Appositive Constructions Research Articles

Appositive Combinations in the Russian Language: Concept Scope and Syntactic Characteristics

The concept of syntactic connection is fundamental for presenting the syntactic structure of any language. Linguists have described in detail the dichotomy of coordination and subordination, both from the point of view of the semantic relationships between the components of syntactic units and of the use of linguistic means to connect these components. Nevertheless, some syntactic structures have not yet received a comprehensive grammatical description. The article is devoted to the analysis of constructions with nouns being in appositive relations, as their combinations are interpreted inconsistently in modern scientific and educational literature. It has been established that the units in appositive constructions are connected on the basis of logical subordination, which appears in two variants: if the equal case ending agreement for both nouns is required in the entire paradigm, the linkage is characterized as agreement (without distributing it into complete and incomplete), if the case ending in entire paradigm is absent, it is viewed as a case (nominal) adjunction. The dependent component in parallel-case combinations of common nouns is considered to be the one that represents another name or an additional, including evaluative, attribute to the same referent that is named by the word being defined. In appositive combinations of a proper name and a common noun, the dependent component is noted to be the one expressed by a proper name of any type. The syntactic function of the dependent components in appositive phrases is suggested to be characterized without employing the concept of apposition, thus treating them as coordinated or uncoordinated attributes.

Concord in Russian close appositional constructions: a quantitative study

Concord in Russian close appositional constructions: a quantitative study

Towards terminological resources tailored to the users’ needs: Terminology extraction based on appositive constructions

Abstract Terminological resources (TRs) are indispensable tools for accessing a specialized domain of knowledge. In this article, we propose a methodology for extracting terms and relevant linguistic information, useful for different users, hinging on the nature of some special linguistic structures: appositive constructions. The case study for our proof of concept in this investigation is the domain of Cultural Heritage. For such purpose, we compile a parallel Italian–English domain corpus in the specialized sub-domain of archaeology, for extracting data to be later stored in TRs tailored to three target users: (1) translators and interpreters, (2) technical communicators, and (3) the general public or laypeople.

Реченичне структуре у роману Време смрти Добрице Ћосића

The paper investigates the syntactic aspects of the composition of the novel Time of Death (first and second books) by Dobrica Ćosić, from the standpoint of theoretical-methodological postulates of text theory, linguistic composition and verbatology. Intra-sentence relationships in statements are discussed, with special reference to verb and noun rection, as well as their mutual relationship. The authors first recognize and describe the ability of language units to influence the form of dependent units that are combined with them, i.e. rectional structures, and based on the analysis of this type of structural cohesion - the research results are presented as determining and describing: appositional constructions in the organization of sentence structures; appositive or dislocated subcategorical determinatives; and attributive provisions with a classification meaning. Therefore, the subject of research are: (1) all forms of connection in appositional constructions - noun, pronoun and adjective and (2) all syntactic procedures of form expansion by adding new elements - apposition, adlocation, collocation, prosthesis, structural expansion. It was determined that in the novel Time of Death by Dobrica Ćosić there are two formal ways of building the structure: (a) congruent and more dominant - most often as three-part sentence structures with a conjunction and a predicate or with a semi-conjunction and a predicate, and (b) a reaction type of structure - with a conjunction and a predicate. On the basis of these findings, two regularities were established: the rules of linear distribution of consecutive sentences and the rules of structural repartition of the meaning pivots of the sentence. The authors conclude that Ćosić's sentence in Time of Death is characterized by linear discursiveness, most often as a connection of consecutive units, in which the syntactic mechanisms of conjunction, adjunction, interjunction and disjunction are particularly activated. Ćosić's syntactic procedure in this novel is defined as 'parable' - i.e. as a procedure with a distinct tendency and ability to build a complex structure by combining comparable microstructures, in the result of which the verbatological and stylistic value of successive constructions is revealed.

SEMANTIC REVIEW ON THE REFORMULATION AS THE FORM OF CLARIFICATION IN APPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS

This research-based article discusses appositives containing reformulation which is very important in the context of meaning particularly in the form of clarification to the anchor as the antecedent. This reformulation is viewed from the two aspects, i.e., semantic equivalence and coreference. Therefore, this research serves two aims: 1) to elucidate the forms of clarification provided by reformulation as semantic equivalence that makes anchors more comprehensible, and 2) to elaborate whether reformulation and its anchor are coreferential in the appositional constructions. The data sources are taken from English printed media within three levels of distributional coverage, i.e., national, regional and international coverage. The data are analysed through employing the method of qualitative research, that is, the method presenting descriptive data, both written and oral data. To analyse such descriptive data, the distributional method of analysis with the two techniques is used, namely, extracting techniques, and inserting techniques. The results of this research uncover that 1) the forms of clarification provided by the reformulation cover: a) metaphorical expression, b) factual knowledge, c) expression of revision, d) simplified expression, e) short forms (acronyms), f) emphasis through negative reformulation, and g) equivalence in other language; and 1) not all reformulations have coreferences. All of the reformulation forms are given to make the anchor more comprehensible.

За един тип екстраординарна апозитивна конструкция

The article examines a particular variation of the appositional construction, which has not been systematically investigated in the Bulgarian syntactic literature. The study analyses syntactic formations that belong to one of the main types of the appositional construction: common noun + common noun. On the one hand, they exhibit characteristics of the basic (prototypical) construction since they are constituted only by nouns that are not formally linked; on the other hand, however, they differ from the prototype, since – at least at first glance – their structure consists not of two but of three components. These formations, which are not a homogeneous group, could be called exceptional appositive constructions. The specific features of each subgroup require the application of different research approaches when establishing the logical and syntactic dependencies between the components of the constructions.

АПОЗИТИВНИ КОНСТРУКЦИИ С АМБИВАЛЕНТЕН СИНТАКТИЧЕН СТАТУС

This article analyzes syntactic formations that have not yet received any attention, especially in the studies on Bulgarian grammar. These constructions include varieties of the appositional construction, typical mostly to written language. They are traditionally defined as parenthetical appositives, as detached or non-detached appositives, as units close to the appositive. What brings the examples illustrating this syntactic phenomenon together as elements of one type, is that in each of them, there is a binary nominative structure, and its components are referentially identical. One of the components (the head word) is a noun that is either part of the less frequently used lexis, or a foreign language lexical unit, or an alternative name for the other noun. The other component (the appositive) is separated by punctuation (most often through the use of the punctuation mark “round brackets”) that either contains a noun from the commonly used lexis, or is a transliterated variant, or is a shortened variant (abbreviation) of the full name in the first component.

АПОЗИТИВНІ СТРУКТУРИ ЯК СИНОНІМІЧНІ МОВЛЕННЄВІ ІННОВАЦІЇ У ФРАНЦУЗЬКІЙ ХУДОЖНІЙ ПРОЗІ ХХ – ПОЧАТКУ ХХІ СТОЛІТЬ

In this article the appositive structures of modern French fiction are studied in the continuum language → discourse and defined as two-basis (with several transformational terminal chains) synonymic transforms of the virtual (linguistic) primary subordinate proposition which are formed in the space of the operating time of a thought movement and actualized in the form of compressed discourse innovations with the implicit predication. The goal of this research is the establishment of the structural-semantic typology of mono- and polypredicative utterances with the appositive synonymic transforms of French fiction of the XXth – the beginning of the XXIst centuries, the inverse reconstruction (discourse → language) of the virtual transformational processes and of the primary proposition within the functional‑semantic macrofield of the analyzed appositive constructions and the justification of the co(n)textual pertinence of the actualized appositive preferential options. In the article the method of the inverse reconstruction of the systemic (linguistic) transformational operations is used with the aim to reveal all the members of synonymic chains. The “alternative” linguistic experiment, that consists on the artificial substitution by the recipient of some utterance of the analyzed discursive fragment with the synonymic utterance, allows to determine the degree of the co(n)textual pertinence of the primary proposition and of each synonymic transform. The immediately and distantly pre-, inter- and postpositive mono- and polysynonymic (with the polysynonymy in the level of a syntagm and the utterance) appositive preferential options with explicative, concessive, conditional and causal semantic values are distinguished. They revealed the mono- and polypredicative utterances: a) with explicit actant-referent point of the appositive segment; b) with implicit actant and indirect designation of the appositive referent by the immediate actant markers in the form of possessive, demonstrative et al. adjectives that introduce the substantive which marks the part of body, the human condition, the feeling etc.; c) with implicit actant and indirect designation of the appositive referent by the distant actant markers (most often by the personal pronouns direct and indirect complements). The virtual transformational processes are inversely reconstructed and the degree of the co(n)textual pertinence of each member of the synonymic chain of analyzed appositive constructions conditioned by the author’s intention to avoid the reactualization of the exteriorized referents, the overload of the co(n)text with complex predicative constructions or by his idiostylistic peculiarities, is determined.

Vocatives and Direct Addresses in Hittite

This paper reviews the evidence from Hittite on morphological and syntactic marking of direct addresses. It is shown that the standard description of Hoffner, and Melchert in 2008 needs a revision. Careful examination of a considerable body of texts shows a mismatch between morphological (vocative case) and syntactic (separate syntactic unit) marking of direct addresses to gods and men. The real taxonomy of direct addresses in Hittite is as follows: (a) morphologically marked vocatives within the main clause, (b) morphologically marked vocatives in a separate syntactic unit, (c) morphologically marked nominatives (or unmarked logograms) in a separate syntactic unit, (d) morphologically marked nominatives (or unmarked logograms) within the main clause. All these structures are demonstrably different from appositional constructions.

Lexeme vaccine – word of 2021: semantic, word-forming, syntagmatic analysis

The article focuses on the systemic lexical-semantic, word-building, syntagmatic, cognitive and functional analysis of the lexeme вакцина, which is the word of the year in our country and in other countries all over the world. It singles out the criteria (popularity and importance) and the algorithm of how the word of the year is chosen, which means automatic selection and professionals’ coordinated work. The study helps identify the place of the American company Merriam-Webster in this process as well as home (the online dictionary of modern Ukrainian neologisms and slang «Мислово») and foreign (British dictionaries – Collins and Oxford Language, etc.) lexicographic resources. The influence of the extra-lingual reasons is characterized (mainly, the Coronavirus pandemic). The article presents a description of the etymology of the analysed substantive and its meaning structure considering the invariant semantics and the newest specifications of its semes, the appearance of which is explained by the Coronavirus disease COVID-19, its prevention and mass vaccination around the world. It has been proved that the noun вакцина is lexico-semantically related to other words (імунізація, імунітет, локдаун, бустерна доза, чіпування, штам «Дельта», «Омікрон», etc.) that are frequently used. Particular attention is paid to the interpretation of 1) nouns, adjectives, verbs (participles) derived from the lexeme вакцина (вакцинувати, вакцинація, ревакцинація, вакцинатори, вакцинаторство, вакцинований) where deep semasiological analysis serves the basis and means of identification of hypo-hyperonymic markers of their spotting, 2) compound words with the component вакцина- that belong to different word classes and are iso-functional to noun-adjective constructions with the component вакцинний. The selected material allowed showing the syntagmatic resource of the substantive lexeme вакцина projected to the syntactic level, in particular, to such nominative units as syntactically free, half-free and compound phrases and appositive constructions. In these constructions, the studied noun functions as the determined and determining member, often with iso-functional abilities. It has been proved that under the influence of extra-lingual factors the lexeme вакцина spread beyond the medical sphere and rooted in publicist-political discourse where it performs important text creating functions.

Case marking and definiteness in Slavic appositional constructions

This paper is a corpus-based study of Slavic appositional constructions. Out of material taken from seven Slavic languages, two aspects of the morphosyntax of close appositions in Slavic are considered: case concord and definiteness marking. The first section of the paper considers the factors that affect case concord in appositions in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Czech, Polish, Croatian, and Slovenian. Based on the data of the corpora it is shown that in all seven languages, inherent plurality and frequency of proper names significantly affect the probability of concord being present. Moreover, it is shown that the likelihood of concord differs across cases, and almost all languages considered follow the case hierarchy GEN>DAT>LOC>INS. The second portion of the paper considers definiteness marking in Bulgarian and Macedonian appositional constructions. Based on the obtained data, it is argued that appositions with different lexemes can have different syntactic structures in these languages.

ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧНИ ПРЕДИЗВИКАТЕЛСТВА ПРИ ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕТО НА АПОЗИТИВНАТА КОНСТРУКЦИЯ

This article examines the use of key terms in research publications in the field of syntax which focus on the linguistic status, the specific features, and the typology and realisations of appositive constructions. The main focus of analysis is on the inconsistent, unacceptable and unjustified use of key terms, such as „apposition“, „appositive“, „аppositivity“, „appositional“, and their derivatives and word-combinations of a terminological nature. The arbitrary mixing and replacement of these terms could cause significant problems related to the presentation and reception of the texts in which they are used and the authors’ intention. The study also systematizes and summarizes the dominant meanings of the fundamental terms and analyzes some debatable solutions in regard to their use in linguistic studies in several foreign languages.

The appositional construction in Bulgarian – Issues, opinions, solutions

The article discusses several solutions that aim to reveal the direction of the dependence between the components of the appositional construction. An emphasis is placed on the analysis of the most amorphous and debatable structural type: common noun + proper noun. One of these solutions concerns the choice of a basic research approach and its consistent and logically sound application, which would aid the correct “distribution” of the syntactic functions of the components in constructions of this structural type. The article draws special attention to the autonymic use of proper nouns. It is based on the premise that the two components of this type of appositional construction can have a common reference, which is a function of their different referential features and that these components contribute – to a varying degree – to the realization of these features.

Appellation as A Semantic Equivalence in Appositional Constructions with Particular Aspects of Geographical Education

This paper investigates appellation as a semantic equivalence in appositional construction with particular aspects of linguistics. Appositives are constituents that cannot be separated from the anchor. Appositives in the form of appellations may be analyzed semantically. In this article, the appositives of appellations are viewed from the contents of the semantic equivalence, and the ways to demonstrate that the appositive in the form of appellation has semantic equivalence. Therefore, this research serves two aims: 1) to explain the naming contents of appellation in the appositional constructions, and 2) to provide the ways to demonstrate that the appositive in the form of appellation has semantic equivalence. The data sources are taken from three English printed media: 1) daily news The Jakarta Post, 2) weekly magazine TIME, and 3) monthly magazine Reader’s Digest. The Data are analyzed through employing the method of qualitative research, that is, the method producing descriptive data, both written and oral data. To analyze such descriptive data, the distributional method of analysis with the following techniques is used: deleting, extracting, and intruding. The results indicate that: 1) The naming contents of appellation in the appositional constructions involve variety of proper names, namely the name of the person, the name of work activity (occupation), the names of certain social classes, the names of objects, the name of the educational institution, the name of art collection, and the names of states; 2) To demonstrate the existence of the semantic equivalence in the appositional constructions can be conducted through inserting/intruding certain words of what the so-called related signal words and extracting the anchors and the appositives of appellations from the contexts. As the related additional but beneficial information, the naming contents of the anchors are comparatively different from those of the appositives of appellations – appositives tend to be more specific than anchors.

Metalanguage issues in the analysis of the appositional construction

Metalanguage issues in the analysis of the appositional construction

Varia: Атрибуция, предикация, апозиция – Втора част

The paper is part of a series of publications that set out to examine various aspects in the analysis of appositive constructions. The purpose of this particular study is to reveal the multidimensional, diverse, and complex interaction between three types of syntactic relations – attributive, predicative, and appositive. The study offers a critical review of various theories on the status of the grammatical relation between the components of non-detached (close) appositive constructions. The main argument of this paper is that determining this status, on the one hand, is a function of the morphological and semantic characteristics of the components of the construction, while, on the other hand, it determines their syntactic status.

Varia: Атрибуция, предикация, апозиция (Първа част)

The paper is part of a series of publications that aim to examine various aspects in the analysis of appositive constructions. The purpose of this particular study is to reveal the multidimensional, diverse, and complex interaction between three types of syntactic relations – attributive, predicative, and appositive. The study offers a critical review of various theories on the status of the grammatical relation between the components of non-detached (close) appositive constructions. The main argument of this paper is that determining this status, on the one hand, is a function of the morphological and semantic characteristics of the components of the construction; and on the other hand, it determines their syntactic status.

Bone Marrow Stem Cells in Appositional Bone Construction: A Pilot Study in Rabbit Calvaria

Bone Marrow Stem Cells in Appositional Bone Construction: A Pilot Study in Rabbit Calvaria

CLOSE APPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH PROPER NAMES

The article discusses a number of restrictive (close) appositive constructions, compares them with complex proper names in the English language and some Slavic languages. The phenomenon of apposition has attracted considerable attention within linguistic research. Various approaches have been taken towards the definition of the phenomenon. The author emphasizes that grammar oriented approach to properhood can bring more relevant results to the understanding of proper names. The purpose of the article is to consider linguistic account that could correlate with the proper names analysis. Theoretical background of the paper is based on the tenets of Construction Grammar with its treatment of language as a collection of “form and function pairings”. Special attention is paid to the existence of taxonomic and inheritance links between appositions and complex names. It is argued that close appositions and complex names can be derived from the same underlying schema. It is shown that appositives are to be defined through the phenomenon of quotation which is treated broadly covering not only exact words but extralinguistic matters – events. Thus, it is explained that certain types of close apposition involve quotation of naming and calling events. The analysis of the appositional constructions as a consrtucticon, where the taxonomic and inheritance links are taken into prime attention, the study of the so-called traditional appositional types along with complex names provide a better understanding of the linguistic phenomenon. Specific network architecture of mind (mythological thinking) proves an efficient background for considering a network architecture of appositives with the proper names as their part. As a result grammatical status of proper names appears more obviously connected with the events of naming and calling and their further linguistic behavior – with the quotation of these events.

Концепции за граматическото отношение в апозитивните словосъчетания (2. част)

This article critically reviews the ways in which the grammatical relation between the units of appositional constructions have been interpreted and conceptualized in Russian linguistics. The paper considers four distinct perspectives, each of which represents a principal claim: 1) Theories based on the traditional view of the grammatical relation; i.e., the appositive and the head are in a hypotactic relationship. 2) Theories proposing that the grammatical relation is coordination. 3) Theories stating that the grammatical relation is neither coordination nor subordination. 4) Theories advancing the view that the grammatical relation has a hybrid nature; i.e., it is a symbiosis of distinctive features both of coordination and subordination. The second part of the paper explores the third and the fourth group of theories.