Intelligent Transportation Systems Applications Research Articles

Local Differential Privacy for correlated location data release in ITS

The ubiquity of location positioning devices has facilitated the implementation of various Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) applications that generate an enormous volume of location data. Recently, Local Differential Privacy (LDP) has been proposed as a rigorous privacy framework that permits the continuous release of aggregate location statistics without relying on a trusted data curator. However, the conventional LDP was built upon the assumption of independent data, which may not be suitable for inherently correlated location data. This paper investigates the quantification of potential privacy leakage in a correlated location data release scenario under a local setting, which has not been addressed in the literature. Our analysis shows that the privacy guarantee of LDP could be degraded in the presence of spatial–temporal and user correlations, albeit the perturbation is performed locally and independently by the users. This privacy guarantee is bounded by a privacy barrier that is affected by the intensity of correlations. We derive several important closed-form expressions and design efficient algorithms to compute such privacy leakage in a correlated location data. We subsequently propose a Δ-CLDP model that enhances the conventional LDP by incorporating the data correlations, and design a generic LDP data release framework that renders adaptive personalization of privacy preservation. Extensive theoretical analyses and simulations on scalable real datasets validate the security and performance efficiency of our work.

Revolutionizing Urban Mobility: Smart Transportation & Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication – A Review

The burgeoning popularity of IoT technology has significantly altered transportation, with an extensive variety of repercussions. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are at the vanguard of this change, which has the potential to fundamentally change urban transportation for both individuals and businesses. ITS has expanded considerably in recent years, owing to global urbanization and industrialization advancements. It is regarded as a game-changing technology that improves road safety, improves traffic flow, and improves the entire driving experience. Despite many research efforts on ITS applications and simulation platforms, formal semantic descriptions for intelligent transportation systems have been noticeably lacking. Rising rates of accidents suggest the necessity for a robust Smart Transport System (STS) that prioritizes improving mobility, and reliability, as well as reducing carbon dioxide and methane emissions from automobiles beyond dispersing gains throughout everywhere. Multiple traffic signal management approaches have been designed to enhance real-time traffic movement at intersections, but none have achieved seamless, congestion-free traffic movements. The creation of an interconnected unified framework that integrates and links vehicles with VANET, IoT, and AI technologies will significantly affect the establishment of an innovative reliable mobility network. Internet of Vehicles (IoV) systems will connect several automobiles to share vital information through an IoT-enabled network. Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication is essential in developing intelligent transportation and rail traffic management systems, significantly improving road traffic safety and efficiency. A V2I system integrates transmission and analysis capabilities into vehicles and corresponding infrastructure. Wireless sensors are strategically positioned along highways or driving zones in this system. The significance of safe and effective V2X communication between automobiles and facilities expands substantially as intelligent modes of transport progress.

A multi‐objective optimization model for RSU deployment in intelligent expressways based on traffic adaptability

AbstractThe intelligent expressway exemplifies a prominent application of intelligent transportation systems. Roadside units (RSUs), strategically deployed alongside roadways, serve as pivotal infrastructure in facilitating interactions within intelligent expressways. A well‐planned RSU deployment strategy is crucial for enhancing service quality, it necessitates balancing performance improvements with significant financial costs due to the limited transmission range and high deployment expenses of RSUs. To tackle these challenges, an adaptive approach for RSU deployment is proposed, which takes into account economic feasibility, service requirements, and dynamic traffic demands. A traffic adaptability‐based RSU deployment (TARD) model, which integrates factors such as deployment cost, the effectiveness of information coverage, road network topology, and traffic flow characteristics have been devised. The TARD aims to minimize deployment expenses while maximizing the benefits of information coverage and alignment with road traffic demands. The Non‐dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA‐II) is employed to solve this optimization model. To validate its efficacy, simulations are conducted on the G2 expressway in Shandong Province, China, demonstrating the superior performance of the TARD compared to three other deployment strategies. Ablation experiments further underscore the critical role of tunnel deployments and comprehensive coverage along long sections in bolstering network connectivity and elevating service quality.

A Review on Machine Learning in Intelligent Transportation Systems Applications

A Review on Machine Learning in Intelligent Transportation Systems Applications

Flying foxes optimization with reinforcement learning for vehicle detection in UAV imagery

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are globally installed in smart cities, which enable the next generation of ITS depending on the potential integration of autonomous and connected vehicles. Both technologies are being tested widely in various cities across the world. However, these two developing technologies are vital in allowing a fully automatic transportation system; it is necessary to automate other transportation and road components. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones are utilized for many surveillance applications in the ITS. Detecting on-ground vehicles in drone images is significant for disaster rescue operations, traffic and parking management, and navigating uneven territories. This study presents a flying foxes optimization with deep learning-based vehicle detection and classification model on aerial images (FFODL-VDCAI) technique for ITS application. The main objective of the FFODL-VDCAI technique is to automate and accurately classify vehicles that exist in aerial images. Three primary processes are involved in the presented FFODL-VDCAI technique. Initially, the FFODL-VDCAI approach utilizes YOLO-GD (Ghost-Net and Depthwise convolution) for vehicle detection, where the YOLO-GD uses lightweight Ghost Net in place on the backbone network of YOLO-v4 and interchanges the conventional convolutional with depthwise separable convolutional and pointwise convolutional. Next, the FFO technique is used for hyperparameter tuning the Ghost Net technique. Finally, a deep Q-network (DQN) based reinforcement learning technique is used to classify detected vehicles effectively. A comprehensive simulation analysis of the FFODL-VDCAI methodology is conducted on the UAV image dataset. The performance validation of the FFODL-VDCAI methodology exhibited superior values of 96.15% and 92.03% under PSU and Stanford datasets concerning various aspects.

Review of Risk Assessment Methods for Cybersecurity Attacks on Road Network and Intelligent Transportation System Applications

One of the most discussed infrastructure issues of our time is cybersecurity. A transportation system that connects not only people but also logistics to make the community around the world closer is one of the critical infrastructures requiring cybersecurity to perform its functions. Transportation systems include aviation, maritime, pipeline, railroad, and road networks. This study focuses only on the roadway network system. Cutting-edge technologies related to highway networks, such as variable message signs, vehicular ad hoc networks, and in-vehicle networks, have been developed to improve safety and efficiency. Those technologies make transportation systems more complex and integrated, bringing many potential vulnerabilities and cyber risks. This can attract an adversary to attack and exploit the system. The number of cybersecurity attacks on transportation systems has been growing for many years. However, it is not feasible to protect against all cybersecurity attacks in the system. The risk assessment concept is proposed to prioritize risk resulting from attacks to support decision-makers in formulating appropriate policies or countermeasures. This study reviews risk assessment methods for cybersecurity attacks on road networks and intelligent transportation system applications. Three potential risk assessment methods are examined for road network systems: the National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-30, Attack Potential and Damage Potential, and the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.

Enhancing vehicle detection in intelligent transportation systems via autonomous UAV platform and YOLOv8 integration

This study highlights the evolving landscape of object detection methodologies, emphasizing the superiority of deep learning-based approaches over traditional methods. Particularly in intelligent transportation systems-related applications requiring robust image processing techniques, such as vehicle identification, localization, tracking, and counting within traffic scenarios, deep learning has gained substantial traction. The YOLO algorithm, in its various iterations, has emerged as a popular choice for such tasks, with YOLOv5 garnering significant attention. However, a more recent iteration, YOLOv8, was introduced in early 2023, ushering in a new phase of exploration and potential innovation in the field of object detection. Consequently, due to its recent emergence, the number of studies on YOLOv8 is extremely limited, and an application in the field of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) has not yet found its place in the existing literature. In light of this gap, this study makes a noteworthy contribution by delving into vehicle detection using the YOLOv8 algorithm. Specifically, the focus is on targeting aerial images acquired through a modified autonomous UAV, representing a unique avenue for the application of this cutting-edge algorithm in a practical context. The dataset employed for training and testing the algorithm was curated from a diverse collection of traffic images captured during UAV missions. In a strategic effort to enhance the variability of vehicle images, the study systematically manipulated flight patterns, altitudes, orientations, and camera angles through a custom-designed and programmed drone. This deliberate approach aimed to bolster the algorithm's adaptability across a wide spectrum of scenarios, ultimately enhancing its generalization capabilities. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm, a comprehensive comparative analysis was conducted, focusing on the YOLOv8n and YOLOv8x submodels within the YOLOv8 series. These submodels were subjected to rigorous testing across diverse lighting and environmental conditions using the dataset. Through tests, it was observed that YOLOv8n achieved an average precision of 0.83 and a recall of 0.79, whereas YOLOv8x attained an average precision of 0.96 and a recall of 0.89. Furthermore, YOLOv8x also outperformed YOLOv8n in terms of F1 score and mAP, achieving values of 0.87 and 0.83 respectively, compared to YOLOv8n's 0.81 and 0.79. These outcomes of the evaluation illuminated the relative strengths and weaknesses of YOLOv8n and YOLOv8x, leading to the conclusion that YOLOv8n is well-suited for real-time ITS applications, while YOLOv8x exhibits superior detection capabilities.

Short-Term and Long-Term Travel Time Prediction Using Transformer-Based Techniques

In the evolving field of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs), accurate and reliable traffic prediction is essential in enhancing management and planning capabilities. Accurately predicting traffic conditions over both short-term and long-term intervals is vital for the practical application of ITS. The integration of deep learning into traffic prediction has proven crucial in advancing traffic prediction beyond traditional approaches, particularly in analyzing and forecasting complex traffic scenarios. Despite these advancements, the existing methods are unable to effectively handle both short-term and long-term traffic patterns given their complex nature, revealing a need for more comprehensive forecasting solutions. To address this need, we propose a new approach named the Short-Term and Long-Term Integrated Transformer (SLIT). SLIT is a Transformer-based encoder–decoder architecture, designed for the effective prediction of both short-term and long-term travel time durations. The architecture integrates the Enhanced Data Preprocessing (EDP) with the Short-Term and Long-Term Integrated Encoder–Decoder (SLIED). This harmonious combination enables SLIT to effectively capture the complexities of traffic data over varying time horizons. Extensive evaluations on a large-scale real-world traffic dataset demonstrate the excellence of SLIT compared with existing competitive methods in both short- and long-term travel time predictions across various metrics. SLIT exhibits significant improvements in prediction results, particularly in short-term forecasting. Remarkable improvements are observed in SLIT, with enhancements of up to 9.67% in terms of all evaluation metrics across various time horizons. Furthermore, SLIT demonstrates the capability to analyze traffic patterns across various road complexities, proving its adaptability and effectiveness in diverse traffic scenarios with improvements of up to 10.83% in different road conditions. The results of this study highlight the high potential of SLIT in significantly enhancing traffic prediction within ITS.

STC-PSSA: A New Model of Traffic Flow Forecasting Based on Spatiotemporal Convolution and Probabilistic Sparse Self-Attention

Traffic flow forecasting is the foundation of the dynamic control and application of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). It is also of significant practical value in alleviating road congestion. Given the periodic and dynamic changes in traffic flow and the spatiotemporal coupling interaction of complex road networks, traffic flow forecasting is challenging and rarely yields satisfactory prediction results. To capture the dynamic spatiotemporal characteristics of traffic flow, a new model of traffic flow forecasting based on spatiotemporal convolution and probabilistic sparse self-attention (STC-PSSA) is proposed. It consists of a spatiotemporal graph convolution network (ST-GCN) module, a spatiotemporal convolution module (ST-Conv), and a probabilistic sparse attention module (PSSA). ST-GCN consists of the gated temporal convolutional network (G-TCN) and the graph convolution network (GCN), which are used to capture the temporal dependence and spatial correlation of the traffic flow, respectively. Multiple ST-GCNs are stacked to handle spatial features at various time levels. The ST-Conv captures intricate temporal dependence at the same location and dynamic spatial features at neighboring locations simultaneously. The PSSA combines dynamic spatiotemporal features and performs long-term forecasting efficiently. The experimental results demonstrate that the STC-PSSA model can accurately extract the dynamic spatiotemporal characteristics of traffic flow and outperforms the popular baseline methods in forecasting accuracy.

Intelligent Transportation System Technologies, Challenges and Security

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) first appeared in 1868 with traffic lights. With developing technology, the need to bring a smart approach to transportation applications within the scope of speed and environmental protection has emerged. Protecting ITS infrastructure against cyber attacks has become a matter of reputation for states. It is essential to provide the necessary technological infrastructure for the integrated operation of the systems used in ITS, especially geographical location, communication, and mapping. These technological developments bring cyber attacks, risks, and many dangers that should be avoided, especially on the systems used. This study examines ITS architecture, applications, communication technologies, and new trend technologies in detail. This study includes contributing to studies in the field of ITS and preventing attacks and incidents that may occur in terms of cyber security. The most important cyber attacks that may occur in ITS applications are included. In addition, the minimum security requirements that can be taken in ITS applications and infrastructures against these attacks are included.

Next track point prediction using a flexible strategy of subgraph learning on road networks

Accurately predicting the next track point of vehicle travel is crucial for various Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) applications, such as travel behavior studies, traffic control, and traffic congestion monitoring. Recent works on trajectory prediction follow a paradigm that first represents the raw trajectory and subsequently makes predictions based on that representation. Currently, trajectory representation methods tend to project trajectory points to road networks by map matching and represent trajectories based on the representation of matched roads. However, precisely matching trajectories to roads is a challenge in ITS, as the matching precision is greatly affected by the quality of the trajectory. Meanwhile, since it is difficult to discern whether trajectory matching results are accurate or confounded, how to effectively utilize this type of uncertain geographic context information is also a challenge, which is defined as the Uncertain Geographic Context Problem (UGCoP) in geographic information science. Therefore, we propose a flexible strategy of subgraph learning, referred to as SLM, for predicting the next track point of vehicles. Specifically, a subgraph generation module is first proposed to extract topology contextual information of the roads around historical trajectory points. Secondly, a subgraph learning module is designed to learn rich spatial and temporal features from generated subgraphs. Finally, the extracted spatiotemporal features will be fed into a prediction module to predict the next track points of vehicles on road networks. Our model enables the effective utilization of uncertain geographic context information of trajectories on road networks while avoiding the error brought by map matching. Extensive experiments based on trajectory datasets in two different cities confirm the effectiveness of our approach.

Utilizing YOLOv8 for enhanced traffic monitoring in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) applications

The increasing demand for artificial intelligence-based motor vehicle detection in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications highlights the significance of advancements in this field. The introduction of YOLOv8, the latest iteration in the YOLO algorithm series, presents a new avenue for exploring the potential of this detection algorithm within the ITS domain. The algorithm has not been previously tested in applications such as vehicle detection, which highlights a gap in the existing literature. This presents an opportunity to explore its capabilities and contributions in traffic monitoring and vehicle detection. This study aims to address this gap by employing YOLOv8 for vehicle detection within the broader context of ITS applications. Distinguishing itself from its predecessors, YOLOv8 features a decoupled head structure and employs a C2f module instead of C3. Extensive testing was performed using datasets acquired through aerial monitoring with a drone. Special emphasis was placed on ensuring a diverse array of target objects during dataset creation, a detail frequently neglected in comparable studies. The algorithm's training not only facilitated an evaluation of its ability to generalize and process data proficiently but also provided initial insights into its potential for real-time applications. The model underwent a comprehensive series of performance tests, revealing both strengths and weaknesses and outlining its capabilities and limitations. In a comparative analysis, the study systematically compared the performance metrics of YOLOv8 with those of YOLOv5, a widely adopted model in ITS research. Precision assessments unveiled a significant disparity, with YOLOv8 exhibiting an 18% increase in precision compared to YOLOv5. Further investigation into the inference times of both algorithms highlighted the superior processing speed performance of YOLOv8. The study's findings shed light on the limitations of the detection process, attributing misclassifications to factors such as variations in vehicle shapes, lighting conditions, and relative sizes.

STFEformer: Spatial–Temporal Fusion Embedding Transformer for Traffic Flow Prediction

In the realm of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs), traffic flow prediction is crucial for multiple applications. The primary challenge in traffic flow prediction lies in the handling and modeling of the intricate spatial–temporal correlations inherent in transport data. In recent years, many studies have focused on developing various Spatial–Temporal Graph Neural Networks (STGNNs), and researchers have also begun to explore the application of transformers to capture spatial–temporal correlations in traffic data. However, GNN-based methods mainly focus on modeling spatial correlations statically, which significantly limits their capacity to discover dynamic and long-range spatial patterns. Transformer-based methods have not sufficiently extracted the comprehensive representation of traffic data features. To explore dynamic spatial dependencies and comprehensively characterize traffic data, the Spatial–Temporal Fusion Embedding Transformer (STFEformer) is proposed for traffic flow prediction. Specifically, we propose a fusion embedding layer to capture and fuse both native information and spatial–temporal features, aiming to achieve a comprehensive representation of traffic data characteristics. Then, we introduce a spatial self-attention module designed to enhance detection of dynamic and long-range spatial correlations by focusing on interactions between similar nodes. Extensive experiments conducted on three real-world datasets demonstrate that STFEformer significantly outperforms various baseline models, notably achieving up to a 5.6% reduction in Mean Absolute Error (MAE) on the PeMS08 dataset compared to the next-best model. Furthermore, the results of ablation experiments and visualizations are employed to clarify and highlight our model’s performance. STFEformer represents a meaningful advancement in traffic flow prediction, potentially influencing future research and applications in ITSs by providing a more robust framework for managing and analyzing traffic data.

Cluster Optimization in VANET Using MFO Algorithm and K-Means Clustering: A Bibliometric Review

In bibliometric review reveals that VANET clustering optimization is a significant area of research, with several studies focusing on different aspects of the problem. The use of optimization algorithm, such as the MFO algorithm and K-Means clustering, has shown potential in improving network performance. The trend of VANETs employing Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) applications to optimize of clusters in enhancing network performance. The proposed route-finding approach based on clustering and intelligent optimization further emphasizes the significant of optimized clustering algorithms for maximizing VANET performance.

Sensor-based Target Location Technology in Intelligent Transport Systems

This paper explores the critical role of sensor-based targeting in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). The rapid growth of vehicles put forward challenges to congestion and emissions, and most contraries’ departments use ITS to solve the problem. The key to ITS is positioning the traffic participants precisely to collect the necessary data for the system operation. This study provides a review of previous research on sensor-based target localization and its importance in ITS. It discusses various sensors suitable for ITS applications, detailing their functionality and contribution to system efficiency, accuracy, and safety. In addition, this paper designs an experimental case that provides a deeper analysis of these sensors. This experiment tries to use minimum mean squared error and Kalman filtering to reduce error. The results of the study show that methods similar to minimum mean squared error and Kalman filtering can reduce the error effectively. This research contributes to understanding the use of sensors in ITS, digging their potential to revolutionize modern transport systems.

Traffic flow detection method based on improved SSD algorithm for intelligent transportation system.

With the development of the new generation communication system in China, the application of intelligent transportation system is more extensive, which brings higher demands for vehicle flow detection and monitoring. Traditional traffic flow detection modes often cannot meet the high statistical accuracy requirement and high-speed detection simultaneously. Therefore, an improved Inception module is integrated into the single shot multi box detector algorithm. An intelligent vehicle flow detection model is constructed based on the improved single shot multi box detector algorithm. According to the findings, the convergence speed of the improved algorithm was the fastest. When the test sample was the entire test set, the accuracy and precision values of the improved method were 93.6% and 96.0%, respectively, which were higher than all comparison target detection algorithms. The experimental results of traffic flow statistics showed that the model had the highest statistical accuracy, which converged during the training phase. During the testing phase, except for manual statistics, all methods had the lowest statistical accuracy on motorcycles. The average accuracy and precision of the designed model for various types of images were 96.9% and 96.8%, respectively. The calculation speed of this intelligent model was not significantly improved compared to the other two intelligent models, but it was significantly higher than manual monitoring methods. Two experimental data demonstrate that the intelligent vehicle flow detection model designed in this study has higher detection accuracy. The calculation speed has no significant difference compared with the traditional method, which is helpful to the traffic flow management in intelligent transportation system.

Development of information systems in road transportation

Nowadays, we face many problems in the field of transport. The application of intelligent transport systems should improve problems related to congestion management, road safety, access to data in the transport environment, and environmental protection. The paper presents two concepts that are key to the improvement and development of the transport sector. The development and application of automatic vehicle location since the 1960s has led to an improvement in the efficiency of transport companies’ operations and the quality of their services. This technology has led to improved efficiency of the transport service, better utilisation of resources and improved quality of service. However, the most modern concept that initiates the improvement of existing solutions and encourages the development of new solutions in the field of transport is the IoT (Internet of Things) concept. In freight transport, the application of IoT technology enables cost management, reduction of CO2 emissions and avoidance of congestion through the use of alternative routes.

Design and Application of Intelligent Transportation Systems Based on Optoelectronic Information Processing and Time-optimal Algorithms

The project employs photoelectric information acquisition technology and integrates it with an intersection waiting time optimization algorithm to achieve traffic light control at urban intersections through photoelectric acquisition, data analysis, data processing, and module control. Its objective is to efficiently and effectively address the issue of traffic congestion at intersections, providing a solution for the development of intelligent urban transportation.

Gated Fusion Adaptive Graph Neural Network for Urban Road Traffic Flow Prediction

Accurate prediction of traffic flow plays an important role in maintaining traffic order and traffic safety, which is a key task in the application of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). However, the urban road network has complex dynamic spatial correlation and nonlinear temporal correlation, and achieving accurate traffic flow prediction is a highly challenging task. Traditional methods use sensors deployed on roads to construct the spatial structure of the road network and capture spatial information by graph convolution. However, they ignore that the spatial correlation between nodes is dynamically changing, and using a fixed adjacency matrix cannot reflect the real road spatial structure. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a new spatial-temporal deep learning model: gated fusion adaptive graph neural network (GFAGNN). GFAGNN first extracts long-term dependencies on raw data through stacking expansion causal convolution, Then the spatial features of the dynamics are learned by adaptive graph attention network and adaptive graph convolutional network respectively, Finally the fused information is passed through a lightweight channel attention to extract temporal features. The experimental results on two public data sets show that our model can effectively capture the spatiotemporal correlation in traffic flow prediction. Compared with GWNET-conv model on METR-LA dataset, the three indexes in the 60-minute task prediction improved by 2.27%,2.06% and 2.13%, respectively.

Link stability based multipath routing and effective mobility prediction in cognitive radio enabled vehicular ad hoc network

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) provide a robust infrastructure for intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications. VANET communication involves vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure connections, primarily with roadside units (RSUs). Analyzing cognitive radio (CR)-VANET studies revealed two key performance issues: high energy consumption and latency. To address these challenges, we propose a novel approach: link stability and mobility prediction-based clustered CR-VANETs, known as LMCCR-VANET. LMCCR-VANET consists of four main components: CR-VANET construction, clustering model, speed-based mobility prediction, and link-based multipath routing. Initially, we establish cluster-based CR-VANETs to analyze and mitigate spectrum scarcity and power utilization problems in VANETs. Mobility prediction evaluates vehicle speed variations and predictions. Finally, employing link stability-based multipath routing (LSMR) in conjunction with the fuzzy interference model and ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol ensures stable and efficient routing. Experimental results showcase the superiority of LMCCR-VANET. It exhibits enhanced energy efficiency, delivery rates, reduced energy consumption, end-to-end latency, and routing overhead when compared to recent works such as SCCR-VANET, CFCR-VANET, and MMCR-VANET.