Water Application Research Articles

Morphological Behavior of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.) Irrigated with Saline Water in a Protected Environment

To elucidate the tolerance of green onion to high salinity, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of saline water on the irrigation of green onion grown in a protected environment in the Agreste de Alagoas region. The experiment was developed in a protected environment at the Federal University of Alagoas - Arapiraca Campus. The experimental design was entirely randomized, and the treatments were composed of five irrigation blades: one level of salinity and four repetitions. Irrigation occurred daily via drainage lysimeters. Two cultivation cycles of 30 days each were carried out. At the end of each cycle, the following parameters were analyzed: plant height (PH), number of tillers (NT), root length (RT), fresh mass of the aerial part (FMAP), dry mass of the aerial part (DMAP), fresh mass of the root (FMR) and dry mass of the root (DMR). The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) via SISVAR 5.6. A statistically significant difference was found, and the Tukey test was applied (p < 0.05). In the first cycle, the variables PH, FMAP and DMR had significant effects on the number of irrigation slides. In the second cycle, only the PH was significant, highlighting the influence of saline irrigation on the increase in this variable. Thus, in both cycles, the PH was the only variable with a significant effect on the number of saline irrigation blades. FMAP and DMR were influenced by the saline water used. Saline irrigation is an alternative for the management of green onion in a protected environment under the conditions of Agreste in the state of Alagoas.

Photoelectric Synergy Induced Synchronous Functionalization of Graphene and its Applications in Water Splitting and Desalination

Photoelectric Synergy Induced Synchronous Functionalization of Graphene and its Applications in Water Splitting and Desalination

Application of hydrogen-rich water maintains red pitaya fruit quality through regulation of ROS and energy metabolism

Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) treatment has been shown to enhance the shelf life of fruit and vegetables. This study aimed to investigate the effects of HRW on improving the quality of red pitaya and its underlying regulatory mechanisms. The results revealed that applying HRW at a 70% concentration reduced decay and weight loss rates, slowed the respiratory rate, and delayed the decline in titratable acidity and total soluble solids. Additionally, HRW treatment mitigated the increase in superoxide anion production and hydrogen peroxide levels, while enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression, including those of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase. Non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds such as ascorbate and glutathione also increased. Moreover, RT-qPCR analysis showed that HRW treatment upregulated HcMYB6 and downregulated HcR2R3MYB. Dual-luciferase reporter assays indicated that HcMYB6 activated the expression of HcSOD and HcCAT, whereas HcR2R3MYB repressed their expression. These findings suggest that HcMYB6 and HcR2R3MYB may be involved in reactive oxygen species metabolism, with HcMYB6 being induced and HcR2R3MYB inhibited by HRW treatment. Furthermore, HRW treatment led to increased adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate levels, a decrease in adenosine monophosphate content, and elevated gene expression and activity of Ca2⁺-ATPase, succinate hydrogenase, H⁺-ATPase, and cytochrome C. Collectively, these results demonstrate that HRW treatment effectively reduces oxidative damage and improves energy status, thereby preserving the quality of red pitaya fruit.

Delayed application of water and fertilizer increased wheat yield but did not improve quality parameters

Context or problemWheat is an important food crop for mankind, simultaneous improvement of wheat yield and quality is human most important goal, but they often cannot increase at the same time. Objective or research questionThe effects of irrigation mode, nitrogen application rate and topdressing time on yield and quality of two wheat varieties were studied, and the possibility of synergistic improvement of yield and quality was also explored. MethodsTwo irrigation treatments (conventional border irrigation and micro-sprinkling irrigation) were set up, and three nitrogen application rate treatments (120, 210 and 300kgN ha−1) were set up under each irrigation treatment. The yield formation and quality parameters of wheat were investigated. ResultsThe grain yield, key enzyme activities of protein synthesis, protein content and dough processing quality of the two cultivars increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. However, when the nitrogen level was higher than 210kgN ha−1, the grain yield and processing quality of winter wheat did not increase further. Under the same nitrogen application rate, compared with conventional border irrigation (CBI), micro-sprinkling irrigation (MSI) significantly increased the grain yield and total protein content, but did not improve the ratio of glutenin to gliadin and dough processing quality parameters. ConclusionsUnder the experimental conditions, the synergistic improvement of wheat yield and quality parameters could be achieved by optimizing nitrogen application rate, and the delayed application of water and fertilizer could further increase wheat grain yield, but did not improve grain quality parameters. Implications or significanceThis study provided theoretical guidance for further improving the grain yield and quality of winter wheat in the North China Plain.

Experimental Design: Implementation of IoT-based drip irrigation to enhance the productivity of Cilembu sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) cultivation

Effective irrigation methods are crucial for meeting plant water needs while preventing excessive evaporation, soil dryness, and water shortages. Conventional irrigation methods often result in inefficient water distribution, leading to a reduced agricultural productivity. This study aimed to enhance water use efficiency and improve crop yield by employing Internet of Things (IoT)-based drip irrigation systems. The system regulates water supply and monitor environmental conditions using low-power sensor nodes that measure soil moisture, air temperature, humidity, and light intensity. Field experiments were conducted to ascertain optimal water requirements by adjusting irrigation durations to 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes and modifying water application based on soil moisture levels below 70%. Irrigation scheduling was performed at 6 am and 6 pm. The implementation of IoT-based drip irrigation in Cilembu sweet potato field resulted in a production yield of 44 tons/ha, marking a 45% productivity compared to conventional irrigation methods. Furthermore, water savings of 65% were achieved through the application of IoT-controlled drip irrigation. These results demonstrate the potential of IoT-based systems in optimizing water use and enhancing agricultural productivity, making it a valuable approach for sustainable farming practices.

The Growth of Oyster Mushroom on Ramie Chip Waste-Derived Media was Accelerated by Rice-washed Water

Rice-washed water is wastewater resulted from the rice cleaning process that is rich in nutrients. The use of ramie chip waste can be considered a potential substrate due to its lignocellulosic nature, similar to other wastes studied. This study aimed to examine the effect of rice-washed water on the mycelium and pinhead growth of white oyster mushrooms grown in the ramie chip waste as the growing medium. The experiment was conducted for three months using a completely randomized design with four rice-washed water treatments and six replications. The rice-washed water concentration treatments were 0% (K0), 25% (K1), 50% (K2), and 100% (K3), which were added to the ramie chip waste as the growing medium for white oyster mushroom. The time of mycelium propagation velocity, the time the first pinhead appearance, the number of mushroom bodies, and the largest cap diameter were observed. The results showed that ramie chip waste-derived media was suitable to cultivate white oyster mushrooms. Adding 100% rice-washed water to the media significantly affected the speed of mycelium propagation (16.51 days) compared to control (30 days) and the appearance of the first pinhead (31.5 days) compared to control (38.5 days) as well as the number of fruiting bodies of mushroom (8.8) compared to control (6.2). However, the rice-washed water application did not significantly affect the diameter of the largest mushroom cap.

Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Mulch Application on Onion (<i>Allium cepa L</i>.) Bulb Yield and Water Productivity Under Drip Irrigation at Ambo, West Shoa, Ethiopia

Drip irrigation, combined with mulch and deficit water application, can significantly improve the water efficiency of irrigated agriculture. Study at Ambo Agricultural Research Center during the 2021/22 and 2022/23 irrigation seasons aimed to determine the most suitable deficit levels and mulch for drip-irrigated onion. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with two factors: irrigation levels (at 55%, 70%, 85%, and 100% of the Evapotranspiration of the crop) and mulch types (un-mulched, plastic, and straw mulch), resulting in a total of twelve treatment combinations replicated three times. The results showed that irrigation levels and mulch significantly affect bulb yield, water productivity, and yield-attributing parameters. Applying 100% ETc level and straw mulch resulted in the highest yields of 39450 kg/ha and 41038 kg/ha, respectively. On the other hand, the lowest yields were obtained with 55% ETc levels and un-mulched treatments, with respective values of 30913 kg/ha and 33969 kg/ha. Water productivity was also higher for irrigation levels at 55% and 70% ETc compared to 85% and 100% ETc, with values of 10.1 kg/m<sup>3</sup> and 9.7 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively. Additionally, straw mulch application resulted in significantly higher water productivity. Economic analysis indicated that straw mulch had a higher net return with 369% MRR (Marginal Rate of Return) and a benefit-cost ratio of 32.8, while applying a 70% ETc level resulted in a 125% MRR. Based on the results, 70% ETc level with straw mulch for onion production is recommended for the study area, considering bulb yield, water productivity, and economic viability.

Stem characteristics and yield of wheat is regulated to improve planting efficiency and reduce lodging risk by fertilizer rate and irrigation stage

Optimizing fertilizer and water application and using standardized and clean production methods are important for achieving green and sustainable agricultural development. The study was conducted from 2018 to 2021, arranged in a split-plot experimental design. Three fertilization levels (main plots) and four supplementary irrigation treatments (secondary plots) were set through three consecutive years of field positioning experiments. Chemical compound fertilizer application levels were 750 kg ha−1 (F1), 600 kg ha−1 (F2), 450 kg ha−1 (F3). Irrigation levels were as follows: no irrigation during the whole growth period after emergence (W0), irrigation only at jointing stage (W1), irrigation at jointing and anthesis stage (W2), irrigation at greening, jointing and anthesis stage (W3). The results indicated that the stem length of the base increased with the increase of irrigation and water and fertilizer, especially on the base stem node. There was a significant interaction between different fertilizer and water treatments. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between stem strength and the stem lodging index. After anthesis, the lodging index was significantly lower in the F2 treatment than that in the F1 treatment. Moreover, the contribution of dry matter accumulation to the grain before anthesis was significantly higher under the W2 treatment than that under the W3 treatment but was significantly lower than that under the W0 treatment. Furthermore, the W2 treatment exhibited significantly greater fertilizer and water effects than those under the W3 treatment, irrigation benefit increased by 10.39 kg ha−1 mm−1, whereas the F2 treatment exhibited significantly greater effects than those of the F1 treatment. In terms of yield, grain yield of F2W2 treatment was significantly higher than that of F3W1 treatment. The maximum yield of F2W2 treatment over three years was 9900.05 kg ha−1. Therefore, reducing the amount of fertilizer and adjusting the irrigation regimes can enhance wheat growth and yield and mitigate the risk of lodging in the field.

Conversion of Kappaphycus alvarezii macroalgae biomass enriched with fulvic acid into a foliar biostimulant for plant (Oryza sativa L.) growth and stress protection

BackgroundThe incorporation of circular economy into agricultural processes is necessary to improve the efficiency of agronomic practices in the future. The biomass of macroalgae as well as humic substances is sustainable options for stimulating the efficient use of nutrients in plants. This study aimed to evaluate the modes of action of a potential plant biostimulant composed of an aqueous extract of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed plus fulvic acid (KAF) applied to rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves. The aqueous extract was obtained from the fresh biomass of the macroalga Kappaphycus alvarezii and the fulvic acid was extracted from a cattle manure vermicompost (FAVC). Both fractions (KAlv-sap and FAVC) were characterized using 1H NMR. The bioactivity of KAF was evaluated in experiments with four treatments: control (foliar application of water), FAVC (foliar application of FAVC), KAlv-sap (foliar application of seaweed extract), and KAF (foliar application of FA + KAlv-sap). In rice, the expression of genes related to K+ and N transport, plasma membrane H+-ATPases, and oxidative stress defense enzymes were evaluated. Metabolites and N, K, and P contents, as well as photosynthetic efficiency and root morphology, were quantified.ResultsThe 1H-NMR spectra showed that KAF is rich in organic fragments such as sugars, nitrogenous, aromatic, and aliphatic compounds in general. Foliar application of KAF resulted in a 7.1% and 19.04% increase in the dry mass of roots and leaves, respectively. These plants had 19% more roots and 11% more total root length. The application of KAF increased in the plant sheaths the N and K contents by up to 50% and 14%, respectively.ConclusionsThe mechanism of action by which KAF triggered these changes seemed to start with an improvement in the photosynthetic efficiency of plants and regulation through increased expression and suppression of genes related to K+, N, H+-ATPase transporters, and oxidative metabolism. KAF might become a sustainable plant biostimulant that promotes plant growth, development, and defense against abiotic stresses.Graphical

Versatile laccase-mimicking enzyme for dye decolorization and tetracyclines identification upon a colorimetric array sensor

In this study, the laccase-mimicking enzyme MnO2/Cu-BDC-His was synthesized by a facile procedure, and was applied in tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) identification and dye degradation. The MnO2/Cu-BDC-His nanozymes effectively recognized phenolic hydroxyl groups in TCs and catalyzed the generation of colored oxidation products with different characteristic absorbance peaks at 350 nm, 525 nm and 600 nm. Different TCs mixtures produced different absorbance intensities at the above wavelengths and exhibited cross-color responses. Consequently, a colorimetric array sensor for the simultaneous identification and detection of TCs with wavelength as the sensing element was established. Unlike the traditional "lock-and-key" detection mode, the array sensor enabled simultaneous multi-analyte detection and identification, which achieved the identification and quantification of mixed TCs in the range of 5–200 µM, providing a premise for its application in lake and soil water. Additionally, the MnO2/Cu-BDC-His nanozymes were also applied in colored dyes decolorization. Therefore, MnO2/Cu-BDC-His nanozymes provided a promising application in environmental monitoring.

Enhancing the Thermal Efficiency of Parabolic Trough Collectors by Using Annular Receivers for Low-Enthalpy Steam Generation

Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTCs) are a well-established technology for efficiently generating hot water and low-enthalpy steam. For instance, PTCs can be used in steam power systems to drive small Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs). This study evaluated the thermal efficiency of a PTC equipped with a receiver tube featuring a concentric annular cross-section. This receiver design consists of a tube with a concentric rod inside, forming an annular gap through which the working fluid flows. A thermodynamic model was developed to assess the PTC’s thermal efficiency in hot water and low-enthalpy steam applications. The evaluation considered the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, factoring in environmental losses. The model included a bare receiver tube with three-rod diameters—3/8, 1/2, and 3/4 inches—and a range of volumetric flow rates from 1 to 6 L per minute. The results showed improved heat transfer with the annular cross-section receiver compared to a conventional circular one, particularly at lower flow rates of 1 and 2 L per minute. The highest increase in thermal efficiency was observed with the 3/4-inch rod at a flow rate of 1 L per minute, where the maximum efficiency reached 40%.

Utilizing a Transparent Model of a Semi-Direct Acting Water Solenoid Valve to Visualize Diaphragm Displacement and Apply Resulting Data for CFD Analysis

This article introduces a comprehensive methodology that combines physical prototyping and computational modeling to analyze the hydrodynamics and design of a semi-direct acting solenoid valve for water applications. A transparent, injection-molded valve model was used to experimentally measure diaphragm displacement, which exhibited linear behavior at flow rates up to 10.1 L/min. Beyond this threshold, the diaphragm reached maximum displacement, constraining flow control accuracy. These experimental results informed the creation of a computational domain for detailed CFD analysis, demonstrating strong validation against experimental pressure drop data. The CFD simulations identified critical inefficiencies, such as uneven pressure distribution on the diaphragm due to inlet flow, flow imbalances, and vortex formation within the chamber and outlet channel. These issues were traced to specific design limitations. To address these design flaws, this study suggests optimizing the inlet geometry, implementing a symmetric chamber design, and modifying the outlet channel with smoother transitions to enhance flow control and improve operational efficiency.

Innovative Synthesis of YF3‐TiO2 Acid–Base Catalysts with High Surface Area by Embedding Yttrium Trifluoride Nanoparticles in TiO2 Metallogel

AbstractCombining a water‐tolerant oxide such as TiO2 with yttrium fluoride is expected to provide catalysts with enhanced acid–base properties for catalytic applications in water. We present here a new strategy of incorporating preformed YF3 nanoparticles (NPs) in a TiO2‐based metallogel, followed by its soft drying at room temperature to produce YF3‐TiO2 xerogel with high surface area. The as‐synthesized YF3‐TiO2 materials were calcinated at 300 and 400°C and characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), 19F NMR spectroscopy and N2 physisorption, calorimetry of NH3 adsorption, and FT‐IR of pyridine adsorption. These studies indicate that the fluorine is present under a stable form of YF3 for the catalysts calcined at 300°C. The acid–base properties of these YF3‐TiO2 catalysts were investigated in a model reaction, that is, dihydroxyacetone (DHA) conversion in water, and compared with the blank TiO2 and YF3 NPs alone. The incorporation of YF3 in the TiO2 matrix leads to enhanced initial rate of DHA dehydration into pyruvaldehyde, which is slowly converted to lactic acid as the reaction progresses. This suggests that the Brønsted acidity was boosted by the presence of YF3 species via water adsorption in a dissociative form.

Transforming Irrigated Agriculture in Semi-Arid and Dry Subhumid Mediterranean Conditions: A Case of Protected Cucumber Cultivation

Pressure from population growth and climate change stress the limited water resources in the Mediterranean region and threaten food security and social stability. Enhancing food production requires the transformation of irrigation systems and enhancement of local capacity for sustainable water and soil management in irrigated agriculture. The aim of this work is the conversion of traditional irrigation practices, by introducing the practice of optimal irrigation scheduling based on local ET estimation and soil moisture monitoring, and the use of continuous feeding by fertigation to enhance both water and nutrient use efficiency. For this, two trials were established between August and November 2023 in two different pedoclimatic zones (Serein and Sultan Yacoub) of the inner Bekaa Plain of Lebanon, characterized by semi-arid and dry subhumid conditions and different soil types. Greenhouse cucumber was tested to compare the prevailing traditional farmers’ practices with the advanced, technology-based, methods of water management. Results showed a significantly higher amount of water applied by the farmers to the protected cucumber, with a potential for average saving of 105 mm of water applied in each season by improved practices. Water input in the traditional practices revealed potential stress to plants. With more than 20% increase in cucumber yield by the transformed practices, a general trend was observed in the fertilization approach and amounts, resulting in lower nutrient recovery in the farmer’s plots. The science-based practices of water and nutrient management showed higher application and agronomic water use efficiency of full fertigation, exceeding 60%, associated with double and triple higher nitrogen use efficiency, compared to those results obtained by the traditional water and fertilizer application methods. The monitored factors can contribute to severe economic and environmental consequences from nutrient buildup or leaching in the soil–groundwater system in the Mediterranean region.

Shallow water communication with an object buried in bottom sediments

Underwater acoustic communications (UAC) in shallow water applications is a very difficult task. This task becomes even more difficult when there is a need to ensure reliable communication with an object buried in bottom sediments. The article presents a simulation of an acoustic transmission channel in conditions of strong multi-path propagation to an object buried in bottom sediments. The impulse response method was used, supported by a technique derived from the ray tracing image source method. Simulation results are presented for both narrowband and broadband signals with LFM frequency modulation. Based on the simulation, the conditions that should be met by the transmission signals to ensure correct communication were determined. Examples of data transmission to an object buried in bottom sediments in a simulated shallow channel with multi-path propagation were also presented.

Enhancing crop and water productivity of Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) through drip irrigation and fertigation in semi-arid environments of south-western Punjab

The experiment was conducted during 2019 and 2020 at Regional Research Station (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab), Faridkot, Punjab to evaluate the impact of different drip irrigation and fertigation regimes on Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (cv. RCH 773 BGII). The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) comprised of 3 drip irrigation levels (60%, 80%, and 100% of ETc); 2 fertigation doses (75% and 100% of recommended nitrogen dose), along with two extra control treatments (surface flood irrigation with 105 kg N/ha and subsurface flood irrigation with 112.5 kg N/ha). Results revealed that surface drip irrigation significantly reduced water usage by 13.9–32.3% as compared to conventional surface flood irrigation, while seed cotton yield increased by 18.2–25.2%. Notably, subsurface drip fertigation (SSDF) (100% recommended level of nitrogen applied at 80% ETc) exhibited the potential to conserve about 8.9–25.7% of total water applied, besides boosting crop yield by 37.2%. In conclusion, this study elucidated better crop and water productivity with subsurface drip followed by surface drip irrigation as compared to traditional surface flood irrigation and manual fertilizer application. Therefore, adoption of drip irrigation systems for water and nitrogen application needs to be advocated for sustainable cotton cultivation.

Portable dual-functional hygroscopic device for efficient atmospheric water harvesting and hydrogen production in diverse environments

Developing integrated functional atmospheric water harvesting and hydrogen production devices based on cost-effective porous carbon materials is crucial for advancing their implementation and addressing multiple environmental challenges. Here, we fabricate a dual-functional hygroscopic composite device (HCD) under mild conditions, capable of obtaining clean water and hydrogen using sunlight and atmospheric moisture. The hierarchical HCD is designed as an ideal solar absorber by incorporating polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel into macroporous carbon and hosting dispersed LiCl and NiCoP10 catalyst. The HCD features hygroscopic and dual-functional photothermal interfaces with kinetic differentiation, exhibiting excellent machinability, high light absorptivity, optimized hygroscopic components, and favorable water evaporation enthalpy. This design, combined with a customized strategy, ensures consistently efficient performance of HCD, achieving a notable daytime water production performance of 3.89 kg·m−2·d−1 at a low total cost of 27.68 $·kg−1·d. The HCD can catalyze ammonia borane hydrolysis to generate hydrogen in various environments including cold and water-scarce conditions. Furthermore, the HCD shows potential for hydrogen energy system, achieving an open circuit voltage output ranging from 0.41 to 0.493 V. The miniaturized HCD flexibly provides a comprehensive solution for water and energy applications in complex environments, with significant potential for widespread implementation.

Nitrogen-Oxidized Tröger's Base Macrocyclic Arenes: Unprecedented Enantioselective Recognition in Water.

Achieving high enantioselectivity with synthetic receptors, particularly in water, remains a significant challenge despite the success seen in natural biological systems. In this study, we introduce a facile synthesis of Tröger's base (TB)-containing macrocyclic arenes (TBn), where TB units are linked via methylene bridges, providing the macrocycles with a rigid framework. Oxidation of enantiopure TBn yields corresponding chiral nitrogen oxides (TBnNO) with excellent water solubility, attributed to the high polarity of the N-O bond, surpassing the pH limitations of traditional ion-functionalized approaches. Remarkably, TBnNO exhibits exceptional enantioselective recognition toward a wide range of chiral guests in aqueous solution, achieving enantioselectivities as high as 41.0. The underlying mechanism involves a combination of hydrophobic interactions and steric effects caused by rigid chiral cavities. These findings highlight the potential of nitrogen-oxidized macrocycles as a transformative tool for supramolecular application in water.

Nitrogen‐Oxidized Tröger's Base Macrocyclic Arenes: Unprecedented Enantioselective Recognition in Water

AbstractAchieving high enantioselectivity with synthetic receptors, particularly in water, remains a significant challenge despite the success seen in natural biological systems. In this study, we introduce a facile synthesis of Tröger's base (TB)‐containing macrocyclic arenes (TBn), where TB units are linked via methylene bridges, providing the macrocycles with a rigid framework. Oxidation of enantiopure TBn yields corresponding chiral nitrogen oxides (TBnNO) with excellent water solubility, attributed to the high polarity of the N−O bond, surpassing the pH limitations of traditional ion‐functionalized approaches. Remarkably, TBnNO exhibits exceptional enantioselective recognition toward a wide range of chiral guests in aqueous solution, achieving enantioselectivities as high as 41.0. The underlying mechanism involves a combination of hydrophobic interactions and steric effects caused by rigid chiral cavities. These findings highlight the potential of nitrogen‐oxidized macrocycles as a transformative tool for supramolecular application in water.

Comparative Analysis of Water Applicability Predictions Explained by The LightGBM Model Using SHAP and LIME

Abstract. This article mainly discusses the application of the LightGBM model to predict water potability for a dataset containing multiple water quality features. The focus of the study is to use two popular model interpretability techniques: SHAP and LIME to explain the model's prediction results. The results show that SHAP can globally explain the feature importance of the entire dataset and provide a deep understanding of the features and model behavior, while LIME provides a detailed explanation of a single prediction through local linear approximation, which is easier to interpret and apply. This article also compares the strengths and limitations of SHAP and LIME in explaining the LightGBM models behavior, demonstrating their applicability and explanatory power in different contexts. In addition, this article also explores the actual application scenarios of water quality prediction and analyzes how interpretability improves model transparency and trust in this field. Through these analyses, the article provides practical suggestions on how to choose appropriate model interpretation methods in reality.