Solar Cell Applications Research Articles

Enhancing optical properties of Ba-Ni ferrite through nonmagnetic ion doping for sustainable green technologies and renewable energy applications

Barium ferrite powder was produced using a standard ceramic procedure, and its structure and optical properties were investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) showed that the powder had a w-type hexagonal structure. The crystallite size was at approximately 35–36 nm, with bulk density and lattice constants increasing as zinc concentration rose. Conversely, X-ray density and porosity decreased with the increasing zinc concentration. This material has useful optical properties, as well as the standard ferrimagnetic properties of barium ferrite, which make it suitable for use in recording media. Ferrimagnetic behavior, which is useful for recording media, occurs because the powder's crystallites have their unit cell axes aligned. Up to the near-infrared part of the spectrum, the powder was found to have a very low absorption coefficient. Both of these properties—an arrangement that gives rise to ferrimagnetism and a corresponding low optical density—make barium ferrite very attractive for high-density recording and microwave applications. Fourier transform infrared spectra of the samples were recorded in the wavenumber range of 400–4000 cm−1 and supported the X-ray diffraction findings by confirming the idea of the formation of W-type hexagonal ferrite by the presence of two prominent peaks at 454 and 591 cm−1 in the FTIR spectra. Zinc addition was also found to enhance the optical properties of the material. The UV–VIS analysis confirms that the band gap energy of Ba-Ni ferrite was indeed reduced by zinc doping. Values decrease from 3.34 eV to 3.20 eV for direct transitions and from 2.96 eV to 2.79 eV for indirect transitions, using Tauc equation. That means that zinc doping enhances the optical properties of Ba ferrite without affecting the hexagonal structure of Ba-Ni ferrite. Moreover, key parameters of optical performance such as the dielectric constant, the extinction coefficient, the penetration depth, and the refractive index show a dramatic increase with a rise in zinc concentration. These attributes make zinc-doped Ba-Ni ferrite a promising optoelectronic material. The material also showed high absorbance in the wavelengths ranging from 334 to 338 nm, which makes it good for the solar cell applications. Overall, zinc-doped Ba-Ni ferrite is a good candidate for sustainable and renewable energy applications. Our study of the optical properties of barium ferrite up to the near-infrared part of the spectrum demonstrated that the powdered material has a very low absorption coefficient. Indeed, the combination of ferrimagnetism and low optical density makes barium ferrite particularly appealing for use in high-density recording and microwave technology applications.

Multi-Noncentrosymmetric Polar Order in 2D Hybrid Lead Chloride with Broadband Emission and High-Temperature Second-Harmonic Generation Switching.

Two-dimensional lead halide perovskites represent a fascinating class of hybrid semiconductors for solar cell, light-emitting, nonlinear optical (NLO), and ferroelectric applications. A notable subset within this category is luminescent ferroelectrics, which have garnered considerable attention for their potential in integrated photoelectronic devices. In this study, we employed an organic amine halogenation strategy (also referred to as halogen engineering), which is renowned for its efficacy in inducing polar order through crystal engineering. Consequently, we synthesized a layered Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) lead chloride comprising 3-chloropropylammonium cations (CPA+), with the chemical formula CPA2PbCl4. This compound features as many as four temperature-dependent crystal phases, with phase transitions observed at T1 = 353.1 K (343.9 K), T2 = 211.7 K (208.6 K), and T3 = 182.0 K (178.2 K) in the heating (cooling) cycles. Employing a multitechnique approach─including thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, dielectric and pyroelectric current measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and second-harmonic generation (SHG) studies─we determined the mechanisms of the structural phase transitions. Our findings demonstrate polar order of phase II (space group Cmc21), phase III (space group Pna21), and phase IV (space group Pca21), while also confirming the centrosymmetric nature of phase I (space group Cmce). X-ray diffraction data revealed that the I to II PT is of a ferroelectric nature, devoid of ferroelastic strain, a conclusion further supported by pyroelectric measurements. CPA2PbCl4 features negative linear thermal expansion and broadband emission, which transitions to white light above 180 K. Remarkably, CPA2PbCl4 also demonstrates high-temperature SHG on-off switching with a high contrast ratio of 300:1 along with good switching stability, as evidenced by SHG cycling studies at heating/cooling rates ranging from 5 to 50 K/min. This SHG study also sets new standards for the field of SHG switching by providing a method to quantify the thermal responsiveness of SHG-switchable materials using the treq (time requirement) parameter. Overall, our findings show that the halogenation strategy has led to the discovery of a rare example of an RP perovskite exhibiting coexistence of white-light emission, SHG on-off thermal bistability, ferroelectricity, and negative linear thermal expansion.

Template-Assisted Growth of High-Quality α-Phase FAPbI3 Crystals in Perovskite Solar Cells Using Thiol-Functionalized MoS2 Nanosheets.

Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPI) has gained attention for hybrid perovskite solar cell (PSC) applications due to its enhanced stability and narrow bandgap. However, a significant challenge remains in inducing and stabilizing the elusive perovskite "black phase"─photoactive cubic α-FAPI─as the relatively bulky FA+ cations tend to favor the thermodynamically stable nonphotoactive "yellow phase". In this study, we present a templated growth strategy employing thiol-functionalized MoS2 nanosheets as templates. By introduction of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA)-functionalized MoS2 as a growth template, precise control over crystal formation was achieved, favoring the growth of high-quality α-FAPI films. These advanced templated films exhibited substantial improvements in charge transport properties, efficient light absorption, and enhanced charge extraction. As a result, the PSCs achieved a significantly enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to the nontemplated control device, increasing from 20.6 to 22.5%. The MoS2-incorporated device also demonstrated excellent shelf stability, maintaining 91% of the initial PCE even after 1600 h of storage without device encapsulation.

Interface properties study of black silicon solar cells with front surface a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunction

Abstract The exceptionally low reflectance of black silicon across a broad wavelength range makes it an intriguing surface texture for solar cell applications. Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells fabricated on black silicon (Si) formed by dry reactive ion etching (RIE) using inductive coupled plasma (ICP) on n-type Si are explored. The study is focused on the properties of the a-Si:H/c-Si interface, being a key issue for the photovoltaic performance of SHJ. Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) detected no radiation defect in Si after the etching. The surface of black Si was passivated with an intrinsic a-Si:H layer, followed by the deposition of p-type and n-type a-Si:H on the front and back sides, respectively. The SHJ solar cell photovoltaic performance based on black Si is strongly influenced by defect density at the a-Si:H/Si interface. Admittance spectroscopy and effective charge carrier lifetime measurements demonstrate that interface defect density decreases with the increase of (i)a-Si:H thickness. The value of 0.75 ms effective charge carrier lifetime was reached for single (i) a-Si:H layer passivation and 0.25 ms when (p)a-Si:H was deposited over the intrinsic a-Si:H layer. The measured open circuit voltage (VOC) values for the SHJ solar cells increase with the (i)a-Si:H layer thickness reaching 658 mV. However, the fill factor decreases with increasing (i) a-Si:H layer thickness, limiting the efficiency at the maximum value below 14% due to the thickness uniformity of the a-Si:H layer. The development of conformal growth of a-Si:H is a key issue for further improvement of black Si heterojunction solar cell photovoltaic performance. 

Formamidinium Incorporates into Rb-based Non-perovskite Phases in Solar Cell Formulations.

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials, such as formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3), are among the most promising emerging photovoltaic materials. However, the spontaneous phase transition from the photoactive perovskite phase to an inactive non-perovskite phase complicates the application of FAPbI3in solar cells. To remedy this, alkali metal cations, most often Cs+, Rb+or K+, are included during perovskite synthesis to stabilize the photoactive phase. The atomic-level mechanisms of stabilization are complex. While Cs+dopes directly into the perovskite lattice, Rb+does not, but instead forms an additional non-perovskite phase, and the mechanism by which Rb confers increased stability remains unclear. Here, we use1H-87Rb double resonance NMR experiments to show that FA+incorporates into the Rb-based non-perovskite phases (FAyRb1-yPb2Br5andδ-FAyRb1-yPbI3) for both bromide and iodide perovskite formulations. This is demonstrated by changes in the1H and87Rb chemical shifts,1H-87Rb heteronuclear correlation spectra, and87Rb{1H} REDOR spectra. Simulation of the REDOR dephasing curves suggests up to ~60% FA+incorporation into the inorganic Rb-based phase for the bromide system. In light of these results, we hypothesize that the substitution of FA+into the non-perovskite phase may contribute to the greater stability conferred by Rb salts in the synthesis of FA-based perovskites.

Magnetron sputtered silicon thin films for solar cell applications

One of the important directions of research in photovoltaics is the development of new thin-film technology, which can replace the currently used, more expensive bulk silicon technology. The article discusses the findings from research focused on optimizing the parameters for the deposition of silicon thin films with P-type electrical conductivity for applications in photovoltaics. The growth rate was determined depending on the change in substrate temperature using reflectometry and the influence of deposition time on optical properties was determined using UV/VIS spectroscopy. Photovoltaic structures were made on substrates with an ITO layer and their electrical parameters were measured. The authors applied the magnetron sputtering method to deposit the layers, selecting it over the commercially used the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. This replacement could alleviate the necessity for high temperatures and broaden the potential applications of thin-film solar cells.

Challenges and opportunities in high efficiency scalable and stable perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the fastest-growing photovoltaic (PV) technology and hold great promise for the photovoltaic industry due to their low-cost fabrication and excellent efficiency. To achieve commercial readiness level, the most important factor would be yield beyond 95% at the PSC module levels. The current essential requirements for PSCs are reproducibility of high efficiency devices, scalability, and stability. The reported certified high efficiency (24–26%) results are based on the use of FAPbI3 perovskites with a bandgap of Eg≈ 1.5 eV, and the typical device's active area ranges from ≈ 0.1 cm2 to a maximum of 1 cm2. However, relatively higher bandgap PSCs are essential, especially in tandem solar cell applications. Hence, optimization of higher bandgap PSCs is a necessity. As the bandgap of the perovskites increases, the efficiency goes down due to reduced JSC and increased VOC loss. Therefore, understanding the loss mechanism and corresponding solutions need to be developed. Scaling up the device's active area without compromising the fill factor and, hence, efficiency is non-trivial. So, understanding the loss mechanism in large area devices is crucial. The stability analysis reported in the literature is inconsistent, preventing data comparison and identifying various degradation factors or failure mechanisms. Moreover, how the accelerated tests would be useful in predicting the real lifetime of the solar cells is yet to be developed. So, understanding the knowledge and the technological gaps between laboratory and industry-scale production is crucial for further development. Therefore, in this review article, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for scalable and stable high efficiency PSCs.

The Effect of Radiation on the Optical properties of TiO2 thin films as Solar Cell Application

The Effect of Radiation on the Optical properties of TiO2 thin films as Solar Cell Application

Optimization of deposition time on structural, morphological, and optical properties of Cd1-xZnxS nanocrystalline thin films

In this work, Cd1-xZnxS nanocrystalline thin films have been synthesized over a glass substrate by a simple and cost-effective Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) technique at various deposition time keeping other deposition parameters constant. The structural, morphological, and optical properties are studied by incorporating a range of characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopes (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX), and UV–Visible spectrophotometers (UV–Vis). The films have been deposited at five different deposition time in the range from 30 mins to 150 mins to record the changes which address in depth the structural, morphological and optical properties. Empirical fitting equations have also been developed to obtain a more quantitative analysis of the effect of deposition time. The results obtained in this work are compared with some recent reported works for performance analysis of the buffer layer. The proposed buffer layer deposited at 30 mins not only attains all the desirable qualities required for maximum extraction of solar energy but also a low-cost and environment friendly option, making it a potential candidate for solar cell and optoelectronic applications.

Hydrothermal synthesis of novel CeO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposite: dual function of highly efficient supercapacitor electrode and Pt-free counter electrode for dye synthesized solar cell applications

Hydrothermal synthesis of novel CeO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposite: dual function of highly efficient supercapacitor electrode and Pt-free counter electrode for dye synthesized solar cell applications

Unveiling the recently synthesis noncentrosymmetric layered ASb3X2O12 (A = K, Rb, Cs, Tl; X = Se, Te) via first principles calculations

This study explores the structural, optical, and thermoelectric properties of non-centrosymmetric layered selenite and tellurite compounds KSb3Se2O12, RbSb3Se2O12, CsSb3Se2O12, TlSb3Se2O12, KSb3Te2O12, RbSb3Te2O12, CsSb3Te2O12, TlSb3Te2O12 to assess their potential for sustainable and renewable energy technologies. The selenite and tellurite compounds feature distinct non-centrosymmetric layered crystal structures, which are key to their unique optical and electronic properties. The materials display a layered structure without a center of symmetry, characterized by distinct atomic arrangements, and their band gaps vary depending on the constituent elements. For selenites, band gaps range from 2.97 eV to 3.19 eV, while for tellurites, they range from 2.75 eV to 3.02 eV, indicate their suitability for indirect semiconducting applications. The investigated materials exhibit high absorbance in the ultraviolet region, suggesting they are promising for solar cell applications. The energy loss function peaks at 14 eV, indicating minimal optical loss in the infrared and visible spectra. The static dielectric constants ε1(0) were calculated, showing variations based on the elemental composition. The response of ε2(ω) demonstrates strong interactions in the ultraviolet region, corresponding to electronic transitions from the valence to the conduction bands. Thermoelectric properties, evaluated with the BoltzTrap code using transport theory. The Seebeck coefficient of p-type semiconductors typically increases with temperature, but TlSb3Se2O12 shows an even greater increase, suggesting enhanced thermoelectric properties. Both selenites and tellurites have rising electrical conductivities, with ASb3Se2O12 peaking at 800 K. The Power Factor improves with temperature, reaching a peak for TlSb3Se2O12. These compounds exhibit favorable electrical conductivity and power factor, suggesting potential applications in thermoelectric systems. The figure of merit (ZT) values spanning from 0.90 to 1.51, with a maximum ZT value of 1.41 at 800 K, TlSb3Se2O12 shows great potential for high-temperature thermoelectric applications. These findings advance the understanding of non-centrosymmetric oxide materials and provide valuable insights for developing advanced materials for energy technologies.

Superhydrophobic Modification of Atomic Layer Deposition Antireflection Aluminum Oxide Film: A Simple Evaporative Coating Technique.

The antireflective transmittance-enhancing films have important applications in solar cells and other applications due to their self-cleaning and high light transmittance. However, obtaining high transmittance, highly durable, and superhydrophobic surfaces in a simple and easily accessible way is still a challenge. A simple evaporative coating technique has been proposed that can be used to prepare antireflective superhydrophobic aluminum oxide films using 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilanes. The results show that the contact angle of grass-like alumina increased from 99.5° to 155°. The surface energy of grass-like alumina decreased from 17.96 to 1.93 mN/m. The maximum value of light transmittance is close to 98%, and the average transmittance is above 95%. The films have excellent ultraviolet resistance and thermal stability along with relative mechanical and chemical stability. Meanwhile, this method has an excellent capacity for shape preservation. The relationships between the evaporation temperature and time and the light transmittance and hydrophobic angle of the films were also investigated together. This approach has the potential to be extended to large-scale industrial production.

Structural, electronic, and optical-absorption properties of 2D Si thin films

AbstractRecent experimental studies highlighted the potential of thin-film crystalline silicon (Si) for high-efficiency solar cells. Using density functional theory, we investigated 2D Si thin films across various orientations, thicknesses, and surface structures to elucidate their structure–property relationships. Through surface-energy calculations and Wulff construction, we determined the crystal habit of Si, which aligns with available experimental observations. Electronic-structure calculations underscored the critical role of valence saturation on surfaces in enabling semiconducting behavior in Si thin films, essential for optical applications. From optical-absorption calculations, we identified the surface index exhibiting the highest absorption coefficients for thin films Si solar cell applications. Graphical abstract

Thin film synthesis and photovoltaic performance of polypyrrole@cobalt hydroxide composites for solar cells and optoelectronic devices

Mono-nanocomposites (MNCs) comprising polypyrrole (PPy) and cobalt hydroxide nanoparticles (Co(OH)2 NPs) are emerging as highly favorable contenders for applications in solar cells and optoelectronic devices, owing to their distinctive attributes encompassing robust light absorption, elevated conductivity, and commendable chemical stability. This investigation delves into the production of a thin film [PPy@Co(OH)2]MNC utilizing the physical vapor deposition (PVD) method. The structural and morphological characteristics of the [PPy@Co(OH)2]MNC thin film were scrutinized through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Optical properties, namely reflectance (R), absorbance (Abs), and transmittance (T) within the UV–vis–NIR spectrum, were precisely gauged at room temperature. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations and optimizations were conducted to analyze the geometric parameters, while the refractive index dispersion was probed using the single oscillator Wemple-Didomenico (WD) model. Additionally, the energy of a single oscillator and the energy of dispersion were quantified. The [PPy@Co(OH)2]MNC thin film exhibited pronounced light absorption across the UV–vis–NIR spectrum, characterized by a bandgap of 1.6 eV. The Au/[PPy@Co(OH)2]MNC/p-Si/Al heterojunction device demonstrated a power conversion efficiency and fill factor (FF) of 2.6 % and 55.07 %, respectively, under an irradiance of 100 W/cm2. The findings of this investigation underscore the potential of [PPy@Co(OH)2]MNC-based thin films as auspicious candidates for deployment in solar cells and optoelectronic devices.

Internal Capsulation Via Self-Cross-linking and π-Effects Achieves Highly Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

Pursuing high stability becomes the core challenge in realizing the widespread application of perovskite solar cells (PerSCs). Here, a practical internal-capsulation strategy is proposed by introducing cross-linkable methacrylate analogs upon the perovskite layer, hindering ion migration and preventing lead leakage to achieve stable PerSCs. Butyl methacrylate (UMA) and benzyl methacrylate (BMA) can chemically interact with the perovskite layer, especially for the BMA dimer with significant π-interactions among the hanging benzene rings. Such configuration facilitated more compact coordination, thereby restoring the Fermi level of perovskite to a defect-free state and reducing carrier recombination losses. Moreover, by integrating the self-cross-linking and intermolecular π-effect, the application of BMA upgraded the internal capsulation from linear protection to a compact mesh-like scale. Consequently, the application of BMA not only boosted the efficiency to 25.31% but also greatly enhanced the stability of the perovskite layer, especially for water resistance and preventing lead linkage. The internal capsulation strategy upgrading from linear to mesh-like marked an innovative direction in protecting the perovskite layer, paving the way for more sustainable PerSCs in further application.

New absorbent layer through employing semi-transparent Cs0.05FA0.95PbI2.55Br0.45 in perovskite solar cells for solar windows: Balancing efficiency and transparency

Perovskite materials are gaining attention due to their superior photovoltaic performance and potential for transparent solar cell applications, such as solar windows and building-integrated systems. This study focuses on designing thinner Cs0.05FA0.95PbI2.55Br0.45 perovskite layers to balance transparency and power conversion efficiency (PCE). The solar cell performance improves with increased absorber layer thickness, resulting in a current density (JSC) rise from 9.98 to 21.60 mA/cm2. The optimized device achieves an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.24 V, a fill factor (FF) of 80.70 %, and PCE of 20 %. For absorber thicknesses of 100–500 nm, the PCE ranges from 10.01 % to 19.45 %, while the average visible transmittance (AVT) decreases from 51.05 % to 2.63 %. These results provide insights into designing semi-transparent perovskite solar cells with a balance between efficiency and transparency.

A leap forward in the optimization of organic solar cells: DFT-based insights into the design of NDI-based donor-acceptor-donor structures

This study presents the design and analysis of four novel small molecules with a donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) architecture, incorporating naphthalene diimide (NDI) as the central electron acceptor core, flanked by different electron-donating units: 4H-dithieno [3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole (DTP), isomeric 7H-dithieno-[2,3-b:3′,2′-d]pyrrole (iso-DTP), phenothiazine, and diphenylamine. The optical, electronic, and photovoltaic properties of these structures were evaluated using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) at the WB97XD/6-311+G (d,p) theoretical level. The selected calculation method showed excellent agreement with experimental data for the synthesized NDI-C3 molecule, validating the computational approach. Our findings highlight the significant role of electron-donating groups in enhancing photovoltaic properties, including increased open-circuit voltage, improved charge density distribution, and enhanced parameters such as fill factor, radiation lifetime, and light harvesting efficiency compared to the NDI-C3 structure. These promising results underscore the potential of our designed molecules for efficient application in organic solar cells and their significant contribution to the advancement of photovoltaic technology.

Biological Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Fruit Extract of Ruta Chalepensis as Photolectrode for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Application

Biological Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Fruit Extract of <i>Ruta Chalepensis</i> as Photolectrode for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Application

Synthesis of multifunctional NiFe2O4-Zns-Ag nanocomposite for sunlight driven photocatalytic dye degradation and solar cells applications: Structural, magnetic and optical properties

This article focuses on the fabrication and investigation of the novel multifunctional NiFe2O4-Zns-Ag core-bi-shell nanocomposite and their magnetic optical properties. The nanocomposite was prepared by a simple co-precipitation method and characterized using various techniques such as XRD, SEM, TEM, UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and VSM. The results showed that the nanocomposite had a spinel cubic structure with an average crystallite size of 29 nm. The SEM and TEM images revealed that the nanocomposite had a spherical shape with an average particle size of 61 nm. The optical study demonstrated that the nanocomposite had high absorption in the visible region, indicating its potential for photocatalytic applications. The magnetic study showed that the nanocomposite was superparamagnetic in nature, which could be useful in magnetic separation processes. Furthermore, the potential application of the nanocomposite in solar cells was explored by studying its optical absorption properties. Finally, the photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite was evaluated using two different azoic dyes under sunlight irradiation. The results showed that the nanocomposite exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity, with a degradation efficiency of 96.22 % within 90 min. Overall, this study provides insights into the potential use of NiFe2O4-Zns-Ag nanocomposite as an efficient photocatalyst for environmental remediation.

Mechanochemical synthesis and characterization of poly[(aniline-co-N-(4-sulfophenyl) aniline] nanofibers and its nanocomposite with titanium dioxide nanoparticles and study of their efficiency in hybrid solar cell

The advantages of polyaniline for application in new generation solar cells include its cost-effectiveness, environmentally friendly synthesis, remarkable stability, and the ability to modify the bandgap through the synthesis of its nanocomposites. But a challenge for its nanostructures is the limited solubility in non-toxic solvents, including water, which limits their processability in coating techniques. We overcame this challenge by synthesizing its copolymer with diphenylamine-4-sulfonate and its nanocomposite with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs). So through a solid-state and template-free technique and using sodium diphenylamine-4-sulfonate, aniline hydrochloride salt, TiO2NPs, and FeCl3∙6 H2O as an oxidant, poly(N-(sulfophenyl)aniline) nanoflowers (PSANFLs), poly [(aniline-co-N-(4-sulfophenyl) aniline] nanofibers (PAPSANFs), poly(N-(sulfophenyl)aniline) nanofibers/titanium dioxide nanoparticles (PSANFs/TiO2NPs), and poly (aniline-co-N-(4-sulfophenyl)aniline nanofibers/titanium dioxide nanoparticles (PAPSANFs/TiO2NPs) were synthesized. Characterization of the synthesized samples was carried out through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectra, ultraviolet-visible spectra (UV-Vis), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and elemental analysis (CHNS). The FE-SEM images clearly illustrate that the synthesized samples are of nanoscale dimensions. The band gap values of 2.23 eV for PSANFs/TiO2NPs and 1.96 eV for PAPSANFs/TiO2NPs nanocomposites were determined through electrochemical calculations based on cyclic voltammetry curves, showcasing the complementary properties of n and p semiconductors. Using doctor blade method to prepare films from synthesized materials and the architectural pattern of ITO│TiO2NPs│semiconductor sample│Al, all hybrid solar cells are fabricated. The I-V characteristics and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the samples were examined and discussed. The PCE values for the four samples were found to be in the range of 0.20–0.82 %.