Application Of Chlorantraniliprole Research Articles

Evaluation of different insecticides against Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on cucumber plants

Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a cosmopolitan, polyphagous pest of horticultural crops and many are resistant to insecticides. Cucumber producers in the Katahari, Biratnagar in the Eastern region of Nepal, have been facing severe challenges in recent years due to infestations by the leafminer. This pest has emerged as a major concern for local cucumber farmers, adversely affecting plant health, yield, and economic viability. The objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of various insecticides for controlling Liriomyza and the impact of these treatments on the growth, yield, and economic aspects of cucumber cultivation. Research plots were sprayed with profenophos + cypermethrin, emamectin, chlorantraniliprole, Btk + S. spinosa, spinetoram, azadirachtin, and a water spray control. Insecticide efficacy was monitored by examining the collected leaf samples for leafminer stings, larval mines, larvae number, and rate of injury. Chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram significantly reduced the number of leafminer stings, larval mines, and the average number of larvae, resulting in lower injury rates compared to the water spray control. The insecticide treatments exhibited varying effects on plant height, number of leaves per plant, male and female flower counts, and the sex ratio. Likewise, chlorantraniliprole application led to the highest fruit number per plant, resulting in the highest yield. Other treatments also influenced these parameters but to a lesser extent. The economic analysis revealed that chlorantraniliprole had the highest total cost of cultivation but also generated the highest gross return, net return, and benefit-cost ratio. Overall, this study demonstrates that chlorantraniliprole exhibited the most promising results in terms of pest control, plant growth, yield parameters, and economic returns. These findings provide valuable insights for cucumber farmers and can aid in developing effective strategies for managing cucumber leafminers.

Residual Pattern of Chlorantraniliprole, Thiamethoxam, Flubendiamide and Deltamethrin in Tomato Fruit and Soil.

Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum L. is grown widely as an important day-to-day demand vegetable. The crop is attacked by various polyphagous insect pests like tomato fruit borer, stink bug, cabbage looper, flea beetle, aphids, whitefly, two-spotted spider mite, etc., and oligophagous insects like leaf-miner, five-spotted hawkmoth, etc. To combat the damage and yield loss, various chemical insecticides were sprayed on tomatoes under field conditions. The residual pattern of insecticides like chlorantraniliprole, thiamethoxam, flubendiamide, and deltamethrin residues was studied following applications of chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (Coragen) @ 30g a.i./ha, thiamethoxam 25% WG (Actara) @ 50g a.i./ha, flubendiamide 39.35M/M SC (Fame) @ 48g a.i./ha and deltamethrin 2.8% EC (Decis 100) @ 12.5g a.i./ha using Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). Fruit samples were collected at 0 (1h after application), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 days and at harvest time. All the residues of insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole (0.09mg kg- 1), thiamethoxam (0.03mg kg- 1), flubendiamide (0.02mg kg- 1), and deltamethrin (0.01mg kg- 1) were persisted up to 5th day. There were no residues found at harvest time. The residues of chlorantraniliprole and deltamethrin persisted up to 3rd day of spraying whereas the residues of flubendiamide and thiamethoxam were not detected on the same day in the soil.

Assessing effective mechanical and chemical strategies for managing Eucosma giganteana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the perennial oilseed crop, Silphium integrifolium (Asteraceae: Heliantheae).

Eucosma giganteana (Riley) is a native specialist pest of silflower, Silphium integrifolium Michx., which is currently being domesticated as a perennial oilseeds crop. The larvae of this moth attack silflower capitula and root crowns, causing both seed damage and long-term degradation of plants. To determine methods to manage E. giganteana in silflower crop fields, we conducted a laboratory bioassay and 3 field experiments to assess the effects of a suite of organic, conventional, and mechanical treatments on E. giganteana mortality and colonization of flower heads. Pyrethroids (permethrin, cyfluthrin), chlorantraniliprole, and methoxyfenozide each had significant insecticidal effects on E. giganteana in at least 2 of the experiments conducted. Nematodes marginally increased larva mortality in the laboratory bioassay and could be further investigated as a soil-applied biological control. In 2 separate field experiments, trimming the top 15% of silflower plants to delay flowering did not alone reduce E. giganteana colonization of flower heads throughout the growing season. However, when trimming was paired with a single chlorantraniliprole application, colonization of capitula was reduced by 83% over untreated control plants. Collectively, these experiments provide evidence for several treatments that could be further tested and incorporated into an integrated pest management strategy for E. giganteana.

Safety Evaluation of Chlorantraniliprole in Lychee Based on Residue and Dietary Risk Assessment.

This report presents the development of a highly effective method employing high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to investigate chlorantraniliprole's dissipation, risk assessment, and residue distribution in whole lychee fruit and its pulp. Mean recoveries of the samples ranged from 80 to 105%, exhibiting a relative standard deviation (RSD) of below 8%. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for lychee and pulp were determined as 0.001 mg/kg, and half-lives (t1/2) ranged from 8.0 to 12.2 days. Terminal residue concentrations in whole litchi and pulp were determined as 0.008-0.45 mg/kg and ≤0.001 mg/kg. These residues were treated twice and thrice at two different dosage levels with pre-harvest intervals (PHIs) of 7, 14, and 21 days. The potential chronic risk posed by chlorantraniliprole to humans was non-negligible, as indicated by the risk quotient (RQ) value not exceeding 1. Therefore, this study provides significant fresh data about the safe application of chlorantraniliprole in the production of lychee, which will help China develop maximum residual limits (MRLs).

Determination of chlorantraniliprole for managing Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura in cotton ecosystem

Cotton bollworm incidence and damages are high in India. In addition, it causes considerable yield loss. A new insecticide formulation Chlorantraniliprole 600 g/L SC was used along with recommended insecticides for managing Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera in two consecutive experimental trials during the period October 2021 to September 2022. Two foliar applications of Chlorantraniliprole (40 and 30 g a. i/ha) at ten days interval period reduced significantly the larval populations of H. armigera, S. litura without any phytotoxic symptoms in cotton. Chlorantraniliprole application in open field condition was found to be harmless to natural enemy (coccinellids and spiders). Even though, a temporary lessening of natural enemy populations was noticed after spray, progressively the population was increased within a week time. Cotton yield was high in chlorantraniliprole @ 40 g a. i/ha treated plot (22.66, 22.12 q/ha) when compared to untreated control. Similar effect was also noticed in the dose at 30 g a. i/ha (22.35, 21.81 q/ha) and it was statistically on par in both experiments. Residue analysis results confirming that, cotton lint, cotton seed and soil samples collected from treated (30 and 60 g a. i/ha) and untreated samples during harvest were free from chlorantraniliprole residues (below detectable levels of 0.008 μg/g).

Adoption and Assessment of Integrated Strategies for Managing Major Insect Pests in Kharif Green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

For assessing the integrated strategies towards managing insect pest of green gram the concerned experiment was executed for consecutive three years using two treatments, viz., IPM nodule and Farmer’s practice. In case of IPM module management tactics included seed treatment with fungicide (Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25%) and insecticide like thiamethoxam, seed dressing with rhizobium, installation of yellow sticky traps, pheromone traps, growing border crops, applying neem based insecticides and need based application of chlorantraniliprole. In case of Farmer’s practice only two round spray of chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin were given. In all the years aphid and spotted pod borer population were significantly less compared to the farmer’s practice (mean aphid population of 2.53 per 10 cm apical twig in IPM plots against 29.37 in Farmer’s practice while pod borer population of 0.77 larva plant-1 in IPM and 4.8 in Farmer’s practice). Natural enemy population was considerably higher in IPM module (5.23 plant-1) compared to the farmer’s practice (1.36 plant-1). Higher incremental benefit cost ratio was also obtained from IPM modules.

Adoption and Assessment of Integrated Strategies for Managing Major Insect Pests in Kharif Green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

For assessing the integrated strategies towards managing insect pest of green gram the concerned experiment was executed for consecutive three years using two treatments, viz., IPM nodule and Farmer’s practice. In case of IPM module management tactics included seed treatment with fungicide (Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25%) and insecticide like thiamethoxam, seed dressing with rhizobium, installation of yellow sticky traps, pheromone traps, growing border crops, applying neem based insecticides and need based application of chlorantraniliprole. In case of Farmer’s practice only two round spray of chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin were given. In all the years aphid and spotted pod borer population were significantly less compared to the farmer’s practice (mean aphid population of 2.53 per 10 cm apical twig in IPM plots against 29.37 in Farmer’s practice while pod borer population of 0.77 larva plant-1 in IPM and 4.8 in Farmer’s practice). Natural enemy population was considerably higher in IPM module (5.23 plant-1) compared to the farmer’s practice (1.36 plant-1). Higher incremental benefit cost ratio was also obtained from IPM modules.

Effect of Insecticides Evaluated Against <i>Earias</i> spp. on the Population of <i>Amrasca biguttula Biguttula</i> and <i>Bemisia Tabaciin</i> Okra

Present study was conducted at the CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during kharif 2019 and 2020. Insecticides viz., chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC, emamectin benzoate 5SG, lambda-cyhalothrin 5EC, pyridalyl 10EC, cypermethrin 25EC and quinalphos 25EC were applied thrice at recommended dose of 25, 6.75, 15, 50, 37 and 200 g a.i. ha -1 , respectively for the management of Earias spp. in okra. The effect of these on the incidence of Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) and Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) was also assessed. Results revealed that application of quinalphos caused maximum reduction (54%) of A. biguttula biguttula followed by chlorantraniliprole (43.40%) and lambdacyhalothrin (42.80%). In case of B. tabaci, application of chlorantraniliprole caused maximum reduction (44.74%) followed by lambdacyhalothrin (33.33%) and emamectin benzoate (28.16%).

Bio-efficacy of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% gr against Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Scirpophaga incertulas in rice (Oryza sativa)

With the widespread adoption of high yielding rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties and accompanying changes in the cultural practices, rice leaf folder [Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee)] and yellow stem borer [Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)] has attained the status of major pests and influence the yield if proper timely management practices are not adopted. For effective management of these pests, identification of new molecules with novel mode of action, low toxicity to non-target insects and environmental safety is required for sustainable IPM. Chlorantraniliprole 0.4% gr (Ferterra 0.4% gr) is an anthranillic diamide insecticide in granular form for the control of lepidopterous pests in rice. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% gr (Ferterra 0.4% gr) against rice leaf folder and yellow stem borer during rainy (kharif) seasons 2017–19. The study revealed that broadcast application of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% gr @40 g a.i./ha at tillering stage was found effective and best insecticidal treatment in reducing rice leaf folder and yellow stem borer infestation with no phytotoxicity symptoms and increased grain yield. Chlorantraniliprole 0.4% gr @40 g a.i./ha was also safer to the natural enemies of the rice ecosystem. Post-harvest residual analysis of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% gr was found below the limit of quantification, i.e. 0.01 ppm in rice grains, soil, paddy straw and husk at recommended and double of the recommended dose indicating its safety to human, animals and environment.

Chlorantraniliprole Residual Control and Concentration Determination in Cotton.

Studies were conducted in 2020 and 2021 at the Delta Research and Extension Center in Stoneville, MS, to determine the residual concentrations of chlorantraniliprole in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, L.) leaves, as well as the concentrations in petals and anthers that developed after the time of application. Foliar applications of chlorantraniliprole were applied at four rates for leaves and two rates for petals and anthers at the second week of bloom. Additional bioassays were conducted to determine mortality of corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea, Boddie) in anthers. For the leaf study, plants were partitioned into three zones consisting of top, middle, and bottom zones. Leaf samples from each zone were analyzed for chemical concentrations at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment (DAT). Residual concentrations, although variable, persisted through all sampling dates, rates, and zones tested. In this study, chlorantraniliprole remained detectable up to 28 DAT. Results from the cotton flower petal and anther studies detected concentrations of chlorantraniliprole in petals at 4, 7, 10, and 14 DAT, but no concentrations were detected in anthers. Therefore, no mortality of corn earworm was recorded in the anther bioassays. A series of diet-incorporated bioassays were conducted using concentrations previously found in the petal study to determine baseline susceptibilities of corn earworms and predicted mortality. Results from the diet-incorporated bioassays showed similar susceptibility in field and lab colony corn earworms. Concentrations of chlorantraniliprole could provide up to 64% control of corn earworm when feeding occurs on the petals.

Efficacy of Bt Toxins and Foliar Insecticides Against Bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), in Dried Flower Corollas of Cotton

Foliar insecticides and insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in transgenic cotton are common tools used for bollworm management in cotton. Efficacy of Bt proteins and foliar insecticides can be dependent upon larval location in the plant canopy and time of year. Floral structures are known to be a common food source for bollworm. Floral components can complicate bollworm control with foliar insecticides and transgenic cotton by protecting larvae from contact with formulated insecticides and lower concentrations of Bt proteins. Mortality was measured to evaluate the effects of Bt expression and foliar insecticides in flowers of non-Bt, two-gene Bt, and three-gene Bt cotton varieties. Expression of Bt protein in white flowers provided some efficacy after three days. Bollworm mortality at three days after infestation was less than 50% for all varieties in an unsprayed environment. Larval mortality on Bollgard 3 flowers was higher than that on Bollgard II flowers. Surviving larvae feeding on Bollgard 3 flowers weighed less than larvae that fed on Bollgard II flowers, and larvae that fed on Bollgard II flowers weighed less than those that fed on non-Bt flowers. The use of chlorantraniliprole or methoxyfenozide + spinetoram provided some control of bollworms three days after application to wilting flower corollas (bloom tags). Mortality ranged from 41.9% following application of chlorantraniliprole to 61.0% following application of methoxyfenozide + spinetoram. Results from this study will be used to improve integrated pest management programs for bollworm management in cotton.

The effect of chlorantraniliprole on the transcriptomic profile of Spodoptera frugiperda: a typical case analysis for the response of a newly invaded pest to an old insecticide.

Chlorantraniliprole is a diamide insecticide widely used in China over the last 15 years. The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, newly invaded China in 2019. The response of FAW to chlorantraniliprole deserves more attention, in the context of many destructive lepidopteran species are resistant to diamide insecticides and the patent on core chemical of chlorantraniliprole in China expired in August 2022. This study investigated the response profile in larvae under chlorantraniliprole-induced (LC50) stress using methods of bioassay, RNA-Seq and qPCR. We observed growth inhibition and lethal effects in FAW larvae, but at a relatively high LC50 value compared to other several pests. Additionally, under chlorantraniliprole-induced stress, 3309 unigenes were found to be differentially expressed genes. The impacted genes included 137 encoding for detoxification enzymes, 29 encoding for cuticle proteins, and 20 key enzymes involved in the chitin metabolism, which all associated with metabolic resistance. Finally, we obtained the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of two RyR genes, which are the target proteins for chlorantraniliprole. We also investigated the causes of the high LC50 value in our FAW, which possibly related to the stabilized 4743M on SNP frequency of RyR. These findings documented the genetic background of RyR of FAW and indicated that application of chlorantraniliprole has a high risk of controlling FAW in China. In brief, our results provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of chlorantraniliprole toxicity and detoxification in FAW, and will aid in monitoring the development of resistant strains for a newly pest to an old insecticide.

Sublethal chlorantraniliprole exposure induces autophagy and apoptosis through disrupting calcium homeostasis in the silkworm Bombyx mori.

The intensive application of chlorantraniliprole (CAP) leaves residues in the environment, posing a potential threat to non-target organisms. In the present study, we investigated the adverse effects of sublethal CAP exposure on Bombyx mori. Sublethal CAP (0.02 mg/L) was shown to induce the release of intracellular Ca2+ in BmN cells. Meanwhile, Ca2+ -dependent genes were induced in the midgut at 72 h after CAP (0.01 mg/L) exposure, and damaged mitochondria, autophagosomes, nuclear membrane rupture and condensed chromatin were observed. Moreover, the key genes in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway were significantly down-regulated. The transcript levels of autophagy-related genes ATG6 and ATG8 were significantly up-regulated, and the protein levels of LC3-II and ATG7 were significantly increased by 3.72- and 3.33-fold, respectively. Additionally, the transcript levels of the upstream genes in the apoptosis pathway (calpain and Apaf-1) were significantly up-regulated, the protein levels of the downstream gene caspase 3 and its cleaved form were significantly up-regulated by 1.97- and 4.55-fold, respectively, consistent with the elevated caspase 3 activity at 72 h. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that intracellular Ca2+ release induced by sublethal CAP inhibits oxidative phosphorylation pathway, which causes mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to autophagy and apoptosis in the midgut of B. mori.

Residue levels of chlorantraniliprole and clothianidin in rice and sugar cane and chronic dietary risk assessment for different populations

To determine the residue levels of chlorantraniliprole and clothianidin in rice and sugar cane and to assess the corresponding chronic dietary risk, field trials and analyses of chlorantraniliprole and clothianidin in rice and sugar cane were conducted in 2019 in China. A QuEChERS method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of these two compounds in rice and sugar cane, and field samples, including brown rice, rice husk and straw from 12 rice field trials and sugar cane from 6 field trials, were further analysed. The highest residue levels of chlorantraniliprole were 0.01 mg kg−1 in brown rice and 0.12 mg kg−1 in paddy rice at harvest time, and the highest residue levels of clothianidin reached 0.01 and 0.02 mg kg−1. The highest residue levels of these two pesticides in sugar cane were no higher than 0.01 mg kg−1 at harvest time. Therefore, the terminal residue levels of these two pesticides in these matrixes were all lower than their corresponding maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by China. Then, the chronic dietary risk for the Chinese population was assessed according to the place of residence, sex, age, residue level and toxicology data. The results demonstrated that the chronic risk quotient values of chlorantraniliprole and clothianidin were all lower than 100 %. Therefore, these two pesticides pose no significant potential risks to Chinese consumers at the recommended application levels. These results can guide the safe application of chlorantraniliprole and clothianidin in China.

Impact of sublethal chlorantraniliprole on epidermis of Bombyx mori during prepupal-pupal transition

The silkworm Bombyx mori, an economically important insect with a long domestication history, exhibits high sensitivity to chemical pesticides. Extensive application of chlorantraniliprole (CAP) in control of pests of agricultural crops and mulberry plants causes residue toxicity to silkworm. We have demonstrated that sublethal concentration of CAP exposure causes defects in the formation of new epidermis and incomplete shedding of old epidermis during prepupal-pupal transition of B. mori. However, the underlying mechanism still remains unclear. Here, we investigated the transcriptional responses of the epidermis of B. mori on day 2 at prepupal stage to sublethal CAP exposure using digital gene expression (DGE) profiling sequencing. We identified 5823 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 4830 genes up-regulated and 993 genes down-regulated. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that CAP exposure induced disruption of energy homeostasis, oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis in the epidermis of B. mori. Meanwhile, trehalose content was increased while most of the genes involved in trehalose metabolism were down-regulated. In addition, chitin contents in CAP-exposed silkworms were decreased. Taken together, these results reveal that sublethal concentration of CAP probably targets trehalose metabolism to impair chitin synthesis, leading to perturbation of pupation metamorphosis in B. mori.

Efficacy of Seed Treatment and Foliar Application of Against Soybean Stem Fly Melanagromyza sojae

A field experiment on the effectiveness of seed treatment and foliar application of insecticides againstsoybean stem fly Melanagromyza sojae (Zehntner) was carried out at the All India Coordinated ResearchProject (AICRP) on Soybean, Gandhi Krishi Vignan Kendra (GKVK), Bengaluru, Karnataka duringkharif 2017. The seeds treated with thiamethoxam 30FS @ 10 ml/kg seed and foliar application ofthiamethoxam 25WG 0.40 g/ l at 30 days after germination (DAG) were found effective. It was on par withseeds treated with imidacloprid 48FS @ 1.25 ml/ kg seed and foliar application of imidacloprid 17.8SL@ 0.50 ml/ l at 30 DAG. The plots treated with these gave higher grain yield of 1794.48 and 1678.89 kg/ha, respectively. Higher net gain of 1: 4.22 was obtained from the seeds treated with thiamethaxom 30FS@ 10 ml/ kg seed and foliar application of thiamethoxam 25WG 0.40 g/ l at 30 DAG; and it proved to behighly cost effective. The foliar application of chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC @ 0.30 ml/ l at 10 and 30 DAGwas equally effective compared to thiamethoxam and recorded the C: B ratio of 1: 3.94. The plots treatedwith quinalphos 25EC @ 2 ml/ l at 10 and 30 DAG led to the least stem tunneling of (26.73%) and thelow grain yield of 1177.78 kg/ ha.

Bioefficacy and economics of certain new molecule of insecticides against Gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in chickpea

Gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) is a major insect pest of chickpea. The gram pod borer begins to infest at vegetative stage and later feeds on flowers and developing pods. A field investigation was conducted to evaluate the bioefficacy of certain new molecule insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on chickpea during Rabi 2020-21 in randomized block design with three replications. The outcomes revealed that the application of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 25g a.i./ha and Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD @ 60g a.i./ha were established to be most effective treatments and application of Fipronil 5% SC @ 50g a.i./ha was least effective in respect of reduction of H. armigera larval population. The maximum yield was recorded in Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 25g a.i./ha (14.00 q/ha) followed by Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD @ 60g a.i./ha (13.73 q/ha) and lowest yield was recorded from Novaluron 75g a.i./ha (10.15 q/ha) treated plot. The economics of different new molecule insecticides indicated that higher benefit cost ratio (BCR) was observed from Lambda Cyhalothrin 30g a.i./ha (7.86:1) followed by Emamectin benzoate 12g a.i/ha (6.75:1) and the lower BCR was recorded from Cyantraniliprole 60g a.i./ha (1.64:1) and Novaluron 75g a.i./ha (1.58:1). Chlorantraniliprole and Cyantraniliprole are newer group of insecticides, which are relatively safer and more effective against gram pod borer as comparison to conventional insecticides and can be used in successful management of this key pest of chickpea.

Field Efficacy of Insecticides Against Blue Butterfly Lampides boeticus (L.) on Yard Long Bean

Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of some insecticides against blue butterfly Lampides boeticus (L.), on yard long bean Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (cv. Githika) in the Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture (KAU), Vellayani during kharif, 2017. The results showed that chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC @ 30 g a.i.ha-1 followed by flubendiamide 39.35SC @ 48 g a.i.ha-1 and thiacloprid 21.7SC @ 120 g a.i.ha-1 recorded least flower damage when compared to control whereas, indoxacarb 14.5SC @ 75 g a.i.ha-1 recorded lowest pod infestation which was followed by flubendiamide 39.35SC @ 48 g a.i.ha-1 and thiacloprid 21.7SC @ 120 g a.i.ha-1. Thus, foliar application of chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC @ 30 g a.i.ha-1 was found effective in terms of reduction in flower and pod damage, and increased yield.

Dissipation, decontamination, dietary, and ecological risk assessment of chlorantraniliprole in chilli fields

For quantification of the insecticide chlorantraniliprole in chilli and soil, an optimized gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method is presented, with recoveries of 92–96%, and relative standard deviations of 1.4–2.7%. The limit of quantification is 0.01 mg/kg. Degradation of chlorantraniliprole follows first-order kinetics with half-lives between 1.6 and 1.8 days for chilli and soil. For earthworms and arthropods in the chilli field, the calculated risk quotient is found to be <1, as well as for consumers of chilli just after application of chlorantraniliprole. Residue concentrations in chilli fruit can be further reduced by 6–63% using different decontamination methods.

Susceptibility to Chlorantraniliprole in Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations Infesting Sweet Corn in Southern Florida.

Chlorantraniliprole susceptibility was determined in diet-incorporation bioassays for six fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), populations feeding on sweet corn, Zea mays L., in southern Florida between 2017 and 2019. The LC50 and LC90 values of these populations estimated using probit analyses ranged from 0.022 to 0.084 ppm and 0.112 to 0.471 ppm, respectively. Thus, susceptibility levels among the six field populations varied, but to a relatively small extent, with approximately fourfold differences in LC50 and LC90 values between the most and least susceptible populations. These field populations were all less susceptible than a reference population maintained in the laboratory without prior exposure to chlorantraniliprole, with RR50 values between 5.3 and 20.1 and RR90 values between 14.3 and 60.3. These results suggest reduced chlorantraniliprole susceptibility in S. frugiperda populations collected in Florida sweet corn relative to a reference laboratory population. However, field experiments in 2017 and 2019 showed that foliar applications of chlorantraniliprole reduced S. frugiperda injury and infestations to levels comparable to or lower than applications of indoxacarb, novaluron, or spinetoram. This study does not provide evidence of practical resistance to chlorantraniliprole in S. frugiperda infesting Florida sweet corn fields.