Three-dimensional Imaging Applications Research Articles

Clinical Application Study of 3D-ASL Perfusion Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Imaging in Transient Ischemic Attack.

To explore the clinical application of three-dimensional arterial spin labeling (3d-asl) and magnetic resonance diffusion imaging (DWI) in transient ischemic attacks. 40 patients with transient cerebral ischemia in our hospital were selected and included from July 2020 to March 2022. All subjects were detected by DWI and 3D-ASL technology. The positive rate, rCBFand the ROC curve of the two methods in the diagnosis of transient cerebral ischemia were compared; Objective was to compare the relationship between the frequency of transient ischemic attack and hypoperfusion, and vascular stenosis. The 3D-asl examination showed 2 cases of hypoperfusion in the healthy control group (5.00), and the MRI examination showed 4 cases of vascular stenosis in the healthy control group (10.00). The rCBF ratio in the cerebral ischemia group was significantly lower than that in the cerebral ischemia group, which was significantly lower than that in the healthy control group (P < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of 3d-asl in the diagnosis of transient cerebral ischemia was 0.800, and the AUC of DWI in the diagnosis of transient cerebral ischemia was 0.725. The AUC of the combination of the two methods in transient cerebral ischemia was 0.850. There was a significant difference in the attack frequency of patients with transient cerebral ischemia with different perfusion (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in attack frequency between patients with transient ischemic attack and patients without vascular stenosis (P < 0.05). 3D-asl and DWI technology has higher diagnostic efficiency for transient cerebral ischemia.

Fusion imaging for guidance of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation embolisation with minimal radiation and contrast exposure.

Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia is an inherited disorder characterised by vascular dysplasia that leads to the development of arteriovenous malformations. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations occur in approximately 30% of patients with haemorrhagic telangiectasia. Given the complex characteristics of haemorrhagic telangiectasia lesions, the application of three-dimensional fusion imaging holds significant promise for procedural guidance and decrease in contrast and radiation dosing. We reviewed all patients who underwent transcatheter approach for pulmonary arteriovenous malformation occlusion with fusion image guidance from June 2018 to September 2023 from a single centre. A total of nine cases with haemorrhagic telangiectasia and transcatheter occlusion of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations using fusion imaging were identified. Five (56%) were male, mean age at procedure was 15.7 years (10-28 years) and mean number of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations intervened was three per patient (1-7). Two of the cases were complex repeat embolisations. The mean fluoroscopy time was 40.6 min (10.7-68.8 min), with mean contrast dose of 28.8 mL (11-60 mL; mean of 0.51 mL/kg) and mean radiation dose of 66.3 mGy (25.6-140 mGy; mean of 40.5 mGy/m2). There were no complications reported during the procedures, with no additional interventions necessary. Fusion imaging in pulmonary arteriovenous malformations embolisation for patients with haemorrhagic telangiectasia is feasible and has the potential to reduce contrast and radiation doses. To our knowledge, we describe the lowest radiation and contrast doses per patient using fusion imaging technology reported in the literature to date.

Facial reconstruction of a deformed skull from the Roman period of Juliopolis

The use of digital technologies in archaeological research has become considerably more widespread in recent years. While the earliest records of the use of electronic data in archaeology date from the 1950 and 1960s, the field has kept growing with the increasing interest in digital tools such as digital photography, three-dimensional imaging, GIS, virtual and artificial reality applications, CAD and facial reconstruction. Such digitization practices are used frequently for documenting, record keeping, and preserving and representing the data recovered from archaeological contexts, and are linked to other fields, such as cultural heritage studies and museology. Facial reconstruction is used to recreate the faces of individual from the past using their skeletal remains. It has been practiced for different reasons in the fields of forensics, anthropology, and archaeology. This study focuses on the facial reconstruction of a skull unearthed from Juliopolis. The reason for choosing this skull in this study is that it is the first and only known deformed skull dated to the Roman period in Anatolia. For the facial reconstruction application, authors created a 3D modelling of the skull by photogrammetry. Then, the missing parts of the skull are completed using the virtual donor library. The results are presented in different forms, as grayscale, in colour with eyes closed or open. Also, the type of deformation is demonstrated in the skull. This study adopts a digital process and is more strongly linked to data interpolation related to the external surface of the face. The prominent advantage of the methodology is being strongly supported by information obtained from computed tomography (CT) scans of living individuals, leaving a little room for the artistic issue in relation to the basic aspect resulting from the interpolation of data. The benefit of facial reconstruction is especially important since it is a way of preserving and presenting archaeological and anthropological data.

A High-Precision Baseline Calibration Method Based on Estimation of Azimuth Fringe Frequency with THz Interferometry SAR

In this study, repeat-pass synthetic aperture radar interferometry (repeat-pass THz InSAR) is first extended to the terahertz band, and it has tremendous potential in the application of high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging due to its shorter wavelength, larger bandwidth, and greater sensitivity to elevation variation. The super-resolution and high sensitivity of THz InSAR pose greater demands on the baseline calibration for high-precision digital elevation model (DEM) generation. To meet the elevation accuracy requirement of THz InSAR, we propose a baseline calibration method relying on the estimation of the azimuth fringe frequency (EAFF) of the interferometric phase. Initially, a model for non-parallel sampling path errors within the squint SAR repeat-pass interferometry was established, and then, we conducted the theoretical analysis of the phase errors induced by the non-parallel errors. Following this, using a reference DEM, the relationship between the fringe frequency of the error phase and the bias in the repeat-path positioning was established. This allowed the estimation of the position errors to be transformed into the frequency spectrum estimation based on the FFT, which would mitigate the impact of unknown SAR sampling positions. Ultimately, we investigated the accuracy of the proposed EAFF calibration method, and the simulation showed that it can achieve the theoretical accuracy when the correlation coefficient exceeds 0.3. Furthermore, we configured the repeat-pass THz InSAR system with the 0.3 THz stepped-frequency radar. Compared to the conventional calibration based on ground control points (GCPs), the 3D reconstruction of both a knife and a terrain model, calibrated using the proposed EAFF algorithm, demonstrated that the elevation accuracy can achieve millimeter-level precision across the entire image swath. The above results also proved the great potential of THz InSAR in high-precision 3D imaging and remote sensing.

Depth resolved imaging by digital holography via sample-shifting

Depth resolved imaging is achieved by evenly displacing the sample in the lateral direction using a standard digital holographic setup. A series of holograms are recorded in the reflection geometry while the sample is evenly moved and an algorithm is developed to selectively construct the complex amplitude of the sample at specific focal depths. The amount of information needed for reconstruction is significantly decreased by the recommended method. The suggested approach is suitable for three-dimensional imaging applications, particularly for high transmittance materials, according to experimental findings obtained using a basic holographic setup.

Sub-diffraction-limit light sheet enabled by a super-oscillatory lens with an enlarged field of view and depth of focus.

Static light sheets are widely used in various super-resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging applications. Here, a multifocal diffraction-free optimized design method is proposed for super-oscillatory lenses (SOLs) owning an enlarged field of view (FOV) to generate sub-diffraction-limit light sheets with reduced divergence. Various propagation lengths of sub-diffraction-limit thickness for light sheets can be obtained by adopting corresponding numbers of discrete foci and spacing between them. In particular, the propagation lengths of 150.4λ and 118.9λ are obtained by SOLs with an enlarged FOV of 150λ and 820λ, respectively, which show the longest depth of focus (DOF), as far as we know, and are the first to realize the combination of enlarged DOF and FOV for SOLs. We show a way of using binary-amplitude modulation to generate static light sheets with sub-diffraction-limit thickness and reduced divergence, which is simple, easy to integrate, and sidelobe-suppressed.

Value of three-dimensional speckle-tracking imaging in evaluating left ventricular systolic function and its correlation with peripheral arterial elasticity in children with simple obesity: a prospective study

To study the application of three-dimensional speckle-tracking imaging in evaluating left ventricular systolic function and its correlation with peripheral arterial elasticity in children with simple obesity. Random sampling combined with convenience sampling was used to obtain research samples, and then the samples were divided into an obesity group (23 cases), an overweight group (21 cases), and a normal group (24 cases). Three-dimensional speckle-tracking imaging was used to measure the global longitudinal strain (GLS), global radial strain (GRS), and global circumferential strain (GCS) of the left ventricle. An automatic arteriosclerosis tester was used to measure ankle-brachial index (ABI) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). These parameters were compared among the three groups. The correlation of three-dimensional speckle-tracking parameters with ABI and baPWV was evaluated. There were no significant differences in GLS, GRS, and GCS between the obesity and normal groups (P>0.05). The overweight group had a significantly higher GLS than the normal group [(-24±7) vs (-19±12), P<0.05]. The obesity and overweight groups had a significantly lower ABI than the normal group [(1.00±0.09)/(1.09±0.13) vs (2.25±0.13), P<0.05). The obesity group had a significantly higher baPWV than the normal group [(978±109) vs (905±22), P<0.05]. In the children with obesity, GLS was positively correlated with baPWV (r=0.516, P<0.05) , but not correlated with ABI (P>0.05), and GCS and GRS had no significant correlation with ABI or baPWV (P>0.05). There are varying degrees of changes in left ventricular systolic function and peripheral arterial elasticity in children with simple obesity, and there is a certain correlation between them.

High-Sensitivity Focus-Induced Photoresponse in Amorphous Silicon Photodiodes for Enhanced Three-Dimensional Imaging Sensors

In this work, we report on the bias-tunable and highly sensitive irradiance-dependent focus-induced photoresponse (FIP) in amorphous silicon p-i-n diodes for enhanced three-dimensional imaging applications. We identify a nonlinear current breakdown at irradiance down to at least $0.6\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ due to defect-induced electrical field screening, surpassing state-of-the-art device sensitivities by at least a factor of 16 in the visible range. We further demonstrate the tunability of FIP by systematic device and field engineering to enable both precise and long-range high-resolution distance measurements in just one device architecture. We evaluate distance measurements up to at least 15 m and achieve a depth resolution of 2.1 mm at 3.3 m. The reproducible low-temperature (300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C or lower) plasma-enhanced chemical vapor-deposition technology enables systematic tailoring of the FIP for three-dimensional imaging applications and allows for back-end sensor integration on top of silicon or flexible electronics with fill factors up to 100%.

Application of Three-Dimensional Pseudocontinuous Arterial Spin Labeling Perfusion Imaging in the Brains of Children With Autism.

ObjectiveTo explore the application of three-dimensional pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (3D-PCASL) perfusion imaging in the brains of children with autism and to understand the characteristics of cerebral blood perfusion in children with autism.MethodsA total of 320 children with autism (160 men and 160 women) aged between 2 and 18 years and 320 age- and sex-matched healthy children participated in the study. All children were scanned by 3.0 T magnetic resonance axial T1 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), T2 FLAIR, 3D-T1, and 3D-PCASL sequences. After postprocessing, cerebral blood flow (CBF) values in each brain region of children with autism and healthy children at the same age were compared and analyzed. Furthermore, CBF characteristics in each brain region of autistic children at various ages were determined.ResultsThe CBF values of the frontal lobe, hippocampus, temporal lobe, and caudate nucleus of children with autism are lower than those of healthy children (P < 0.05). Additionally, as the ages of children with autism increase, the number of brain regions with decreased CBF values gradually increases. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis results show that the CBF values of the frontal lobe, hippocampus, temporal lobe, and caudate nucleus can distinguish children with autism [area under the ROC curve (AUC) > 0.05, P < 0.05].ConclusionThe 3D-PCASL shows lower brain CBF values in children with autism.Clinical Trial Registrationwww.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: ChiCTR2000034356.

Dielectric Metalens: Properties and Three-Dimensional Imaging Applications

Recently, optical dielectric metasurfaces, ultrathin optical skins with densely arranged dielectric nanoantennas, have arisen as next-generation technologies with merits for miniaturization and functional improvement of conventional optical components. In particular, dielectric metalenses capable of optical focusing and imaging have attracted enormous attention from academic and industrial communities of optics. They can offer cutting-edge lensing functions owing to arbitrary wavefront encoding, polarization tunability, high efficiency, large diffraction angle, strong dispersion, and novel ultracompact integration methods. Based on the properties, dielectric metalenses have been applied to numerous three-dimensional imaging applications including wearable augmented or virtual reality displays with depth information, and optical sensing of three-dimensional position of object and various light properties. In this paper, we introduce the properties of optical dielectric metalenses, and review the working principles and recent advances in three-dimensional imaging applications based on them. The authors envision that the dielectric metalens and metasurface technologies could make breakthroughs for a wide range of compact optical systems for three-dimensional display and sensing.

Application of Three-Dimensional Imaging in Asian Rhinoplasty with Costal Cartilage.

3D computer-simulated technology is becoming popular in China. Rhinoplasty with costal cartilage is a good option for Asians. However, the application of 3D imaging in Asian rhinoplasty with costal cartilage has not been systematically assessed. To analyze the effect of 3D imaging in Asian rhinoplasty with costal cartilage. In this study, 44 patients were included and randomly divided into 3D and non-3D imaging groups. We performed a prospective survey on the aesthetic scores for preoperative, simulated, and postoperative images and calculated the relative nasal index scores of patients in both groups. Additionally, surveys on satisfactions with surgical outcomes and doctor-patient communication in both groups were conducted. The actual postoperative result was well consistent with the preoperative simulation result. The 3D computer simulation did not impact the satisfaction with surgical outcomes but increased that with doctor-patient communication. The 3D computer-simulated technology was an effective tool for doctor-patient communication and surgery planning in Asian rhinoplasty with costal cartilage. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Intravital NIR-II three-dimensional photoacoustic imaging of biomineralized copper sulfide nanoprobes

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging with functional nanoprobes in the second near-infrared region (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) has aroused much interest due to its deep tissue penetration and high maximum laser permissible exposure. However, most NIR-II PA imaging is performed using the two-dimensional (2D) imaging modality, which impedes the comprehension of the in vivo biodistribution, angiography and molecular-targeted performance of NIR-II nanoprobes (NPs). Herein, we report the systematic monitoring of biomineralized copper sulfide (CuS) NPs, typical NIR-II NPs, in mouse models by employing NIR-II three-dimensional (3D) PA imaging. The advanced imaging modality provides dynamic information about the 3D biodistribution and metabolic pathway of CuS NPs. We also achieved contrast-enhanced 3D PA imaging of abdominal and cerebral vessels at a high signal-to-background ratio. Moreover, the tumor-targeted CuS NPs conjugated with the bombesin peptide endowed NIR-II 3D PA with superior performance in imaging orthotopic tumors both deep in the prostate and in the brain beneath the intact scalp and skull. Our results highlight the potential of NIR-II 3D PA imaging for the evaluation of the in vivo behavior of NPs, thus providing a promising strategy for screening NPs in clinical translational studies.

Biomedical Applications of Tissue Clearing and Three-Dimensional Imaging in Health and Disease

SummaryThree-dimensional (3D) optical imaging techniques can expand our knowledge about physiological and pathological processes that cannot be fully understood with 2D approaches. Standard diagnostic tests frequently are not sufficient to unequivocally determine the presence of a pathological condition. Whole-organ optical imaging requires tissue transparency, which can be achieved by using tissue clearing procedures enabling deeper image acquisition and therefore making possible the analysis of large-scale biological tissue samples. Here, we review currently available clearing agents, methods, and their application in imaging of physiological or pathological conditions in different animal and human organs. We also compare different optical tissue clearing methods discussing their advantages and disadvantages and review the use of different 3D imaging techniques for the visualization and image acquisition of cleared tissues. The use of optical tissue clearing resources for large-scale biological tissues 3D imaging paves the way for future applications in translational and clinical research.

Application of 3-D Sensor Tracking Imaging in Detailed Feature Extraction of Motion Damage Action

In order to study the theoretical significance and practical value of the application of three-dimensional sensor tracking imaging in motion damage action detail feature extraction, the key technologies such as accurate segmentation of moving targets, regional feature extraction, target description and robust tracking are studied and discussed. The results show that the robustness of particle filter tracking algorithm in complex scenes can be effectively improved by using the separable feature information of the current tracking scene to track the target. From this it can be seen that the Bandelet transform based on geometric flow divides the image into regions, counts the histogram of the intensity distribution of the strip wave in all directions, and extracts the statistical features. Meanwhile, histogram features are normalized in order to maintain the robustness and selectivity of features.

Multifocal microlens arrays using multilayer photolithography.

We report a new microfabrication method of multifocal microlens arrays (MF-MLAs) for extended depth-of-field (DoF) using multilayer photolithography and thermal reflow. Microlenses of different focal lengths were simultaneously fabricated on a single glass wafer by using repeated photolithography with multiple photomasks to define microposts of different thicknesses and concurrent thermal reflow of multi-stacked microposts. The diverse lens curvatures of MF-MLAs are precisely controlled by the thickness of the micropost. Hexagonally packaged MF-MLAs clearly show three different focal lengths of 249 µm, 310 µm, and 460 µm for 200 µm in lens diameter and result in multifocal images on a single image sensor. This method provides a new route for developing various three-dimensional (3D) imaging applications such as light-field cameras or 3D medical endoscopes.

Microwave Imaging of 3D Dielectric Structures by Means of a Newton-CG Method in lp Spaces

An increasing number of practical applications of three-dimensional microwave imaging require accurate and efficient inversion techniques. In this context, a full-wave 3D inverse-scattering method, aimed at characterizing dielectric targets, is described in this paper. In particular, the inversion approach has a Newton-based structure, in which the internal linear solver is a conjugate gradient-like algorithm in lp spaces. The presented results, which include the inversion of both numerical and experimental scattered-field data obtained in the presence of homogeneous and inhomogeneous targets, validate the reconstruction capabilities of the proposed technique.

Flexible camera-projector calibration using superposed color checkerboards

Camera-projector calibration is essential in structured-light systems for three-dimensional imaging. A prevalent difficulty for calibration is that two different checkerboards must be captured. First, a physical checkerboard on the reference plane is required to obtain the camera parameters. Second, the physical checkerboard must be removed because it interferes with the projected pattern required to obtain the projector parameters. These requirements can be reduced if the camera is previously calibrated or specific arrangements are considered. However, the calibration procedure is very impractical and susceptible to misalignment errors. In this paper, a flexible camera-projector calibration method without any constraint on the position and orientation of the camera, the projector, and the reference plane, is proposed. For this, a physical checkerboard of a specific color is placed on the reference plane while the projector device projects another checkerboard with a different color. From an image captured by the camera, the two superposed checkerboards are recovered using the color information. In this way, the homographies required for calibration of both the camera and the projector are obtained simultaneously. The performance of the proposed method is verified experimentally by measuring the three-dimensional surface of three objects. Because of its high flexibility and accuracy, the proposed method is useful for in situ calibration of structured-light systems for three-dimensional imaging applications.

Application of Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Perianal Abscess

Perianal abscess is a common disease in anorectal surgery. If the diagnosis is not clear and the cure is thoroughly cleared, the recurrence and spread of anal fistula will cause life-long pain. Objective: To investigate the application of 3.0T MRI 3D CUBE T2WI lipid suppression sequence in the diagnosis of perianal abscess. Methods: Thirty-six patients with perianal abscess confirmed by operation were examined with 2D T2WI and 3D CUBE T2WI lipid suppression sequences before operation. Two imaging techniques were evaluated to show the types of perianal abscess, the number of abscesses, the number of internal orifices of abscess, and the number of fistula branches with anal fistula in abscess. Results: Among 36 cases of perianal abscess, there were 5 cases of anal subcutaneous abscess, 12 cases of ischiorectal space abscess (8 cases complicated with anal fistula), 6 cases of posterior anal space abscess, 5 cases of anal sphincter abscess (3 cases complicated with anal fistula), 2 cases of high intermuscular abscess, 2 cases of rectal submucosal abscess, 3 cases of complex abscess (3 cases complicated with anal fistula), 1 case of misdiagnosis, 2D T2WI lipid suppression sequence and 3D CUBE T2WI suppression. The accuracy of lipid sequence abscess typing was 80.6% (29/36) and 88.9% (32/36), respectively, with no significant difference (P > 0.05). Thirty-six patients were surgically diagnosed as having 32 internal orifices, 68.8% (22/32) and 93.8% (30/32) of 2D T2WI and 3D CUBE T2WI lipid-suppressing sequences, respectively, with significant difference (P < 0.05); among the 36 patients, 14 had perianal abscess complicated with anal fistula, and 21 fistulas were found during the operation, 21 cases were found fistula, 61.9% (13/21) of fistula branches were found by 2D T2WI lipid-suppressing sequence and 90.5% (19/21) of 3D CUBE T2WI lipid-suppressing sequence. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The number of perianal abscesses was identical between the two scanning techniques. Conclusion: 3D CUBE T2WI lipid suppression sequence is superior to 2D T2WI lipid suppression sequence in the classification of perianal abscess, the number of internal orifices of abscess and the number of fistula branches of abscess complicated with anal fistula. It can also determine the number of internal orifices of abscess complicated with anal fistula, the number of fistula branches, the shape of primary and branch fistula and the relationship among pelvic floor muscle tissues. It can provide more accurate images for preoperative and intraoperative clinical surgery.

Clinical application of three-dimensional speckle tracking imaging in evaluating left ventricular function in patients with gastric cancer after anthracycline chemotherapy

Clinical application of three-dimensional speckle tracking imaging in evaluating left ventricular function in patients with gastric cancer after anthracycline chemotherapy

A method for numerical calculation of point spread function of an irregular aperture objective lens

We have presented an efficient numerical method for calculation of point-spread function (PSF) of a high aperture objective lens based on Cartesian coordinates. We have showed that, as compared to the cylindrical coordinates, the use of the Cartesian coordinates allows to calculate the EM field distribution in focal region with complex incident beam profile, such as, annular, non-uniform or asymmetric, etc. We have also showed the benefits of using Cartesian coordinates for deriving isotropic PSF in focal region, which is very important for three-dimensional imaging and fabrication applications.