Application Of Non-thermal Plasma Research Articles

Non-thermal plasma decontamination of microbes: a state of the art.

Microbial decontamination is a critical concern in various sectors, from healthcare to food processing. Traditional decontamination methods, while effective to a degree, present limitations in terms of environmental impact, efficiency, and potential harm to the target material. This review investigates the emerging realm of non-thermal plasma (NTP) as a promising alternative for microbial decontamination, emphasizing its mechanisms, reactor designs and applications. The mechanism decomposed into physical, chemical and biological effects of plasma, are elaborated upon to provide a foundational understanding of the intrinsic principles of plasma decontamination. Except for the generation type of NTP, reactors and other parameters by which NTP achieves microbial decontamination, emphasizing the design considerations and parameters that influence its efficacy. Moreover, the latest applications of NTP in decontaminating air, water, and surfaces, supported by the latest research findings in each domain are explored. Additionally, the perspectives on the future research tendencies of NTP decontamination and disinfection are highlighted with potential avenues for exploration and innovation. Through this comprehensive review, the aim is to underscore the potential of NTP, particularly DBD plasma, as a versatile, efficient, and environmentally friendly method for microbial decontamination.

Effect of plasma-induced oxidation on NK cell immune checkpoint ligands: A computational-experimental approach

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) shows promise as a potent anti-cancer therapy with both cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we investigate the chemical and biological effects of NTP-induced oxidation on several key, determinant immune checkpoints of natural killer (NK) cell function. We used molecular dynamics (MD) and umbrella sampling simulations to investigate the effect of NTP-induced oxidative changes on the MHC-I complexes HLA-Cw4 and HLA-E. Our simulations indicate that these chemical alterations do not significantly affect the binding affinity of these markers to their corresponding NK cell receptor, which is supported with experimental read-outs of ligand expression on human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells after NTP application. Broadening our scope to other key ligands for NK cell reactivity, we demonstrate rapid reduction in CD155 and CD112, target ligands of the inhibitory TIGIT axis, and in immune checkpoint CD73 immediately after treatment. Besides these transient chemical alterations, the reactive species in NTP cause a cascade of downstream cellular reactions. This is underlined by the upregulation of the stress proteins MICA/B, potent ligands for NK cell activation, 24 h post treatment. Taken together, this work corroborates the immunomodulatory potential of NTP, and sheds light on the interaction mechanisms between NTP and cancer cells.

Parametrization of Fluid Models for Electrical Breakdown of Nitrogen at Atmospheric Pressure

In the transient phase of an atmospheric pressure discharge, the avalanche turns into a streamer discharge with time. Hydrodynamic fluid models are frequently used to describe the formation and propagation of streamers, where charge particle transport is dominated by the creation of space charge. The required electron transport data and rate coefficients for the fluid model are parameterized using the local mean energy approximation (LMEA) and the local field approximation (LFA). In atmospheric pressure applications, the excited species produced in the electrical discharge determine the subsequent conversion chemistry. We performed the fluid model simulation of streamers in nitrogen gas at atmospheric pressure using three different parametrizations for transport and electron excitation rate data. We present the spatial and temporal development of several macroscopic properties such as electron density and energy, and the electric field during the transient phase. The species production efficiency, which is important to understand the efficacy of any application of non-thermal plasmas, is also obtained for the three different parametrizations. Our results suggest that at atmospheric pressure, all three schemes predicted essentially the same macroscopic properties. Therefore, a lower-order method such as LFA, which does not require the solution of the energy conservation equation, should be adequate to determine streamer macroscopic properties to inform most plasma-assisted applications of nitrogen-containing gases at atmospheric pressure.

Non-thermal plasma-catalytic processes for CO2 conversion toward circular economy: fundamentals, current status, and future challenges.

Practical and energy-efficient carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion to value-added and fuel-graded products and transitioning from fossil fuels are promising ways to cope with climate change and to enable the circular economy. The carbon circular economy aims to capture, utilize, and minimize CO2 emissions as much as possible. To cope with the thermodynamic stability and highly endothermic nature of CO2 conversion via conventional thermochemical process, the potential application of non-thermal plasma (NTP) with the catalyst, i.e., the hybrid plasma catalysis process to achieve the synergistic effects, in most cases, seems to promise alternatives under non-equilibrium conditions. This review focuses on the NTP fundamentals and comparison with conventional technologies. A critical review has been conducted on the CO2 reduction with water (H2O), methane (CH4) reduction with CO2 to syngas (CO + H2), CO2 dissociation to carbon monoxide (CO), CO2 hydrogenation, CO2 conversion to organic acids, and one-step CO2-CH4 reforming to the liquid chemicals. Finally, future challenges are discussed comprehensively, indicating that plasma catalysis has immense investigative areas.

Use of Non-Thermal Plasma as Postoperative Therapy in Anal Fistula: Clinical Experience and Results.

Anal fistula, characterized by abnormal tracts between the perianal skin and the anal canal, presents challenges in treatment because of its diversity and complexity. This study investigates the use of non-thermal plasma as a postsurgical therapy for anal fistula, aiming to promote healing and tissue regeneration. A specialized plasma reactor was designed to apply non-thermal plasma within the anorectal cavity practically. Non-thermal plasma treatment was administered to 20 patients including 10 undergoing fistulectomies and 10 undergoing fistulotomies. The average duration of non-thermal plasma application in the operating room was shorter for fistulotomies. The pain reported the day after surgery was similar in both groups. Improvements in the number of evacuations starting from the day after surgery, as well as the assessment of stool quality using the Bristol scale, indicated satisfactory intestinal recovery. Fistulotomy patients exhibited faster wound healing times. These findings underscore the efficacy of non-thermal plasma as a postoperative therapy for anal fistula, enhancing healing and recovery outcomes without increasing complication risks.

(Invited) Numerical Simulation of an Atmospheric Pressure Streamer Discharge and Induced Chemical Reactions

Streamer discharges are a type of non-thermal plasma produced by high-voltage electrical discharges, and have great potential as highly reactive chemical reaction fields. This is mainly due to the generation of high energy electrons that produce chemically active species. The applications of non-thermal plasma have attracted considerable interest in a wide range of industries. However, each radical has a different role in the plasma application and their reaction mechanism is also different. It's therefore important to understand exactly when, where and how much of these reactive species are produced in order to improve the treatment efficiency of atmospheric pressure plasma applications. Against this background, the aim of this study is to develop a simulation model capable of accurately predicting the chemical reactions of radicals. With a sufficiently validated simulation model, it would be possible to use such a model to design chemical reaction fields.The model consists of the first-order electrohydrodynamic model for electrons and positive and negative ions within the drift-diffusion approximation. Axis-symmetric coordinates were used to simulate the streamer discharge in air at atmospheric pressure. The electron transport and source parameters were calculated using two-term bltzmann equation and published electron impact cross-sections. The chemical reaction model used in this study includes electron impact collisions (excitation, ionisation, dissociation, recombination, attachment and detachment), ion recombination and the reactions of neutrals. In order to demonstrate the validity of the simulation, the light emission of the discharge is first compared between experiment and simulation. Then the spatial and temporal variations of each radical are simulated and compared with the simulation. In this talk, I will present the process of validation and verification (V&V) of the streamer discharge simulation and then the mechanism of radical production revealed by the simulation.

Volumetric Image Analysis Of Pulsed Non-Thermal Plasma Produced By Microwave

We have been developing microwave pulsed mode ignition system using 2.45 GHz microwaves. This technology has shown improvements in the lean combustion limit and fuel efficiency using a real engine with propane using a microwave discharged igniter (MDI). However, the MDI’s expensive parts are a major drawback when compared to common igniters. For practicality, we shifted to a more economical flat spiral igniter to generate plasma enabling stable and sustained non-equilibrium plasma in the atmosphere. Incorporating semiconductor elements, we miniaturized the microwave generator system, enhancing compactness and increasing its efficiency. Initial plasma was generated by the partial energy from the microwaves (1 mJ) and the sustained plasma was maintained in the atmosphere by the rest of the microwave’s energy. We varied long to short-pulsed modes, changed microwave pulse widths, increasing repetition rates which affecting plasma volume and stability. Our findings highlight the significance of microwave input patterns and the transition from thermal to non-equilibrium plasma. Future discussions should focus on the ignition mechanisms of various fuels and the transition from plasma source to initialization region. Our work contributes to the understanding and practical application of non-thermal plasma in combustion systems.

Effect of nonthermal atmospheric plasma application at different time intervals on the dentinal shear bond strength pretreated with 2% chlorhexidine as cavity disinfectant: An in vitro study.

Effective use of nonthermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP) to strengthen adhesive-dentin interfacial bonding while disinfecting with chlorhexidine (CHX). NTAP application at different time intervals on the dentinal shear bond strength (SBS) after pretreatment with 2% CHX as a cavity disinfectant. The design of the study was an in vitro study. Forty permanent mandibular teeth were collected (n = 40) and the occlusal surfaces were flattened. For, all the specimens 37% phosphoric acid etching was done followed by pretreatment with 2% CHX as cavity disinfectant for 5 s. According to the surface treatment, divided into four groups of n = 10. Group I (Control): No NTAP pretreatment was done. Group II: NTAP pretreatment done for 15 s. Group III: NTAP pretreatment done for 30 s. Group IV: NTAP pretreatment done for 45 s. Later, all the specimens were treated with a bonding agent, incremental build-up of composite resin on the dentin surface was done and evaluation of SBS was done. Analyzed using One-way analysis of variance with a post hoc Tukey's test (P < 0.05). Two percent CHX pretreatment as cavity disinfectant followed by NTAP application for 30 s (Group III) exhibited greater values compared to the control group (Group I). Two percent CHX pretreatment as cavity disinfectant followed by NTAP pretreatment for 30 s was found to exhibit better bond strength values compared to 15 s as well as 45 s.

Effect of Transient Spark Discharge and Plasma Activated Water Treatments against Fusarium graminearum Infected Wheat Grains under Laboratory Conditions

Over the last decade, more and more attention has been paid to applications of non-thermal plasma in agriculture, where it is used to decontaminate various microorganisms and to improve the seed germination. In this study, we present the results of a newly developed point-to-ring NTP transient spark discharge apparatus (NTP), plasma activated water (PAW) and their combined treatment on Durum wheat and Common wheat grains under laboratory conditions. Transient spark discharge treatment was used as direct treatment while indirect treatment of wheat grains was performed by PAW produced in point-to-plane NTP transient spark apparatus. We found that the degree of grain surface decontamination was in order NTP > PAW > combined treatment. In the case of Durum wheat grain germination, all treatments increased germination with increasing exposure times, while in the case of Common wheat, PAW treatment and combined treatment did not significantly increase the grain germination. In conclusion, plasma treatment has enormous potential for use in agriculture and its possibilities need to be fully explored.

Non-Thermal Plasma Reduces HSV-1 Infection of and Replication in HaCaT Keratinocytes In Vitro.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a lifelong pathogen characterized by asymptomatic latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia (TG), with periodic outbreaks of cold sores caused by virus reactivation in the TG and subsequent replication in the oral mucosa. While antiviral therapies can provide relief from cold sores, they are unable to eliminate HSV-1. We provide experimental results that highlight non-thermal plasma (NTP) as a new alternative therapy for HSV-1 infection that would resolve cold sores faster and reduce the establishment of latent infection in the TG. Additionally, this study is the first to explore the use of NTP as a therapy that can both treat and prevent human viral infections. The antiviral effect of NTP was investigated using an in vitro model of HSV-1 epithelial infection that involved the application of NTP from two separate devices to cell-free HSV-1, HSV-1-infected cells, and uninfected cells. It was found that NTP reduced the infectivity of cell-free HSV-1, reduced viral replication in HSV-1-infected cells, and diminished the susceptibility of uninfected cells to HSV-1 infection. This triad of antiviral mechanisms of action suggests the potential of NTP as a therapeutic agent effective against HSV-1 infection.

Nonthermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment of Endosteal Implants for Osseointegration and Antimicrobial Efficacy: A Comprehensive Review.

The energy state of endosteal implants is dependent on the material, manufacturing technique, cleaning procedure, sterilization method, and surgical manipulation. An implant surface carrying a positive charge renders hydrophilic properties, thereby facilitating the absorption of vital plasma proteins crucial for osteogenic interactions. Techniques to control the surface charge involve processes like oxidation, chemical and topographical adjustments as well as the application of nonthermal plasma (NTP) treatment. NTP at atmospheric pressure and at room temperature can induce chemical and/or physical reactions that enhance wettability through surface energy changes. NTP has thus been used to modify the oxide layer of endosteal implants that interface with adjacent tissue cells and proteins. Results have indicated that if applied prior to implantation, NTP strengthens the interaction with surrounding hard tissue structures during the critical phases of early healing, thereby promoting rapid bone formation. Also, during this time period, NTP has been found to result in enhanced biomechanical fixation. As such, the application of NTP may serve as a practical and reliable method to improve healing outcomes. This review aims to provide an in-depth exploration of the parameters to be considered in the application of NTP on endosteal implants. In addition, the short- and long-term effects of NTP on osseointegration are addressed, as well as recent advances in the utilization of NTP in the treatment of periodontal disease.

Liquid plasma promotes angiogenesis through upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase-induced extracellular matrix metabolism: potential applications of liquid plasma for vascular injuries

BackgroundApplications of nonthermal plasma have expanded beyond the biomedical field to include antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. Plasma enhances epithelial cell repair; however, the potential damage to deep tissues and vascular structures remains under investigation.ResultThis study assessed whether liquid plasma (LP) increased nitric oxide (NO) production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by modulating endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and potential signaling pathways. First, we developed a liquid plasma product and confirmed the angiogenic effect of LP using the Matrigel plug assay. We found that the NO content increased in plasma-treated water. NO in plasma-treated water promoted cell migration and angiogenesis in scratch and tube formation assays via vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression. In addition to endothelial cell proliferation and migration, LP influenced extracellular matrix metabolism and matrix metalloproteinase activity. These effects were abolished by treatment with NG-L-monomethyl arginine, a specific inhibitor of NO synthase. Furthermore, we investigated the signaling pathways mediating the phosphorylation and activation of eNOS in LP-treated cells and the role of LKB1-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in signaling. Downregulation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase by siRNA partially inhibited LP-induced eNOS phosphorylation, angiogenesis, and migration.ConclusionThe present study suggests that LP treatment may be a novel strategy for promoting angiogenesis in vascular damage.A1BBJsagnHJAo-Bf8DXnP6Video Graphical

Application of Direct and Indirect Non-thermal Plasma in the Development of Ready-to-Eat Foods

Application of Direct and Indirect Non-thermal Plasma in the Development of Ready-to-Eat Foods

Harnessing Non-Thermal Plasma to Supercharge Recovery in Abdominal Surgeries: A Pilot Study.

(1) Background: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of non-thermal plasma (NTP) therapy in accelerating wound healing in patients who have undergone laparoscopic and open surgeries. (2) Methods: NTP was applied using a needle-type reactor with an irradiance of 0.5 W/cm2 on the surgical wounds of fifty patients after obtaining informed consent. Three NTP treatments, each lasting three minutes, were administered hourly. (3) Results: The pilot study showed that NTP-treated surgical wounds healed completely without any signs of infection, dehiscence, pain, or itching. Notably, patients reported minimal pain after the NTP treatment. Visual assessments conducted twenty-four hours after surgery revealed no redness or fluid discharge. Comparisons with traditionally sutured wounds indicated that NTP-treated wounds healed at a rate equivalent to seven days. (4) Conclusions: The application of NTP in laparoscopic and open wounds proved safe and effective, expediting the wound healing process and eliminating clinical risks post-surgery. Significantly, NTP facilitated a healing rate within twenty-four hours, equivalent to seven days for suture-treated wounds, significantly reducing the hospitalization time to a single day. These findings highlight the potential of NTP to be a transformative approach for promoting postoperative recovery.

Direct Applications of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma: An Emerging Therapeutic Era in Ophthalmology.

This article explores the burgeoning role of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) in ophthalmology. The versatile nature of CAP has transformed various facets of eye care, offering novel possibilities across different clinical domains. From sterilizing surgical instruments without compromising their integrity to effectively managing challenging corneal diseases like microbial keratitis and fungal infections, CAP has shown promising results. Moreover, its potential role in promoting corneal wound healing, facilitating corneal transplants, and enhancing outcomes in cataract surgeries deserves attention. The low-tension plasma blade (ie, the Fugo blade™, Medisurg Ltd. Norristown, PA), a controlled and precise form of CAP, has emerged as a game-changer in delicate eye surgeries. Its unmatched precision, minimal tissue damage, and surgeon-friendly nature have revolutionized ophthalmic procedures, including ptosis correction, dry eye treatment, and conjunctival cyst ablation. Despite conflicting findings on the efficacy of this technology in certain aspects, the extensive body of research on CAP underscores its potential for wider ophthalmic integration. Further investigation, including human trials, is crucial for understanding the in vivo safety profile of CAP for ophthalmic applications and optimizing its use, potentially revolutionizing ocular disease management and improving patient outcomes.

Non-thermal plasma promotes boar sperm quality through increasing AMPK methylation

Boar sperm quality, as an important indicator of reproductive efficiency, directly affects the efficiency of livestock production. Here, this study was conducted to improve the boar sperm quality by using a non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. Our results showed that DBD plasma exposure at 2.1 W for 15 s could improve boar sperm quality by increasing exon methylation level of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and thus improving the glycolytic flux, mitochondrial function, and antioxidant capacity without damaging the integrity of sperm DNA and acrosome. In addition, DBD plasma could rescue DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine-caused low sperm quality through reducing the oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Therefore, the application of non-thermal plasma provides a new strategy for reducing sperm oxidative damage and improving sperm quality, which shows a great potential in assisted reproduction to solve the problem of male infertility.

Effects and Mechanisms of Non-Thermal Plasma-Mediated ROS and Its Applications in Animal Husbandry and Biomedicine.

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is an ionized gas composed of neutral and charged reactive species, electric fields, and ultraviolet radiation. NTP presents a relatively low discharge temperature because it is characterized by the fact that the temperature values of ions and neutral particles are much lower than that of electrons. Reactive species (atoms, radicals, ions, electrons) are produced in NTP and delivered to biological objects induce a set of biochemical processes in cells or tissues. NTP can mediate reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in an intensity- and time-dependent manner. ROS homeostasis plays an important role in animal health. Relatively low or physiological levels of ROS mediated by NTP promote cell proliferation and differentiation, while high or excessive levels of ROS mediated by NTP cause oxidative stress damage and even cell death. NTP treatment under appropriate conditions not only produces moderate levels of exogenous ROS directly and stimulates intracellular ROS generation, but also can regulate intracellular ROS levels indirectly, which affect the redox state in different cells and tissues of animals. However, the treatment condition of NTP need to be optimized and the potential mechanism of NTP-mediated ROS in different biological targets is still unclear. Over the past ten decades, interest in the application of NTP technology in biology and medical sciences has been rapidly growing. There is significant optimism that NTP can be developed for a wide range of applications such as wound healing, oral treatment, cancer therapy, and biomedical materials because of its safety, non-toxicity, and high efficiency. Moreover, the combined application of NTP with other methods is currently a hot research topic because of more effective effects on sterilization and anti-cancer abilities. Interestingly, NTP technology has presented great application potential in the animal husbandry field in recent years. However, the wide applications of NTP are related to different and complicated mechanisms, and whether NTP-mediated ROS play a critical role in its application need to be clarified. Therefore, this review mainly summarizes the effects of ROS on animal health, the mechanisms of NTP-mediated ROS levels through antioxidant clearance and ROS generation, and the potential applications of NTP-mediated ROS in animal growth and breeding, animal health, animal-derived food safety, and biomedical fields including would healing, oral treatment, cancer therapy, and biomaterials. This will provide a theoretical basis for promoting the healthy development of animal husbandry and the prevention and treatment of diseases in both animals and human beings.

A surface dielectric barrier discharge reactor for biological treatments

Antimicrobial plasma effects are promising for therapeutic applications like wound healing, cancer/tumor treatment, or pathogen-associated skin or dental diseases, but also in hygiene, food, and agriculture processing. Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) reactors are the most widely used systems for antimicrobial purposes because they can use atmospheric air as a gas, do not require a vacuum, and are simple, inexpensive, and easy to use. However, when DBD plasma is applied directly to the biological sample, discharge current may pass through the biological sample, causing the plasma to transit to spark discharge and thus causing damage to the biological sample. Since Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (SDBD) plasmas can be generated far from the sample, they offer great advantages in the application of non-thermal plasma in extremely large volumes. While SDBD plasmas are generally generated on the lid of the container in which the sample is placed and the plasma species are expected to reach the sample, in this study, SDBD plasmas were produced on the container itself. A new SDBD reactor that can be applied to samples of various sizes and properties for antimicrobial purposes was manufactured. Gram-negative E. coli, gram-positive S. aureus and E. faecalis planktonic bacteria were placed in the reactor and inactivated for 10 min by exposure to non-thermal plasma. A plasma sterilization unit with 31.4 W power, practical, user-friendly, developed for bio-applications, with a 6.2-liter capacity.

Effect of Plasma-Activated Time for Ozone Generation in SDBD System Under Pulse and Sinusoidal Excitation

In the surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) excitation schema, different power source topologies, such as the pulse and sinusoidal voltage inverters, are used to obtain the plasma. The inverter design is a critical element for consumer applications. However, some works in the literature have explained plasma properties and high-voltage excitation, but no clear definition has been identified to select a plasma property for a particular application. In general, SDBD is used for nonthermal plasma applications such as air purification and sterilization. Plasma generates reactive species that can react with target substances. Therefore, the reactive species generation rate greatly affects the plasma reaction performance. In addition, some researchers compare the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm{O}_3$</tex-math> </inline-formula> generation rate with sinusoidal and pulse power supply, but they do not focus enough on the plasma which determines the electrical properties. In this study, the plasma-activated time (PAT) is introduced to link the plasma properties and electrical parameters. Sinusoidal and pulse voltage excitation characteristics and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm{O}_3$</tex-math> </inline-formula> generation rates are used to experiment with this concept. The generation of reactive species is tested by measuring the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm{O}_3$</tex-math> </inline-formula> generation rate under fixed electrical and environmental conditions such as voltage, temperature, humidity, frequency, and PAT.

Role of Experimental, Modeling, and Simulation Studies of Plasma in Sustainable Green Energy

This comprehensive review paper offers a multifaceted examination of non-thermal plasma applications in addressing the complex challenge of tar removal within biomass-oriented technologies. It begins with a concise introduction to the research background, setting the context for our exploration. The research framework is then unveiled, providing a structured foundation for understanding the intricate dynamics of plasma–tar interactions. As we delve deeper into the subject, we elucidate the reactivity of tar compounds and the transformation of alkali metals through plasma-based methodologies, essential factors in enhancing product gas quality. Through an array of empirical studies, we investigated the nuanced interactions between plasma and diverse materials, yielding crucial insights into plasma kinetics, modeling techniques, and the optimization of plasma reactors and processes. Our critical review also underscores the indispensable role of kinetic modeling and simulation in advancing sustainable green energy technologies. By harnessing these analytical tools, researchers can elevate system efficiency, reduce emissions, and diversify the spectrum of available renewable energy sources. Furthermore, we delve into the intricate realm of modeling plasma behavior and its intricate interplay with various constituents, illuminating a path toward innovative plasma-driven solutions. This comprehensive review highlights the significance of holistic research efforts that encompass empirical investigations and intricate theoretical modeling, collectively advancing the frontiers of plasma-based technologies within the dynamic landscape of sustainable energy. The insights gained from this review contribute to the overall understanding of plasma technologies and their role in achieving a greener energy landscape.