Time Applications Research Articles

Italian Ryegrass Control Using a Capsule Suspension Formulation of S-metolachlor in Fenclorim-treated Wheat

Abstract Italian ryegrass control is one of the most significant limitations in wheat production in the U.S. today. Resistance to Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC)/Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) Groups 1, 2, and 9 in Arkansas have further complicated postemergence control, while residual herbicides still show effective weed control. One problem is the potential of HRAC/WSSA Group 15 herbicides to injure wheat when applied preemergence, indicating the need for a herbicide safener. A series of experiments were conducted in Fayetteville, AR, to evaluate crop tolerance and Italian ryegrass control using a capsule suspension formulation of S-metolachlor in conjunction with fenclorim-treated wheat. Experiments were conducted as a two-factor factorial with S-metolachlor applied at three rates (0.37, 0.74, and 1.12 kg ai ha-1) and a microencapsulated formulation of acetochlor at 1.05 kg ai ha-1, and three rates of a fenclorim seed treatment at 0, 0.5, and 2.0 g ai kg-1 of seed. Separate experiments utilized either a preemergence (PRE) or a delayed-preemergence (DPRE) application timing. In both experiments, S-metolachlor at 0.74 and 1.12 kg ai ha-1 provided 77 to 96% control of Italian ryegrass by preharvest, whereas acetochlor only provided 49 to 72% control. Visible wheat injury from PRE applications ranged from 7 to 49% for all treatments 21 d after treatment (DAT), with a reduction in injury when fenclorim-treated wheat was used for both the 0.74 and 1.12 kg ai ha-1 rate of S-metolachlor. In the DPRE experiments, wheat injury ranged from 5 to 16% 21 DAT with no noticeable safening from the presence of fenclorim at any herbicide rate. The results of these experiments indicate that a DPRE application using a CS formulation of S-metolachlor would be more favorable for producers to mitigate the potential for injury to wheat while providing Italian ryegrass control. Additionally, at the DPRE application timing, fenclorim is unnecessary for S-metolachlor to be safely applied at the rates evaluated.

Risk for nitrogen leaching after application of solid manure in autumn differs between manure types

Manure application performed in autumn requires regulation due to the risk of nitrogen (N) leaching during winter. On the other hand, application of manure in spring can pose some practical problems depending on the risk for N immobilization and the difficulty in ploughing heavy clay soils during this time of year. The risk for leaching is likely to differ between different soil texture and manure characteristics. In this study, we sought to estimate the risk for nitrogen leaching depending on the carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) of the manure, time for manure application, and soil type. We combined 3-year lysimeter experiments with 2-year field plot experiments and laboratory soil incubations and compared results with those from an empirical model. We compared effects of manure application on two soils (silty clay and loamy sand) and solid manures with different representing C/N ratios. In incubations, only manure with a C/N-ratio below 14 contributed with significant amounts of leachable N during the first months after application. In the lysimeter study, N leaching was unaffected by the timing of the application of the manure with C/N-ratio 18. However, regarding manure with C/N-ratio 10, N leaching was elevated with 10–15 kg N per ha after manure application in October compared to November and March on both soil types. The mineral N analyses from soil profiles in the field experiments showed a similar pattern, however, the increase was higher on the loamy sand compared to the silty clay. The ammonia emissions did not differ between manure types, but were on average 24% of applied NH4-N after application in October when air temperature was on average 12°C compared to only 3% of applied NH4-N in November and March when air temperature was on average 5°C. Similar to lysimeter results, the modelled N leaching was higher the earlier the manure application occurred in autumn. However, the model also predicted increased leaching for the manure with a high C/N-ratio, and a smaller effect on leaching on clay soil. Considering this, the model calculations overestimated the leaching effects from manure with a high C/N-ratio and underestimated the leaching effects on clay soil.

Axant™ Flex cotton response to topramezone applied early- or mid-postemergence

Abstract The continued development of herbicide-resistant weeds, such as Palmer amaranth, represents a growing concern across the United States Cotton Belt. To mitigate this issue, BASF Corporation developed Axant™ Flex cotton, the first quadruple-stacked herbicide resistance germplasm to improve the control of troublesome weed species in cotton. Field studies were conducted in 2022 and 2023 at the Texas Tech University Research Farm near New Deal, TX, to evaluate the response of Axant Flex cotton to topramezone applied alone or in combinations when applied to 3-leaf cotton (early-postemergence (EPOST)) or to 7-leaf cotton (mid-postemergence (MPOST)). No difference in cotton stand was observed between isoxaflutole or prometryn PRE treatments compared to the nontreated control. In 2022, no EPOST treatment caused greater than 6% crop response at 7 and 14 d after application (DAA). When treatments were made to 7-leaf cotton, crop response did not exceed 18% at 7 and 14 DAA. In 2023, crop response was ≤ 2% at 28 DAA regardless of application timing. No differences in lint yield were observed following any herbicide treatment when compared to the nontreated control in either year. Additionally, fiber length and strength were not adversely affected by treatments containing topramezone EPOST or MPOST in 2022 and 2023. These results support the potential use of topramezone in Axant Flex cotton to help manage troublesome weeds without detrimental effects on yield and fiber quality.

Atrazine application shapes white leaf spot (Neopseudocercosporella capsellae) development on triazine-resistant canola

Studies were undertaken on two atrazine-tolerant canola (Brassica napus) cultivars (moderately resistant Crusher TT and highly susceptible Thunder TT) to white leaf spot (WLS) (Neopseudocercosporella capsellae), to determine how atrazine application affects WLS development. There were significant main treatment effects in relation to percent leaf disease incidence (%LDI), percent leaf area diseased (%LAD) and percent leaf area collapsed (%LAC) for canola cultivar, disease development period (days-post-inoculation), atrazine spray (before or after inoculation), and %LDI for atrazine spray timing (0, 1, 3, 7 days), along with significant two- and three-way interactions between treatments. For %LDI across a 21-day period, Crusher TT showed greatest disease suppression from atrazine application 0 or 7 days before inoculation, and Thunder TT from application 0 days before and 7 days after inoculation. In terms of %LAD, Crusher TT showed greatest suppression from application at 0 and 7 days before inoculation, and Thunder TT from application 0 days before or 1 day after inoculation. In relation to %LAC, Crusher TT showed greatest suppression from application 7 days before inoculation and Thunder from application 0 days before or 1 day after inoculation. That the extent of suppression of WLS by atrazine application was substantial and that it varied with cultivar susceptibility, application timing, and that there was a strong interaction of cultivar x application timing, highlights potential opportunities for farmers to exploit better cultivar choices in conjunction with manipulating the timing of atrazine application to maximize WLS suppression and consequent canola yield.

Deep learning based hybrid POD-LSTM framework for laminar natural convection flow in a rectangular enclosure

Abstract Laminar natural convection in side-heated enclosures is characterized by transient phenomena of the working fluid till it reaches steady state. The side heating can done in several ways the most common way being heating one end at constant temperature and cooling the other end. One of the other ways is heating both sides of the enclosure at a constant heat flux. Mathematical modeling of such problems using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) essentially involves considerable amount of computational time and power to predict the flow phenomena observed in actual experimentation. In the last few years, data driven model frameworks have proven to be anefficient way in saving both time and computational cost in several applications. In the present study, a data driven model framework using a combination of unsupervised machine learning (using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition [POD]) and supervised deep learning models (using Long Short Term Memory [LSTM]) has been developed and referred to as POD-LSTM framework. The selection of a few dominant spatial bases and accompanying temporal modes provides us with a reduced order model of the system. The flow is then reconstructed and compared with results of CFD simulations. The Rayleigh number (Ra) chosen for the study is 3.27 × 1010. The estimated time to reach stedy state for this Ra number is 15,000 s. The POD-LSTM framework is trained using data obtained from a validated CFD model for the first 1,000 s. The trained model was then tested to predict temporal dynamics for the entire 15,000 s. The predictions provided by POD-LSTM framework were found upto 98 % accurate compared to the ones predicted by CFD. The computational time and power was however an order of magnitude lower for the POD-LSTM framework than that required for the CFD model.

Optimizing fungicide application timing for spring dead spot based on soil temperature and season

AbstractSpring dead spot (SDS) (Ophiosphaerella spp.) is the most detrimental disease to warm‐season turfgrasses in areas with cold‐induced dormancy. Fungicide applications do not provide consistent SDS suppression. One reason for this inconsistency is the use of solely calendar‐based fungicide applications instead of considering both calendar date and soil temperature. A field study was conducted at three separate hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × transvaalensis Burtt Davy) locations in Virginia to determine the optimal soil temperature and timing for SDS suppression with tebuconazole and isofetamid. Tebuconazole (1.5 kg a.i. ha−1) and isofetamid (4.1 kg a.i. ha−1) were applied at 11 different timings throughout the year based on soil temperatures at a 0‐ to 10‐cm depth. Plots were assessed for SDS severity in the spring and early summer of 2021 and 2022. Two in vitro studies were also conducted with Ophiosphaerella herpotricha and Ophiosphaerella korrae isolates to (1) determine the optimal temperature for growth on potato dextrose agar (PDA) placed on a thermogradient table (13–33°C) and (2) compare the daily growth rate of O. herpotricha and O. korrae isolates at 11, 19, and 27.5°C on PDA. In the field study, isofetamid suppressed SDS more than tebuconazole. Fall applications when soil temperatures were 13°C consistently provided the best SDS suppression. For the in vitro studies, both species grew optimally between 24 and 25°C, yet O. korrae and O. herpotricha growth rates differed at 11°C.

Exponential Wiener index of some silicate networks

Any graph that depicts a particular molecular structure can be given a topological graph index, also known as a molecular descriptor. This index can be used to examine numerical data and discover more about specific physical properties of molecules. Silicates are hard crystals that can be sliced into little pieces. Therefore, silicon play a vital role in many real time applications. It is the authentic material to make microchips which run in PDA, PC and other game tools. In the current study, we have determined the new topological index for a few silicate structures, including cyclic, single-chain, and Pyro silicates by grouping the vertices of the corresponding molecular graphs based on their distance sums. This index is known as the exponential Wiener index. It is expanded to include their line graphs as well. The numerical values of exponential Wiener index and multiplicative exponential Wiener index for the molecular graphs of cyclic silicates, single chain silicates and their line graphs with n vertices where n = 3, 4, 5 are explored.

How to prevent postextubation respiratory failure

Purpose of review Postextubation respiratory support treatment approaches, indications, and subgroups of patients with different responses to those therapies are rapidly changing. Planning optimal therapy in terms of choosing devices, timing of application and selecting settings with the goal of minimizing extubation failure is becoming a challenge. This review aims to analyze all the available evidence from a clinical point of view, trying to facilitate decision making at the bedside. Recent findings There is evidence for high flow nasal cannula support in patients at low risk of extubation failure. Noninvasive ventilation based strategies should be prioritized in patients at very high risk, who are obese or are hypercapnic at the end of a spontaneous breathing trial. Patients not included in the previous groups merit a tailored decision based on more variables. Optimizing the timing of therapy can include facilitation of extubation by transitioning to noninvasive respiratory support or prolonging a planned preventive therapy according to clinical condition. Summary Planning postextubatin respiratory support must consider the risk for failing and the presence of some clinical conditions favoring noninvasive ventilation. Extubation can be safely accelerated by modifying screening criteria and spontaneous breathing trial settings, but there is room to increase the role of postextubation noninvasive respiratory support for this indication, always keeping in mind the dangers of delaying a needed intubation.

Facial disbiosis and UV filters.

Acne is a multifactorial inflammatory disease with a robust microbial component and numerous correlations with dysbiosis states. Furthermore, various factors are recognized as triggers for skin dysbiosis, including the use of certain cosmetics. Based on these arguments, we hypothesized that using photoprotective formulations could trigger dysbiosis and the occurrence of acne manifestations. To verify this assumption, six volunteers between 19 and 23 years of age, meeting all the inclusion criteria, received two applications a day of a non-commercial sunscreen formulation developed with the sun filters ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl salicylate, methyl anthranilate, and octocrylene dispersed in a base gel, with an estimated protection factor of 28.8. The pure base gel was used as a control. The samples were applied to an area delimited by a standard template (15 cm2) in an amount corresponding to 30mg (2mg cm2) for ten days. At two points in time, pre- and post-sample applications, the facial skin surface was swabbed to collect extracted DNA and processed to verify divergent degrees of 16S RNA coding sequences. The data obtained allowed us to determine the abundance of different bacterial entities at the genus and species levels. The results showed that critical species of the acne process, such as Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, seem to tolerate the evaluated formulation well and are not significantly affected by the formulation, suggesting no interference of its use concerning dysbiosis induction. These findings refute the idea that photoprotectors may cause skin dysbiosis in men.

Newly Established Blueberry Plants: The Role of Inorganic Nitrogen Forms in Nitrogen and Calcium Absorption

Efficient nitrogen (N) management is crucial for maximizing the growth of young blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum). This study evaluates the effects of the N fertilization form (ammonium, NH4+; nitrate, or NO3−) and application timing on the blueberries’ establishment, N and Ca absorption, and N distribution. The experiment was conducted in the southern hemisphere, in Chile, from October 2023 to January 2024. Six-month-old blueberry cv. Blue Ribbon plants were cultivated in pots. NH4+ and NO3− were used as full or split-dose applications using the 15N isotopic dilution technique. Plant leaves, stems, root growth, and biomass, as well as their N and Ca contents, were measured. Our results showed that 90 days after nitrogen application, blueberry plants obtained the lowest biomass in their leaves, stems, and roots when NO3− was applied in T1 or T1T2. The same pattern was observed for N and Ca contents, hence for N recovery. During the first period (T1) of application, heavy rain (100 mm) was registered over the course of a few days and caused leaching. Therefore, applying nitrate to young blueberry plants cultivated in areas with spring rainfall and low temperatures would not be recommended because the leaching losses and lower growth conditions, such as low temperatures and high precipitation, led to reduced transpiration, resulting in lower calcium and nitrogen contents. These confirm that N fertilization management (form and timing) can ensure a better establishment for young blueberry plants, optimizing their growth and sustainable production by minimizing nitrogen losses.

Antibiofilm efficacy of a calcium silicate-based intracanal medicament against Fusobacterium nucleatum strains

This study evaluated the antibiofilm efficacy of a calcium silicate-based intracanal medicament (Bio-C Temp) against Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum). Dentin slices (n = 88) were inoculated with F. nucleatum biofilms and divided into experimental groups (n = 24 each) treated with Bio-C Temp, triple antibiotic paste (TAP), or Ca(OH)2 for 1 or 2 weeks. Untreated dentin slices exposed to saline served as a positive control, while sterile dentin slices incubated anaerobically served as a negative control. Bacterial viability was assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy after staining with LIVE/DEAD®BacLight™ dye. Samples treated with TAP demonstrated the highest percentage of dead bacteria (95%). The antibiofilm effect of TAP and Bio-C Temp significantly increased from Week 1 to Week 2. At Week 2, samples treated with Bio-C Temp showed a significantly higher percentage of dead bacteria (75.25%) than those treated with Ca(OH)2 (58.65%). TAP showed superior efficacy against F. nucleatum biofilms. After an application time of 2 weeks, the antibiofilm efficacy of Bio-C Temp was superior to that of Ca(OH)2.

A Measurement Method Using Packets for Measuring the Processing Time of Edge and Cloud Applications

A Measurement Method Using Packets for Measuring the Processing Time of Edge and Cloud Applications

An integrated tool for cost-effectively applying nutrient management practices for corn, soybeans, and wheat.

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) problem in Lake Erie has become critical recently-primarily triggered by phosphorus losses from cropland in the Maumee River watershed (major crops of corn/soybeans/wheat). Implementing agricultural best management practices (BMPs) is crucial to reduce excess nutrient loadings. Nutrient management is the management of nutrient applications for crop production that maximizes nutrient use efficiencies and minimizes nutrient losses. However, an integrated watershed-scale tool is needed for cost-effectively applying nutrient management practices for corn/soybeans/wheat considering the 4Rs (Right nutrient source, Right rate, Right time, and Right place of nutrient applications). In this study, by combining an improved Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for nutrient management (SWAT-NM) and an improved BMP Cost Evaluation Tool (BMP-COST) for economic evaluations of nutrient management (BMP-COST-NM) considering the 4Rs for corn/soybeans/wheat, an integrated tool SWAT-COST-NM was created. SWAT-COST-NM was demonstrated in the AXL watershed (a typical agricultural area in the Maumee River watershed). The impacts of single nutrient management practices (single-NM, which separately changed the rate, place, time, or nutrient source of fertilizer applications) and combined-NM practices (multiple single-NM practices combined as one nutrient management practice) for corn/soybeans/wheat were evaluated. Tradeoffs in yearly net costs, crop yields, and March-July/yearly nutrient losses (Total Phosphorus-TP, Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus-DRP, and Total Nitrogen-TN) existed. Nutrient management did not necessarily lead to sufficient increases in crop yields to generate extra revenues that match or exceed the additional costs of the activities (compared to existing practices). One of the combined-NM practices could simultaneously reduce March-July TP, DRP, and TN losses by 5.89%, 8.19%, and 8.23%, respectively, while increasing crop yields with additional income (0.50 $/ha/yr of cropped area). SWAT-COST-NM, which can quantify various factors and tradeoffs when evaluating the impacts of nutrient management practices for corn/soybeans/wheat, can assist decision-makers in cost-effectively applying nutrient management practices considering the 4Rs.

Evaluation of simplified wireless EEG recordings in the neurological emergency room.

In the neurological emergency room (nER), timely electroencephalography (EEG) diagnostic is often crucial in patients with altered state of consciousness as well as in patients presenting with a first seizure. Yet, routine-EEG (rEEG) is often not available, especially during off-hours. We analyzed the value of a commercially available, simplified wireless eight-channel EEG recording (swEEG, CerebAir® EEG headset, Nihon Kohden), applied by non-EEG-specialized medical students, in patients presenting in our nER with (suspicion of) epileptic seizures and/or loss of or altered state of consciousness between 08/2019 and 08/2022. We evaluated the feasibility and validity compared to a standard rEEG (21 electrodes according to the international 10/20 system) and also included the clinical follow-up of the patients. 100 patients were included in our analysis (mean age 57.6 ± 20.4 years; 61 male). Median time of electrode application was 7 minutes (range 4-20 minutes), with significantly longer duration in patients with altered level of consciousness (median 8 minutes, p = 0.035). Electrode impedances also differed according to state of consciousness (p = 0.032), and were higher in females (p<0.001). 55 patients received additional rEEG, either during their acute nER stay (25) and/or during the next days (38). Considering normal EEG findings vs. pathological slowing vs. epileptiform activity, swEEG matched first rEEG results in 48/55 cases (87.3%). Overall, swEEG detected the same or additional pathological EEG patterns in 52/55 cases (94.5%). In 7/75 patients (9.3%) who did not receive rEEG, or had their rEEG scheduled to a later time point during their hospital stay, swEEG revealed important additional pathological findings (e.g. status epilepticus, interictal epileptiform discharges), which would have triggered acute therapeutic consequences or led to further diagnostics and investigations. The introduced swEEG represents a practicable, valuable technique to be quickly applied by non-EEG-specialized ER staff to initiate timely diagnostic and guide further investigations and treatment in the nER. Moreover, it may help to avoid under-diagnostic with potentially harmful consequences caused by skipped or postponed regular 10/20 EEG examinations, and ultimately improve the outcome of patients.

Guideline for medical nutritional treatment of adult patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction (2025 edition)

Gastrointestinal dysfunction is a common clinical disease. Due to abnormal gastrointestinal digestive and absorption functions, nutrients, water, and electrolytes cannot be absorbed properly, and therefore, scientific and reasonable nutritional intervention is needed. In order to further standardize medical nutrition treatment of patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction, the Chinese Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (CSPEN) organized experts and scholars in related fields in China to elaborate on the following topics based on current evidence-based medical evidence: the standard process of medical nutrition treatment for patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction, the time and mode of enteral and parenteral nutrition application, and the nutritional intervention mode for patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction in special disease state. Finally, 29 questions and 58 recommendations were formed to provide reference for the standardized application of medical nutrition therapy for patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction.

A combined mechanistic and empirical models for tailored microwave-assisted extraction of rice bran phenolic

ABSTRACT Rice bran is a promising source of functional food due to its high phenolic content. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) has become a widely used method for optimizing phenolic extraction from rice bran. However, understanding the phenolic extraction process using the MAE method is challenging due to the system’s complexity. Modeling and simulation are powerful tools to provide a better understanding of how the system behaves and can be optimized. This study proposes a novel approach that combines mechanistic and empirical models (gray box) to predict the phenolic content in rice bran extraction using MAE. It involved phenolic extraction using different ethanol concentrations (40%, 60%, 80%), microwave application time (1 min, 2 min, 3 min), and microwave power (90 W, 180 W, 270 W). The results showed a good agreement between experimental and computed extraction yields, as indicated by the reported statistical parameters and gray box model. The optimum conditions were reached at 60% ethanol concentration, 2-min microwave application time, and 180 W microwave power with the phenolic content at 0.534 mg/mL (model) and 0.561 mg/mL or 25.06 mg/g (experiment). Following the study, this combined approach can potentially reduce the time and cost required for optimization studies of phenolic extraction.

An Analytical Review for Search of Optimal Selection &amp; Utilization of Earthwork Equipment in Construction

Different types of equipment with various levels/times application times are the characteristic features of all construction projects. Almost every construction project/industry has the most common problem of slow progress and cost overruns due to increasing downtime and decreasing operational efficiency of construction equipment. Construction equipment is involved in construction to such an extent that without it no construction activity can be performed. In recent years, with the continuous advancement in technology and improvement of urbanization, there have been more and more construction project/equipment requirements resulting in either the project delay or cost enhancement As the most critical element earthwork is responsible for not only successful completion of project within schedule but also for the starting of the project, selection of right equipment for earthwork is necessary. Earthwork complexity further increases due to various soil types and equipment, and adverse environmental conditions The present study is concentrated or focused on soil and various costs based practices adopted for the selection of construction equipment and an attempt has been made to find the optimal solution for the most problematic or responsible activities for the delay in project/cost overrun especially in context to excavation, compression, and earth / material movement equipment utilization.

Precision drip Irrigation System and Foliar Application of Biostimulant and Fertilizers Containing Micronutrients Optimize Photochemical Efficiency and Grain Yield of Maize (Zea mays L)

Abstract Asymmetric drought propagation and depletion of soil nutrients threaten cereal crop productivity worldwide, calling for the application of validated agronomic practices to curtail their effect on crop production. This study evaluated the effect of precision drip irrigation, biostimulant, and micronutrients application on photochemical efficiency and yield of maize.An experiment laid in a randomized complete block design with irrigation and water stress was established in 2022 and 2023 growing seasons at the experimental area of the University of Debrecen. Other treatments included T1 (non-microbial biostimulant from plant origin), T2 (zinc based chemical fertilizer), T3 (boron and molybdenum based chemical fertilizer), and T4 (control). Data was collected on steady-state fluorescence (F’), maximal fluorescence (Fm’), quantum photosynthetic yield or efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII or Y(II)), electron transport rate (ETR), and grain yield and yield components. Precision drip irrigation significantly optimized ΦPSII, ETR, cob weight, number of seeds per cob, weight of 1000 seeds and grain yield. The biostimulant and micronutrients optimized Fm’, ΦPSII, and ETR at VT and R2 growth stages. Regardless of the water management regime, T1, T2 and T3 seasonally optimized grain yield. Between water management regimes, biostimulant had the highest yield optimization effect under precision drip irrigation in the season with elevated water stress.Optimum photochemical efficiency and grain yield is achievable through precision drip irrigation, biostimulant, and micronutrient application. However, further research involving 2–3 application times at critical stages of maize under precision drip irrigation and/or combined application of these treatments at season specific precision drip irrigation is required.

Grapevine, peach, and plum response to simulated florpyrauxifen-benzyl drift

Abstract Off-target movement of rice herbicides is a concern in California, where sensitive crops are often grown nearby. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl and triclopyr are auxin-mimics commonly used in rice systems. To steward florpyrauxifen-benzyl around the time of its initial registration in the state, research was conducted to compare the onset of foliar symptoms from simulated florpyrauxifen-benzyl and triclopyr drift onto grapevine, peach, and plum. The rates were 1/200X, 1/100X, 1/33X, and 1/10X of the 29.4 g ai ha–1 florpyrauxifen-benzyl and 1/200X, 1/100X, and 1/33X of the 420.3 g ae ha–1 triclopyr rice use rates. Herbicides were applied on one side of one- to two-year-old peach and plum trees and one side of established grapevines in 2020 and 2021. The general symptoms for florpyrauxifen-benzyl and triclopyr were similar and included chlorosis, leaf curling, leaf distortion, leaf malformation, leaf crinkling, necrosis, and twisting on leaves. The symptoms from herbicides were observed on both sides of the grapevine canopy, whereas florpyrauxifen-benzyl symptoms on peach and plum were mostly observed on the treated side of the tree. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl and triclopyr symptoms were observed three days-after-treatment (DAT) for grapevines and seven DAT for peach and plum. In all crops, most symptoms persisted through 42 DAT. Some grape clusters showed deformation and dropping of berries. All treated crops gradually recovered during the season regardless of application rates. Because symptoms were relatively minor in peach and plum, this research suggested that application precautions that reduce off-site drift are likely to minimize the occurrence of significant injury. However, grapevines were more sensitive and showed injury symptoms up to 71% at 14 DAT with a 1/10X florpyrauxifen-benzyl simulated drift rate. Therefore, extra precautions such as using drift-management agents and proper wind speed conditions at the time of florpyrauxifen-benzyl applications may be necessary if there are nearby vineyards.

Impact of combining ablation index-guided and very high-power short-duration ablation at posterior wall adjacent to esophagus during perioperative period on procedural factors.

The impact of combining ablation index (AI)-guided and very high-power short-duration (vHPSD) ablation on procedural factors at the posterior wall near the esophagus is unclear. Atrial fibrillation patients who underwent initial ablation using three-dimensional mapping were enrolled. Patients were classified into two groups: those who underwent only AI-guided pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) (AI group) and those who underwent vHPSD ablation at the posterior wall adjacent to the esophagus in addition to AI-guided PVI (AI + vHPSD group). Differences in myocardial injury, inflammation, procedural characteristics, and pulmonary vein (PV) reconnection patterns were assessed between the two groups. This study included 167 patients (AI group, 83 patients; AI+vHPSD group, 84 patients). No significant differences in high-sensitive troponin I or changes in inflammatory markers between pre- and Postablation were observed in either group. Total application time and total application energy were significantly lower in the AI+vHPSD group than in the AI group (p < 0.001 for both) despite no significant difference in the total number of applications between the groups. The incidence of esophagus temperature ≥40 degrees was significantly lower in the AI+vHPSD group than in the AI group (p = 0.036). However, the incidence of PV reconnections near the esophagus was significantly higher in the AI+vHPSD group than in the AI group (11.9% vs 3.6%, p = 0.046), despite no significant difference in the incidence of PV reconnections overall. The combination of AI-guided PVI and vHPSD adjacent to the esophagus demonstrated reduced application energy requirements and maintained safety and effectiveness during the perioperative period.