Application Of Electronic Equipment Research Articles

Advances in the structure and preparation of electromagnetic shielding composites with carbon-based filler polymers

The growth of electronic equipment applications, such as aerospace weaponry, wireless base stations, and 5G communication technologies, has led to serious electromagnetic interference (EMI) and pollution problems. These issues can cause equipment overload and damage. Carbon-based fillers are commonly used as conductive fillers in EMI shielding materials due to their low cost, lightweight and flexible nature, high thermal and electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, and ease of processing and molding. This paper aims to provide theoretical support for future research by identifying the major trends in the recent advancements of carbon-based filler polymer composites for electromagnetic shielding from the years 2020 to 2024, specifically in filler selection, multifunctional interface design, and preparation methods. Furthermore, this paper discusses the shielding principle of EMI shielding materials, the influence of different kinds of carbon-based fillers on the EMI shielding effect of polymer matrix composites, and the challenges and progress of their preparation methods. In the end, it concludes by proposing future research directions to overcome current technological barriers and further develop EMI shielding materials for industrial applications.

Flexible transparent wood with reversible photoresponsive property

Flexible photoresponsive transparent wood (FPTW) has potential applications in electronic equipment, sensors, and other fields. In this study, flexible and photoresponsive transparent wood was synthesized through the impregnation process, utilizing epoxy resin and a spiropyran solution. This process endowed the wood with intelligent response and flexible capabilities. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the impregnation of the flexible polymer into the porous structure of natural wood. Further validation was conducted to affirm the sample responds to ultraviolet light, employing analyses of infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Through the measurement of chromaticity parameters, encompassing lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), and total color difference (ΔE*), before and after UV irradiation, it is indicated that the wooden samples manifest commendable photoresponsive properties. Testing the fluorescence properties of the samples, the spiropyran completed the opened-loop and closed-loop transitions under irradiation with UV and visible light. In addition, the FPTW has excellent mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 0.98 GPa and an elastic modulus of 0.65 GPa.

The Status of Representative Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Since the invention of lithium-ion batteries as a rechargeable energy storage system, it has uncommonly promoted the development of society. It has a wide variety of applications in electronic equipment, electric automobiles, hybrid vehicles, and aerospace. As an indispensable component of lithium-ion batteries, anode materials play an essential role in the electrochemical characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. In this review, we described the development from lithium-metal batteries to lithium-ion batteries in detail on the time axis as the first step; This was followed by an introduction to several commonly used anode materials, including graphite, silicon, and transition metal oxide with discussions the charge-discharge mechanism, challenges and corresponding strategies, and a collation of recent interesting work; Finally, three anode materials are summarized and prospected. Hopefully, this review can serve both the newcomers and the predecessors in the field.

Enhanced energy storage density with excellent temperature-stable dielectric properties of (1-x)[(Bi0.5Na0.5)0.94Ba0.06TiO3]-xAgNbO3 lead-free ceramics

Lead-free (1-x)[(Bi0.5Na0.5)0.94Ba0.06TiO3]-xAgNbO3 (abbreviated as BNTBT-100xAN) ceramics were fabricated using a conventional solid-phase reaction technique. The effect of the antiferroelectric AgNbO3 dopants for fatigue resistance, energy-storage density, temperature-stable permittivity, and conductivity mechanism was systematically investigated. The addition of AgNbO3 led to the decrease of remnant polarization and the increase of dielectric breakdown strength, a large effective energy-storage density of ~1.27 J/cm3 corresponding to the conversion efficiency of ~ 77.5% for BNTBT-5AN ceramic were attained under applied 105 kV/cm field. Meanwhile, it exhibited an outstanding fatigue-resistant performance at 70 kV/cm fixed field up to 105 cycles accompanied with excellent temperature-stable properties in the temperature range of 30 °C ~ 120 °C. Besides, BNTBT-5AN sample has also obtained outstanding temperature-stable permittivity, which was associated with the enhancement of the ergodic relaxor domain structure. A little variance of dielectric content (Δε'/ε'150 °C ≤ ± 15%) was acquired from 40 °C to 387 °C with a small tangent loss (tanδ ≤ 0.05) between 50 °C and 461 °C. Hence, it revealed that the high energy storage properties and excellent dielectric temperature stability for BNTBT-5AN ceramic were conducive to its better applications in electronic equipment.

A self-healing and flexible Ag@carbon fiber/polyurethane composite based on disulfide bonds and application in electromagnetic interference shielding

With the wide application of electronic equipment, the demand for the efficient performance of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials has become increasingly urgent to meet different requirements and electromagnetic environments. In this study, a flexible composite with both self-healing and reliable EMI shielding functions was facilely developed. Firstly, we synthesize Ag@Carbon fiber (CF) by electroless plating method, and we can see that the silver layer wrapped CF completely by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Then we synthesize polyurethane (PU) with disulfide, and mix Ag@CF with PU mechanically to prepare Ag@CF/PU composite. Ag@CF/PU achieved satisfactory mechanical properties, EMI shielding performance and self-healing performance. When the filler content was 3 wt%, the tensile strength of composite was 1.63 MPa, the highest EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) was 10.3 dB at X-band, and self-healing efficiency of tensile strength was 96%. With the increase of filler content, the tensile strength and EMI SE of composite improved, and self-healing efficiency decrease. When the filler content was 20 wt%, the tensile strength was 7.95 MPa, the highest EMI SE was 26 dB and self-healing efficiency of tensile strength was 28%. This work demonstrated a self-healing flexible EMI shielding composite material that ensured reliability.

RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM SMART HOME PADA RUMAH KOS BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS

Technological developments in the field of electronics to date have made the humanmindset advanced in the application of electronic equipment. One example of its development isremote control of electrical equipment. Many people use these developments as a means offacilitating life activities in solving problems that occur. The use of the internet in life can beused as an example in the use of technological developments. The internet is one of thecommunication media that has many benefits in increasing effectiveness, work efficiency, andmonitoring. The internet can be used as a transmission medium for control and monitoringsystems. With the internet, one can control electrical equipment and monitor the condition of thehouse. The concept originated from the Internet of Things or IoT. IoT is a concept where alltools and services in the system are connected to each other using internet media. Based onthese problems, a smart home system was created that functions as control of electricalequipment, smoke detection, monitoring of temperature and humidity in the room. Themonitoring and control system is integrated with Android applications and based on the Internetof Things.

Numerical study on conjugate convective thermal transport in an annular porous geometry

Buoyancy-driven convection in an annular space between two upright concentric cylinders having finite thickness of inner/outer cylinder is an essential physical structure exposing several practical applications. The current article reports the coupled conduction-convection transfer in an upright porous annular space and the buoyant convective stream and thermal transfer, associated thermal transport rates has been numerically investigated. In this analysis, the inner cylinder has fixed width and maintained at uniform high temperature, while the outer cylinder wall is preserved at uniform lower temperature. However, the lower & upper boundaries of annular region are presumed to be sealed and insulated. The Brinkman-extended Darcy formulation is implemented for modeling the stream in the porous medium. An implicit finite difference technique based on SLOR & ADI methods is adopted to resolve the governing equations. From the numerical predictions, it has been detected that the conductivity ratio & wall thickness has crucial role in controlling thermal transport through the annular space. The present work will have applications in electronic equipment, electric machinery, solar collectors, and lubrication systems.

Preparation of high‐efficient ethylene‐vinyl acetate‐based thermal management materials by reducing interfacial thermal resistance with the assistance of polydopamine

AbstractThe rapid development of electronic technology puts forward higher requirements for thermal management materials. In this paper, polydopamine (PDA) was employed to improve the interfacial interaction between filler and matrix, and then to further regulate the interfacial thermal resistance and thermal conductivity of ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) composites. It was found that boron nitride (BN) sheets and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can fully exert the synergistic heat conduction effect with the assistance of PDA, and construct continuous and efficient heat conduction channels in EVA matrix. When 30 vol% BN and 2 vol% CNTs were added, the in‐plane thermal conductivity of the composite reached 9.61 W·m−1·K−1, which was about 3225% higher than that of EVA matrix. The contribution of PDA to auxiliary enhanced thermal conductivity was further verified by the fitting and calculation of the interfacial thermal resistance of the composites. In addition, the EVA composite material had sensitive thermal response and stable electrical insulation properties, which ensured its thermal management applications in electronic equipment.

The Future of Hybrid and Inorganic Perovskite Materials: Technology Forecasting

Perovskite (PSK) materials have received extensive attention because of their potential use as the active layer of different applications, including capacitors, sensors and detectors, memories, catalysts, fuel cells, and optoelectronic devices (solar cell and light‐emitting diode). Herein, the past, current, and future status of these applications are focused on. The state of each application is investigated using diverse technology indicators. It reveals that among all the applications, the optoelectronic application is the youngest one and has not yet reached the technology growth stage though it possesses most of the recently published patents. Using a technology investment potential evaluation method, the most potent area for investment is explored, indicating that detectors and sensors are the ones with the biggest investment potentials. Remarkably, PSK solar cell dedicates more than 70% of the patents to itself with the highest predicted efficiency of 30% that will be achieved in 2023 according to the curve fitting method and in 2030 according to the S‐curve method. As a perspective, currently, the highest efficiency and stability are achieved for small‐sized PSK solar cells, it is expected that they would be commercialized in electronic equipment applications first, and after overcoming the challenges, large‐scale modules would enter the markets.

Temperature stable (1-x)(0.9Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-0.1BiAlO3)-xNaTaO3 ceramics and capacitors with ultra-wide operational range

Temperature stable multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) are urgently required for electronic equipment applications. In this work, NaTaO3 modified (1-x)(0.9Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-0.1BiAlO3) ceramics (NBT-10BA-100xNT) were designed and fabricated. The effects of NaTaO3 concentration on the dielectric properties, insulating properties, and energy storage properties were investigated. At the optimum composition of x = 0.25, stable permittivity (Δε′/ε25°C′≤±15%) and low dielectric loss (tanδ≤ 0.02) over a wide temperature range of −100–334 °C were achieved. Furthermore, NBT-10BA-25NT based MLCCs with 70Ag/30 Pd inner electrodes were successfully fabricated by tape-casting method, which also exhibited both stable permittivity (Δε′/ε25°C′≤±15%) and low dielectric loss (tanδ ≤ 0.02) in an ultra-wide temperature range (−100–398 °C). These excellent performances suggest that NBT-10BA-25NT could be a promising candidate of dielectrics with ultra-wide operational temperature range for MLCCs.

Carbonized cotton textile with hierarchical structure for superhydrophobicity and efficient electromagnetic interference shielding

Endowing electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with superhydrophobicity is regarded as an effective method to guarantee their service reliability under harsh environments. However, it is still a great challenge to integrate superhydrophobicity on EMI shielding materials due to the requirement for complex structural design. Herein, an superhydrophobic EMI shielding textile was facilely fabricated by carbonizing cotton textile and regulating the surface structure with nano-sized carbon black (CB) and low-surface energy polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The composite textile exhibited a superior EMI shielding effectiveness (42.9 dB), a large water contact angle (157.8°), and a low sliding angle (6.9°). It also showed strong resistance to physical deformations and chemical environments. These attractive features were attributed to the joint action of highly conductive carbonized textile, CB coating with nanoscale roughness, and PDMS protective layer. This work provides novel ideas for designing superhydrophobic EMI shielding materials for applications in electronic equipment under harsh environment.

Large electro-strain with excellent fatigue resistance of lead-free (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.94Ba0.06Ti1-x(Y0.5Nb0.5)xO3 perovskite ceramics

A series of lead-free (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.94Ba0.06Ti1-x(Y0.5Nb0.5)xO3 (for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.03) perovskite ceramics were fabricated using a solid-state reaction technique. The effects of (Y0.5Nb0.5)4+ ions doping on phase structure, piezoelectric properties, AC impedance, and fatigue resistance were systematically studied. Crystal structure as a function of the composition revealed a single perovskite lattice structure with dense micromorphology. The transition temperature of the non-ergodic and ergodic relaxor ferroelectric phase shifted to near ambient temperature with increasing composition, which was related to the destruction of the long-range ordered ferroelectric domains. Hence, the transformation of ferroelectric-to-relaxor phase was easier under applied electric field at room temperature. The ceramic for x = 0.01 composition attained a large unipolar strain of ~ 0.452% with a corresponding normalized strain (d33*) of ~ 603 pm/V under applied 75 kV/cm field. Besides, the excellent fatigue resistance of the sample was obtained after 105 switching cycles under 70 kV/cm. These phenomena demonstrated that (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.94Ba0.06Ti1-x(Y0.5Nb0.5)xO3 ceramics might be suitable for a wide range of electronic equipment applications such as actuators and sensors.

Professional training at the university and digitalization of education: problems and prospects

The article deals with the specifics of training specialists in creative professions (designers, architects) at the university and the general psychological and pedagogical conditions for the formation of specialized consciousness. The purpose and main objective of the study are to identify those conditions for the introduction of digital learning that enables to get a really stable positive result and create a basis for the effective application of electronic equipment and digital education methods. In this context, we study the psychological features of the formation of professional thinking and teaching methods of professional activity at the university level. The psychological conditions of the translation of visual and verbal information into the mental plane, the ways of transformation of students' learning activities and their formation as creative specialists are considered. The basic and special abilities in the field of color proficiency are revealed. The article examines the problematic and promising aspects of digitalization of education in the framework of design education. The ways of effective integration of digital education and traditional forms of professional training in the training of specialists in creative professions (designers, architects, artists, etc.) are determined.

Evaluation of the kinetics of gold biosorption processes and consequent biogenic synthesis of AuNPs mediated by the fungus Trichoderma harzianum

Gold has several applications in electronic equipment, jewelry, catalysts, and nanoscale, emphasizing the biomedical field. Some conventional effluent treatment methods are used in gold recoveries, such as electrochemical treatments, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange resins. However, these technologies have disadvantages, such as high cost and toxicity. Biosorption appears as a low cost and environmentally friendly alternative. Studies have shown that many biosorbents also synthesize biologically metallic ions into nanoparticles from reduction, nucleation, and subsequent stabilization. This work aims to evaluate gold’s biosorption utilizing fungal biomass of Trichoderma harzianum , promoting nanoparticles’ biogenic synthesis simultaneously. The results showed that 0.4 g L −1 of fungal biomass added the gold ion solution to 400 mg L −1 is possible to perform the processes of biosorption (metal removal) and biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles from 30 min under agitation simultaneously. The fungus T. harzianum has a high biosorbing gold capacity, approximately 1340 mg of the metal per g of biomass in 180 min, and a removal rate above 60%. The gold biosorption mediated by T. harzianum was adjusted to the kinetic pseudo-second-order (PSO) model, with R 2 of 0.99 and biosorption capacity calculated according to this model 1342.93 mg g −1 . The biosynthesized nanoparticles had a nanometric size distribution below 30 nanometers and spherical shape. • The fungus Trichoderma harzianum can carry out the processes biosorption of gold and biosynthesize AuNPs. • The fungal biomass showed a biosorption capacity of 1340 mg g −1 and removal rate of 62%. • The biosorption profile was adjusted to the kinetic model of PSO. • T. harzianum synthesized AuNPs biologically with an average size of 15 nm and spherical shape. • 95% of the biosynthesized nanoparticles had a diameter of fewer than 30 nanometers.

Healable polyurethane/carbon nanotube composite with segregated structure for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding

The development of high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composites is significant to practical application of electronic equipment. Nevertheless, there still remains a challenge in achieving durable EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) when the EMI shielding materials suffers external mechanical damage or other diverse harsh circumstances. Herein, a healable EMI shielding composite was facilely developed, with dynamic crosslinking polyurethane holding Diels–Alder bonds (PUDA) as substrate and carbon nanotube (CNT) as electrical fillers. Segregated conductive networks with CNT selectively distributed among the interfaces of PUDA regions were constructed, endowing the CNT@PUDA composite with high EMI SE of 41.2 dB (X-band) at 7.0 wt% CNT loading. Thanks to the reversible Diels–Alder reaction, the CNT@PUDA composites can be repaired effectively and repetitively by heating or subjecting DC electricity. The EMI SE of cracked composite with 5.0 wt% CNT can recover from 17.1 to 33.8 dB (96% retention in comparison to original 35.5 dB) even after repeated cutting/healing process for three times, thanks to the reconstructed segregated CNT networks with the help of healable PUDA domains. The splendid mechanical properties with high healing efficiency of 91% further ensure the reliable EMI SE. The construction of DA dynamic bonds and segregated conductive network in our study offers meaningful guidance to practical construction and development of healable EMI shielding facility.

Analysis and Research on the fault disposal process of the electric energy metering devices

With the wide application of electronic equipment, the electric energy metering device of site operation is often subject to various types of interference. Due to the complex operation environment, various kinds of fault problems often occur in the electric energy metering devices. However, the actual failure disposal methods were not unified and standardized, which often results in the waste of electric energy metering device assets. In view of the above problems, the faults disposal methods of the electric energy metering devices were studied, the work flow of standardized fault disposal of electric energy metering devices was sorted out and the disposal requirements of each link were identified, which provides a good foundation for standardizing the unified and efficient disposal of the failed electric energy metering devices, deepening the quality management of the whole life cycle of the electric energy metering devices, and realizing the effective reuse of the electric energy metering devices.

Finely modulating the morphology and composition of CuxNi1−x for enhanced microwave absorption capability

Some inevitable disadvantages (being thick and heavy with narrow broadband) restrict the application of Cu-based absorbers in microwave absorption field, which can be overcome by finely modulating the morphology and component of 1D structures. Here, we reported ethylenediamine-steered in situ two-step reduction reactions, which allowed the tunable preparation of CuxNi1−x (x = 0, 0.005, 0.02, 0.0344, 0.0934, 0.1581, 0.2243, and 1) composites with continuously tunable components and morphology varying from smooth rods to urchin-like rods and microspheres. The recombination of Ni with Cu into CuxNi1−x composites can tune crystallite size, inner stress, lattice constant, component, shape as well as properties. The CuxNi1−x (x = 0.0344–0.1581) composites exhibited stronger and wider absorption band under a lower filling mass fraction and thinner sample than other Cu-based absorbers. Due to the combined action of double dielectric relaxation, double magnetic resonances, high attenuation, and good impedance match. The optimal microwave absorption capability (MACs) was achieved for Cu0.0344Ni0.9656 microspheres with a maximum RL value of − 67.5 dB at 14.74 GHz and a broad frequency band (99% attenuation) of 15.41 GHz, corresponding to 1.7–10 mm sample thickness. Owing to tunable saturation magnetization and excellent MACs, the CuxNi1−x composites can work as a kind of promising absorber for applications in electronic equipment and devices.

Study on the Application of Electronic Equipment in Voice Disease Prevention

Electronic auxiliary equipment in many fields have been used in the prevention of disease, the vocal voice is more and more widely used, in the daily vocal training and voice disorders are mostly because the pronunciation method caused by improper, therefore, prevention and treatment of voice diseases is the scientific sound, let the human body the vocal organs reasonable movement in the vocal motor; followed by active prevention, effective treatment and daily life care. “Sound” is just like his life for the singer. How to protect it, keep it, and make it shine forever is the dream of every singer. In this paper, the application of electronic equipment, the use of voice disease prevention, through the scientific method of voice, physical health, diet and other aspects of the use of electronic auxiliary equipment, discusses the protection of artistic voice, singing can find the correct way of voice health.

Mechanical and Heat Transfer Performance Investigation of High Thermal Conductivity, Commercially Available Polymer Composite Materials for Heat Exchange in Electronic Systems

The thermal, mechanical, and morphological characteristics of three selected commercially available, injection-moldable, high thermal conductivity (20–32 W/m K), polyimide 66 (PA66) polymer composites from two vendors are characterized for possible heat exchange applications in electronic equipment. The fillers are found to consist of 10 μm diameter, 120–350 μm long fibers, made of carbon in two composites, and a hybrid combination of essentially carbon, oxygen, and silicon in the third composite. Fiber weight loading ranges from 63% to 69%. The hybrid, high-length fiber-reinforced material overall displays superior mechanical properties (i.e., ultimate tensile, flexural and impact strengths, and flexural modulus) compared with the other two carbon-filled composites. For the hybrid-filled and one carbon-filled material (both having a thermal conductivity of 20 W/m K), good agreement between mechanical property measurements and corresponding vendor data is obtained. For the material having the highest vendor-specified thermal conductivity (i.e., 32 W/m K) and weight filler fraction (i.e., 69%), mechanical properties are up to 37% lower than corresponding vendor data. The heat transfer rates of parallel plate, cross-flow air–water heat exchanger prototypes made of the three PA66 materials are comparable to that of an aluminum prototype having the same geometry. Based on the combined heat transfer and mechanical property characterization results, the hybrid, long fiber-filled PA66 polymer composite appears to have the best combination of mechanical and heat transfer characteristics, for potential use in electronics heat exchange applications.

Li3V2(PO4)3/LiFePO4 composite hollow microspheres for wide voltage lithium ion batteries

Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP)/LiFePO4 (LVP) composite hollow microspheres (LVP/LFP-CHMs) for lithium-ion batteries have been synthesized by a combination method, using yeast cells as both structure templates and biocarbon source. The stable heterogeneous isomorphism solid solution with superlattice structure is formed in the joint of LVP and LFP particles. A detailed analysis of the formation mechanism of solid solution with superlattice structure and the influences of different Fe:V mole ratios on the structure and electrochemical properties of composites are presented. When the LVP/LFP-CHMs with a Fe:V mole ratio of 1:3 were used as cathode material in coin cells with metallic Li as anode, the cell exhibits a discharge capacity of 221.5mAhg−1 for 5 cycles and discharge specific energy of 682 Wh kg−1 at 0.1C in a wide voltage range (1.5–4.3V). Its capacity is far higher than the capacity of unsubstituted LFP and LVP in the same wide voltage range. The energy density of this cell is about 4 times higher than that of modern commercial lithium-ion batteries (157 Wh kg−1). The wide voltage range not only increases the discharge capacity and energy density of cathode materials, but also could expand the range of its applications in electronic equipment.