure of web views within the OODB system, we can efficiently maintain the web views using standard database techniques. Secondly, to ease the process of specification and construction of multiple customized web view sites, we also propose the notion of generic web view transformations that are encapsulated into re-usable templates. Thus desired new web view sites can be generated simply by applying the corresponding transformations on the underlying database to produce web view classes and then by applying the web semantics on the newly built view classes. The Re-Web system has been implemented using PSE by Object Design Inc. as object repository, ODMG as object model, OQL as transformation language, SERF as OODB evolution facility and IBM XML parser and LotusXSL processor to aid the web site generation. A case study using Re-Web is also presented to illustrate the working of the system. To the best of our knowledge, Re-Web is the first web site management system focusing on the issue of re-usable view generation templates at the content and not at the presentation style level of abstraction.

THE SOVIET SETTLEMENT SYSTEM–CURRENT ISSUES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

"A survey of current urban issues and trends in the Soviet Union sets the stage for an analysis of the problems of the urban system of the USSR and discussion of recent efforts at planning and policy development for a national settlement system. The General Scheme of Settlement, issued in 1975 and revised in 1982 to guide the development of such a national system, is examined as is the ensuing debate between two opposing schools of thought as to the best approach for restructuring the urban system."

Methods for the Measurement of Memory Utilization and the Improvement of Program Locality

It is known that the locality of reference of a program can be improved by restructuring it. One approach for program restructuring is to rearrange the order of relocatable program sectors and to repackage those sectors of a program, that are needed within a relatively short time of one another, into the same virtual page. This approach needs no reprogramming of the source program. However, microscopic analysis of the internal structure of repackaged sectors often shows the existence of sectors only few portions of which are actually referenced while the sectors are in use.