Application Of Waste Materials Research Articles

Utilization of waste foundry sand and fly ash in the production of steel fibre reinforced concrete

As the main raw materials for concrete preparation, natural sand and cement are in increasing demand. Meanwhile, the large accumulation of waste foundry sand (WFS) and fly ash (FA) seriously pollutes the environment. The research on the application of waste materials in concrete preparation has become a hotspot for scholars. This study attempts to respectively use WFS and FA to substitute natural sand and cement in the preparation of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC). 3-factor, 3-level orthogonal experiment was designed, and the study variables include the WFS substitution rate (20%, 40%, and 60%), FA substitution rate (10%, 20%, and 30%), and SF content (1%, 2%, and 3%). The workability, dry density and mechanical properties of concrete were tested and discussed. Range analysis and variance analysis were used to analyse the effect of various factors on the different properties of concrete. Efficacy coefficient method was used to specifically determine the optimum substitution rate of waste materials for raw materials. Additionally, microanalysis was carried out to investigate the influencing mechanism of waste materials on the properties of concrete. It was observed that the workability of concrete deteriorated with the addition of waste materials, while the change of mechanical properties closely correlated with the content of waste materials. The workability and compressive strength were most significantly affected by the WFS content, while the density, tensile strength, flexural strength and elastic modulus were most significantly affected by the SF content. The mechanical properties of concrete were optimum at 34%, 20% and 2.3% of WFS, FA and SF content respectively. In this case, the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and elastic modulus increase by 28.8%, 33.5%, 33.8% and 17.7% respectively compared to the control concrete. Microanalysis proved that moderate amount of WFS and FA could increase the beneficial pores, decrease the harmful pores, and reduce the porosity of concrete, but excessive WFS (60%) and FA (30%) would inhibit the hydration process and enlarge the porosity of concrete. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the application of WFS and FA in SFRC preparation, contributing to overcoming the pollution of waste material accumulation and alleviating the shortage of natural resources.

Potential of Waste Material as Coarse Aggregates for Lightweight Concrete Production: A Sustainable Approach

In recent times, there has been growing interest in utilizing waste materials as coarse lightweight aggregates in the production of lightweight aggregate concrete. This approach has been gaining momentum as it has the potential to address the environmental concerns that come with conventional construction practices. The objective of this review paper is to evaluate the viability and potential of waste materials as coarse lightweight aggregates for producing lightweight aggregate concrete. This paper reviews the current research on various types of waste materials, including waste plastic, recycled concrete aggregate, slag, fly ash, and expanded polystyrene, as potential candidates for coarse lightweight aggregates. The paper highlights the properties and characteristics of these waste materials and their suitability for use as coarse lightweight aggregates. Additionally, the evaluation explores the mechanical characteristics of lightweight aggregate concrete that is generated using waste materials as coarse lightweight aggregates. Specifically, it compares the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity of lightweight aggregate concrete that includes waste materials with those of typical concrete. Furthermore, the paper discusses the sustainability benefits of using waste materials as coarse lightweight aggregates. By using waste materials in construction, not only are resources conserved, but waste is also diverted from landfills, reducing the negative impact on the environment. In conclusion, this review paper demonstrates that the use of waste material as coarse lightweight aggregate for lightweight aggregate concrete production is a viable and sustainable approach. The application of waste materials as coarse lightweight aggregates in lightweight aggregate concrete demonstrates mechanical characteristics that are similar to traditional concrete. Moreover, utilizing waste materials in this manner provides environmental advantages. This study offers valuable insights into the implementation of waste materials in construction, and it emphasizes the possibility of further exploration and advancement in this domain. For this review, a total of 15 articles were analyzed, with publication dates ranging from 2005 to 2021. The study contributes to several Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 9/11/12/13) set by the United Nations such as providing insights into the role of industry, innovation, infrastructure, sustainable cities, responsible consumption, production practices, and climate action.

Feasibility study of using waste badminton string fibers in con-crete by morphological, microstructural and tensile characteristics

As the strings are cut off from the badminton racquet system, the whole string will be replaced with a new one and there is no other alternative. Hence those cut-off strings are considered as waste and cannot be recycled, tons of waste are retained as debris. Among many research on recycled synthetic fiber, this application of waste material is a new context in sustainable construction. Here five different samples are examined based on wide usage, recycled Waste Badminton String Fiber (WBSF) is characterized and physically examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction to use it as a recycled synthetic fiber in various fiber reinforced concrete applications. The diameter and cross-sectional area of WBSF are studied using the Scanning Electron Microscope imaging technique and Image J application, which shows that the fiber is highly engineered with 3 layers namely elasticity outer, outer layer, and core fiber with the mean diameter and net cross-sectional area is 777.6 µm and 5,05,959 µm2 respectively. The surface roughness of fiber is analyzed using ImageJ application which varies between 16-32 nm. The fiber samples are subjected to tensile loading the average tensile stress lies between 544.34 - 639.94 MPa. From the above examinations, the accurate diameter, net cross-sectional area, and voided area of the WBSF are calculated. The structural property and polymer relationship of the fiber are investigated using the X-ray diffraction technique and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, this reveals that the WBSF is of polyamide 6,6 form. The superior tensile stress compared to other recycled nylon fibers. So, the use of waste badminton string fiber in concrete is a new merging idea for fiber-reinforced concrete applications like pavements, pipes, tunnel lining, and other structural elements.

Consolidated Drained Triaxial Test on Treated Coastal Soil and Finite Element Analysis Using PLAXIS 2D

Coastal areas are susceptible to erosion and accretion; therefore, coastal soil mechanical properties and ability to withstand loads are important factors to consider. Coastal erosion is inevitable as the sand and silt particles move inexorably from place to place. This study investigates the primary consolidation behaviour of treated coastal soil by comparing the empirical data obtained from triaxial tests based on analytical calculations and FEM software, PLAXIS 2D. The aim is to propose an optimum mixture to improve coastal soil’s geotechnical properties, especially in shear strength and stiffness. Two different material models, including lime/RHA and cement/RHA, were utilized to compare the performance of advanced constitutive treated soil samples against the Mohr–Coulomb material model. 8% lime and rice husk ash (portions of 1 : 2) were chosen to be replaced with cement, as an application of waste material can reduce the cost and environmental impact. All the triaxial tests were conducted at effective confining pressures of 50 kPa, 100 kPa, and 200 kPa. While using PLAXIS 2D, the asymmetrical condition for modelling the triaxial test and 15 nodded triangular elements, as well as the Mohr–Coulomb model for soil properties, are used to simulate the empirical data to verify this study’s effectiveness. The modelling of 2-dimensional drain behaviour involves setting out the model geometry and boundary conditions. The results revealed that the deviatoric stress and volumetric changes of LRHA increased in a range of 4.5 to 5.2% and 72.18 to 141.79%, respectively, as compared to CRHA. The FE analysis results for peak deviator stress values reasonably agree with the experimental results. The variation was in the range of 1.22% to 4.10%. Eventually, the treated soil’s peak and maximum shear strengths are reported to allow flexible use in future projects.

Predicting the Splitting Tensile Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Using Individual and Ensemble Machine Learning Approaches

The application of waste materials in concrete is gaining more popularity for sustainable development. The adaptation of this approach not only reduces the environmental risks but also fulfills the requirement of concrete material. This study used the novel algorithms of machine learning (ML) to forecast the splitting tensile strength (STS) of concrete containing recycled aggregate (RA). The gene expression programming (GEP), artificial neural network (ANN), and bagging techniques were investigated for the selected database. Results reveal that the precision level of the bagging model is more accurate toward the prediction of STS of RA-based concrete as opposed to GEP and ANN models. The high value (0.95) of the coefficient of determination (R2) and lesser values of the errors (MAE, MSE, RMSE) were a clear indication of the accurate precision of the bagging model. Moreover, the statistical checks and k-fold cross-validation method were also incorporated to confirm the validity of the employed model. In addition, sensitivity analysis was also carried out to know the contribution level of each parameter toward the prediction of the outcome. The application of ML approaches for the anticipation of concrete’s mechanical properties will benefit the area of civil engineering by saving time, effort, and resources.

Effect of air-cooled blast furnace slag aggregate on mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance concrete

This research is mainly focusing on making UHPFRC lightweight, cost-effective, and environment friendly with the application of waste material. Air-cooled blast furnace slag aggregate (ACBFSA) was chosen as coarse aggregate with 30%, 50%, and 100% replacement by volume of regular limestone coarse aggregate in this study. Both straight and hooked fibers were used in mixtures of UHPFRC. The impact of coarse aggregates and dual fibers on the mechanical characteristics and fracture parameters was investigated. Fracture analysis has been widely considered as an effective way to analyze the stability of cracks, crack propagation, and safety evaluation. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, elastic modulus, fracture toughness, and fracture energy were all examined experimentally. Experimental results determined that concrete workability decreased with every increase in the replacement ratio of natural aggregate. The compression and splitting tensile strength was first increased at 30% replacement and then decreased at 50% and 100% replacement of NA. Flexural and fracture properties show a uniform decrease as the replacement percentage increases. It indicates that ACBFSA has low resistance against cracking which is closer to the UHPFRC without coarse aggregates. Results also prove that the low-cost and eco-friendly waste material ACBFSA can be used in UHPFRC as partially and somehow fully replacement while retaining the main properties.

Investigation of structural characteristics of palm oil clinker based high-strength lightweight concrete comprising steel fibers

The application of waste materials in the concrete composite is a great contribution to preserving natural resources and enhancing sustainable greener development in the construction industry. This study used Palm Oil Clinker (POC) and steel fibers to manufacture high-strength lightweight concrete (HSLWC). The POC is basically a byproduct of a palm oil industry, which was utilized as coarse aggregates and supplementary cementitious materials in the concrete. The noteworthy brittleness and lower tensile strain and strength of HSLWC were overcome by adding hooked end steel fibers. A total of six different concrete mixes by varying the volume of hooked end steel fibers, e.g., 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.50% of the total volume of the concrete were prepared. The HSLWC with 0% steel fibers was used as a reference. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the HSLWC, such as workability, density, compressive and splitting tensile strength, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), stress–strain characteristics along with UPV, sorptivity and water absorption test were conducted. Compared to the reference specimen, the HSLWC increased the compressive and tensile strength, MOR, and MOE by 19%, 172%, 176% and 40%, respectively. Besides, the HSLWC exhibited ductility and had enough energy absorption capacity before failure.

State of the art on the application of waste materials in geopolymer concrete

This review paper presents and analyses the mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer concrete (GPC) which contain various waste materials. Significant findings have concluded that the absence of guidelines for the mix design of GPC has resulted in a wide variance of design parameters and therefore strength and durability properties. The purpose of this review is to compile recent research to highlight the inadequacy of the current literature and identify areas in which the current mix design can be improved. The development of mix design guidelines that focus on optimal Si/Al ratio, NaOH concentration and sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide (SS/SH) ratio are required, as these factors are significantly affected by the addition of waste materials with varying chemical compositions and morphology.

Effect of polypropylene plastic on concrete properties as a partial replacement of stone and brick aggregate

The application of waste materials in concrete is getting more popular in the concrete industries as it can reduce the associated costs and environmental impacts. The present study investigates the performances of concrete while incorporating polypropylene (PP) plastic, derived from waste plastic products, as a partial replacement of natural stone aggregate (SA) and burnt clay brick aggregate (BA). The main variables include the percentage of PP aggregate (PPA) (0%, 10 %, 20 %, and 30 %), water-cement ratio (0.45 and 0.55), and types of aggregate (SA and BA). Results are presented in terms of workability, hardened density, compressive, tensile strengths, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity (MoE), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and cost analysis. Furthermore, empirical equations are proposed for predicting different properties of concrete; especially, predicting compressive strengths from the UPV values. Results indicated that the slump value increased with increasing the percentage of PPA. Concrete with 10 % PPA exhibited higher compressive strength, modulus of rupture, and splitting tensile strengths, even, higher than that of the control stone aggregate concrete (SAC) and control brick aggregate concrete (BAC). The UPV values varied with aggregate types and PPA content. Both the compressive strength and the UPV values decreased with the increasing percentages of PPA from 10 to 30. Furthermore, SAC exhibited higher compressive strength and UPV values compared to BAC. A good correlation was found between the compressive strength and the UPV values for concrete with PPA. From the cost sensitivity analysis, it was observed that concrete containing 10 % PP content had the highest strength over cost ratio compared to the control and other PPA concrete. Therefore, it is recommended to use up to 10 % PPA either with stone aggregate or brick aggregate for structural concrete. Finally, this study will open new opportunities for producing green concrete by using non-biodegradable waste plastic materials.

Combating Urban Heat Island Effect—A Review of Reflective Pavements and Tree Shading Strategies

Pavements occupy about 40% of urban land cover, with 75–80% black top roads, playing a critical role in urban connectivity and mobility. Solar energy is absorbed and stored in pavements leading to an increase in surface temperatures. Decreasing green cover is further contributing to rise in regional temperatures. Due to this activity, the city experiences urban heat island (UHI). This study presents a critical review of the literature on mitigation measures to combat UHI using reflective pavements with an emphasis on durability properties and impacts of tree canopy. The strategies with a focus on application of chip seals, white toppings, and coatings were discussed. Role of surface reflectance, including those from asphalt and concrete pavements, albedo improvements, and technological trends, application of waste materials, and industrial by-products are presented. Also, urban tree shading systems’ contribution to pavement temperature and microclimate systems is presented. The review shows that the development of mitigation measures using tree shading systems can reduce the pavement temperature during daytime and increase human thermal comfort. The outcomes of this review provide a scope for future studies to develop sustainable and state-of-the-art engineering solutions in the field of reflective coatings and urban forest systems.

Waste materials assessment for phosphorus adsorption toward sustainable application in circular economy

Phosphorus is the main determinant of nutrient enrichment in the water bodies. Many resources including nutrients may be shortly exhausted, assuming current consumption. This scenario leads to growing interest in resources recovery and/or reuse, which together with sustainable energy consumption and waste reduction are the main courses of the circular economy. Usage of coagulants in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) does not allow phosphorus to be recovered from the sludge. An alternative method with recovery potential is the application of adsorbents. Many adsorbents have been approved for P-removal, however some of them are expensive. Response to that issue may be the application of waste materials and byproducts often intended for disposal/utilization. The main objective was to assess the P-removal efficiency of the waste materials/byproducts for application in small WWTP and eco-technologies like treatment wetlands as replacement of commercial adsorbents and alternative for conventional (chemical) treatment for potential phosphorus recovery. The materials investigated were (1) an expensive man-made product, (2) a byproduct with a high content of calcium oxide, and (3) drinking water treatment residuals (DWTRs) as beds from filters used to remove iron. Research was conducted in non-flow condition with various initial concentrations. The highest efficiency was received for fine-grained byproduct (9.58 mg/g), for commercial adsorbent LMB - 9.11 mg/g. The DWTRs adsorption was oscillated around 4.5 mg/g. These results confirmed the possibility of applying waste materials and byproducts for P-removal according to the circular economy idea. Further research should include implications of waste materials application to determine P-recovery concept.

Effect of Thymus vulgaris post‐extraction waste and spent coffee grounds on the quality of cultivated Pleurotus eryngii

The study demonstrated that Pleurotus eryngii cultivation on substrate enriched with thymus (Thymus vulgaris) post-extraction waste (TPEW) and spent coffee grounds (SCG) can beneficially affect yield and modify the mineral composition, profile of phenolic compounds, organic acids, and antioxidant activity. Cultivation with TPEW and SCG did not result in any significant differences in the contents of K, Mg, P, and S in fruiting bodies. The highest content of Ca and Na was recorded in cultivation with TPEW. The use of TPEW and SCG increased the total phenolic content, while in the phenolic profile changes were observed in the variants of 50% and 100% TPEW and 50% SCG. Cultivation with TPEW increased the sum of the organic acids and quinic, malonic, malic, acetic, and succinic acids, while addition of SCG resulted in their significant decrease. Practical applications The use of different additives to growing substrate is a possible way to improve the harvest yield. Moreover, this modification of cultivation allows to manage some waste materials. However, the application of waste materials can carry the risk to introduce substances potentially dangerous for human health into substrate. Additionally, the supplementation allows to modify the content of bioactive compounds. In this context, the monitoring of the quality of fruiting bodies seems to be necessary. Therefore, the study evaluated the content of elements (especially toxic trace elements), some bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity was examined. The results pointed, how the waste materials added to the substrate affect the quality of the final product. These findings could lead to improvements in the commercial production of P. eryngii and increase the quality of the final product.

Properties and Assessment of Applications of Red Mud (Bauxite Residue): Current Status and Research Needs

In order to conserve natural resources and prevent waste generation, effective utilization of industrial wastes and/or by-products for beneficial engineering applications becomes inevitable. In order to accomplish this, extensive research studies, exploring properties and new applications of waste materials in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner, have been initiated worldwide. Red mud (RM, also known as bauxite residue) is one of the wastes generated by the aluminium industry and its disposal and utilization have been traditionally hindered due to the extreme alkalinity (pH about 10.5–13.5). To date, no comprehensive review on various properties of RM of different origin and associated challenges in using it as a beneficial engineering material has been performed. The objective of this study is first to critically appraise the current understanding of properties of RM through a comprehensive literature review and detailed laboratory investigations conducted on Indian RM by the authors, to assess and identify the potential engineering applications, and to finally discuss associated challenges in using it in practical applications. Physical, chemical, mineralogical and geotechnical properties of RMs of different origin and production processes are reviewed. Mechanisms behind the pozzolanic reaction of RM under different chemical and mineralogical compositional conditions are discussed. Environmental concerns associated with the use of RM are also raised. Studies relevant to leachability characteristics reveal that most of the measured chemical concentrations are within the permissible regulatory limits. Overall, the review shows that RM disposal and reuse is complicated by its extreme alkalinity, which is also noticed to be influencing multiple engineering properties. But with selected pH amendments, the treated RM is found to have significant potential to be used as an effective and sustainable geomaterial. The assessment is majorly based on the characteristics of Indian RMs; hence the adaptation of the findings to other RMs should be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Moreover, field studies demonstrating the performance of RM in various engineering applications are warranted.

Комплексное исследование отходов строительного и коммунального комплекса городского хозяйства как фактора экологической опасности

The present work is aimed at studying the waste management system of municipal construction and utility complexes in order to identify the potential application of waste materials in the form of secondary resources while simultaneously reducing their negative impact on the environment. The study is based on a set of research methods essentially structured by system analysis. Materials of domestic and foreign studies on the problems of ensuring environmental safety in the construction and utility complex, treatment and maximum use of secondary resources are generalised and systematised. Additionally, the results of the authors’ research in the field of evaluating the efficiency of using waste resource potentials are presented. The obtained results indicate the high level of resource value for municipal solid and construction wastes. A set of scientific and methodological approaches for assessing the resource potentials of such wastes is proposed. Results obtained using mathematical statistics methods indicate the types of waste under consideration to be classifiable as homogeneous according to a number of characteristics. Factors impeding the environmental safety of municipal services are identified along with the potential for reutilising waste resources obtained from the construction and util-ity complexes in the wider economy. The present work demonstrates the relevance of a system for in-tegrating secondary resources, with their maximum involvement in economic turnover to ensure envi-ronmental safety in the sphere of construction and utility services, as among the most important factors in the sustainable development of settlements and territories.

Application of waste material from celeriac as a control strategy for Burkholderia cepacia in soil

Burkholderia cepacia is considered as one of the most harmful soilborne pathogens of onion. Currently used chemical or biological methods for the eradication of B. cepacia from soil are not effective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of eradication of the pathogen from soil using dried leaves of celeriac (Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum Mill. cv. Albin). The leaves were crushed and added to the soil at a dose of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% (w/v) in the pot experiments and 0.25 and 0.5% (w/v) in container open-air experiments. The results showed that soil amendment with celeriac wastes significantly reduced B. cepacia abundance. The detrimental effect of celeriac leaves depended on the incubation time and dosage of the material. In the laboratory experiment B. cepacia was not isolated two months after the addition of 2% celeriac to infested soil. In the container experiment, in 2017, decrease of the pathogen population was observed two months after celeriac application, in June. The decreasing tendency of the pathogen population was maintained through all experiment duration. The addition of the dried celeriac leaves caused also the changes in population of soil microorganisms, especially increase of fluorescent Pseudomonas, spore forming bacteria and actinomycetes.

Application of waste materials in rapid soil maturation

With the implementation of the policy of linking the increase and decrease of urban and rural construction land, migration and relocation, as well as the reason of the high stripping cost of mature soil, more and more raw soil needs to be reclaimed for cultivated land, and the rapid ripening of raw soil has become a new problem that we are faced with. In this paper, the present research status of raw soil maturation is summarized, and the application research status of green material filter mud, fruit residue, construction waste powder particle and fly ash in raw soil maturation is expounded, and the improvement measures and suggestions for different soil types of acidified soil, saline alkali soil and clay are obtained.

Overview of trends in the application of waste materials in self-compacting concrete production

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) production is growing rapidly due to its several advantages in terms of enhanced properties and applications. However, there are associated sustainability issues with the SCC materials. With the demand for SCC expected to continually increase, an ideal solution is therefore required to sustain the technology, such as derivation of alternative materials. Thus, this study explores innovative application of industrial wastes in self-compacting concrete production, with the aim of finding the most appropriate technique in SCC material use. Also, the potential limitations in using some of the waste materials as sustainable alternatives were highlighted. This study found that several materials emanating from industrial rejects have been mostly investigated as a potential material for making SCC, which showed that the incorporation of waste materials into SCC could be a viable approach. However, in order to achieve optimal performance of SCC, an adequate material composition is necessary. It is clear from this study that factors such as embodied carbon, energy and cost of SCC production can notably be reduced with the incorporation of waste materials. The study also identified areas for further investigations that can help in the improvement of SCC for construction applications.

Evaluation of permanent deformation of a new pavement base and subbase containing unbound granular materials, crumb rubber and crushed glass

To avoid premature failures in pavement layers, strong aggregates must be selected for pavement constructions that can bear the accumulation of permanent deformations. Otherwise, rutting happens in the pavement layers due to the accumulation of permanent deformations. On the other hand, due to the extensive generation of construction and demolition (C&D) materials around the world, the application of waste materials in civil engineering projects would be considered as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective solution. Although many studies have been performed to examine the performance of the crushed recycle pavement materials, the literature review shows that few studies have been conducted to examine the permanent deformation characteristic of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and crushed rock (CR) containing both crumb rubber (R) and crushed glass (CG). In this study, a series of repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests were carried out to evaluate the permanent deformation (i.e. 100000 loading cycles) of RCA and CR incorporating R and CG. The shakedown theory was used to characterize the permanent deformation behaviour of the samples. Also, Werkmeister's criteria were applied to define the shakedown ranges of the samples. The results show that the RCA, RCA +1% R + 5% CG, CR + 1% R + 3% CG and CR + 1% R + 5% CG can be used as base and sub-base material in pavement.

Behavior of hybrid concrete beams with waste rubber

The studies on the applications of waste materials in concrete have been increased in Iraq since 2003. In this research, rubber wastes that resulting from scrapped tires was added to concrete mix with presence of superplasticizer. The mechanical properties of concrete and workability of concrete mixes were studied. The used rubber were ranging in size from (2-4) mm with addition percentages of (0.1% and 0.2%) by volume of concrete. The results of mechanical properties of concrete show that rubber enhance the ductility, and compressive and tensile strength compared to concrete without it. Also, the flexural behavior of hybrid strength concrete beams (due to using rubber at the bottom or top layer of section) was investigated. The rubber concrete located at bottom layer gives higher values of ultimate loads and deflections compared to the beam with top layer. A similar response to fiber concrete beam (all section contains 0.1% rubber) was recognized. Finite element modeling in three dimensions was carried for the tested beams using ABAQUS software. The ultimate loads and deflection obtained from experimental and finite elements are in good agreements with average difference of 8% in ultimate load and 20% in ultimate deflection.

Application of Green Composite Material in Sustainable Architectural and Automotive Part Development - A Review

In the current synerio, application of waste materials from various agricultural, livestock disposable elements are been highly appreciated. These discarded materials are been converted or reused to develop a new material which is cost effective, equally strengthened and ecofriendly too. A review based on the characterization, application and reusability of various green waste and biocomposite material development is done in order to generate various research gap and to pile up the clustered knowledge of developing green composite for various design applications. The use of green waste like almond shell particles, walnut, groundnut shell, cane residue, poultry waste and various livestock waste like cow dunk, chicken feather fiber, egg shell and so on are been reviewed for advance composite material development. The evaluation of Ecofriendly, Sustainable and cost effective material development is appreciated and piled up.