Application Of Three-dimensional Printing Technology Research Articles

Application of Three-Dimensional Printing Technology in the Perioperative Management of Cardiac Tumours: A Review and Analysis

Application of Three-Dimensional Printing Technology in the Perioperative Management of Cardiac Tumours: A Review and Analysis

Application of Three-Dimensional Printing Technology to the Manufacture of Petroleum Drill Bits

Drill bits are the main rock-breaking tools in the petroleum and gas industry. Their performance directly affects the quality, efficiency, and cost of drilling. Drill bit manufacturing mainly employs traditional mold forming processes such as milling molding and press molding, which have low production efficiency and long processing cycles and are not conducive to rapid responses to field requirements. Inadequate production accuracy makes it difficult to produce drill bits with complex structures. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has fast molding speeds and high molding accuracy. In this paper, 3D printing was applied for the first time to the manufacture of molds for carcass polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) drill bits and PDC–cone hybrid drill bits. In comparison with forging and milling molding, 3D printing improved production efficiency. The manufactured molds had higher machining accuracy. The ability of 3D printing to make molds with complex surfaces enables the development of drill bits with complex structures. A field experiment was conducted on a PDC drill bit produced by 3D printing, which had a higher rate of penetration and was more efficient in breaking rocks than bits manufactured by traditional processes. The ROP of the drill bit increased by 20.1–25.8%, and the drilling depth increased by 7.7–29.5%. It is therefore feasible to apply 3D printing to the manufacture of petroleum drill bits.

Low-temperature deposition manufacturing technology: a novel 3D printing method for bone scaffolds.

The application of three-dimensional printing technology in the medical field has great potential for bone defect repair, especially personalized and biological repair. As a green manufacturing process that does not involve liquefication through heating, low-temperature deposition manufacturing (LDM) is a promising type of rapid prototyping manufacturing and has been widely used to fabricate scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. The scaffolds fabricated by LDM have a multi-scale controllable pore structure and interconnected micropores, which are beneficial for the repair of bone defects. At the same time, different types of cells or bioactive factor can be integrated into three-dimensional structural scaffolds through LDM. Herein, we introduced LDM technology and summarize its applications in bone tissue engineering. We divide the scaffolds into four categories according to the skeleton materials and discuss the performance and limitations of the scaffolds. The ideas presented in this review have prospects in the development and application of LDM scaffolds.

Application of three-dimensional printing technology in renal diseases.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology involves the application of digital models to create 3D objects. It is used in construction and manufacturing and has gradually spread to medical applications, such as implants, drug development, medical devices, prosthetic limbs, and in vitro models. The application of 3D printing has great prospects for development in orthopedics, maxillofacial plastic surgery, cardiovascular conditions, liver disease, and other fields. With in-depth research on 3D printing technology and the continuous update of printing materials, this technology also shows broad development prospects in renal medicine. In this paper, the author mainly summarizes the basic theory of 3D printing technology, its research progress, application status, and development prospect in renal diseases.

Application of three-dimensional printing technology in treatment of limb bone tumors

With the developing of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, it is widely used in the treatment of bone tumors in the clinical orthopedics. Because of the great individual differences in the location of bone tumor, resection and reconstruction are difficult. Based on 3D printing technology, the 3D models can be prepared to show the anatomical part of the disease, so that the surgeons can create a patient-specific operational plans based on better understand the local conditions. At the same time, preoperative simulation can also be carried out for complex operations and patient-specific prostheses can be further designed and prepared according to the location and size of tumor, which may have more advantages in adaptability. In this paper, the domestic and international research progress of 3D printing technology in the treatment of limb bone tumors in recent years were reviewed and summarized.

Application of three-dimensional printing technology for spinal tuberculosis

Application of three-dimensional printing technology for spinal tuberculosis

Application of three-dimensional printing technology combined with bone cement in minimally invasive treatment of the collapsed Sanders III type of calcaneal fractures

Application of three-dimensional printing technology combined with bone cement in minimally invasive treatment of the collapsed Sanders III type of calcaneal fractures

Application of three-dimensional printing technology and Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle in deviated nose correction

Application of three-dimensional printing technology and Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle in deviated nose correction

Application of Three-Dimensional Printing Technology in the Orbital Blowout Fracture Reconstruction.

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical outcomes of orbital blowout fracture repair by using the three-dimensional (3D) printing-assisted fabrication of individual titanium mesh. Clinical and radiologic data were analyzed for 12 patients with orbital floor and/or medial wall fractures. Lower eyelid incision was used to expose the fractures. Preoperative computed tomographic data were input into an imaging software to rebuild a 3D orbit and mirror the unaffected side into the affected side to replace the demolished orbit. A resin model of the reshaped orbit was generated and used to develop an individual titanium mesh for repairing the fractured orbital. The surgical results were assessed by value of enophthalmos and a comparison of preoperative and postoperative orbital volume difference. All patients had a successful treatment outcome without any complications. Clinical significant enophthalmos were not observed after treatment, and diplopia were solved within 2 weeks postoperative. No extraocular muscle limitation was observed. Postoperative computed tomography scans demonstrated appropriate positioning of titanium mesh and there was no implant displacement. The postoperative orbital volume and enophthalmos difference between the 2 eyes decreased significantly than preoperative (P < 0.001). Three-dimensional printing-assisted fabrication of individual titanium mesh is appropriate for use in orbital blowout fracture.

Application of three-dimensional printing technology in osteotomy for chin width and prominent mandibular angle

Objective To explore the applied value of computer-aided design and three-dimensional printing technology in osteotomy for chin width and prominent mandibular angle. Methods Sixteen patients with chin width and prominent mandibular angle were admitted to the Plastic Surgery Ward of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. All patients underwent preoperative computer-aided design, three-dimensional reconstruction of head and face, reconstruction of mandibular nerve canal, intelligent osteotomy line design of chin and mandible, simulation of chin and mandibular angle osteotomy, 3-D printing of surgical template to complete osteotomy, and internal fixation of chin osteotomy plate. The mandibular angle (Co-Go-Me), mandibular ramus height (Co-Go), mandibular body length (Go-Me), subfacial width (Go-Go’), chin nodule width (Ge-Ge’) and face height (N-Me) were measured preoperation, before surgical simulation and postoperation. Co-Go-Me, Co-Go/Go-Me, Go-Go’/N-Me and Ge-Ge’/N-Me were compared and analyzed in preoperation, before surgical simulation and postoperation. Results All the patients were satisfied with their facial shape. The mandible was almost symmetrical after operation. No complications such as nerve injury and infection occurred after operation, which fully met the preoperative design requirements. The mandibular angles in the left and right sides of patients before operation were significantly less than those after operation (t=2.890, 2.886, P 0.05). The average mandibular angles after operation were (123.9±3.0)°. Co-Go/Go-Me in the left and right sides of patients before operation was significantly higher than that after operation (t=3.607, 2.860, P 0.05). The ratio of the length of the left and right mandibular body to the height of the ascending ramus was close to 2: 1. Preoperative Go-Go’/N-Me was significantly higher than that post-operation (t=3.102, P 0.05). Preoperative Ge-Ge’/N-Me was significantly higher than that post-operation (t=3.010, P 0.05) . Conclusion The application of computer-aided design and three-dimensional printing technology in osteotomy for large chin and hypertrophic mandibular angle can significantly improve the accuracy of operation, reduce the difficulty of operation, improve the cosmetic effect, and reduce the occurrence of complications such as infection and injury of important nerves and blood vessels. Key words: Chin width; Prominent mandibular angle; Computer-aided design; Surgical template; Three-dimensional printing technology

Application of Three-Dimensional Printing Technology for Improved Orbital-Maxillary-Zygomatic Reconstruction.

The reconstruction of orbital-maxillary-zygomatic complex (OMZC) on patients suffering from trauma and space-occupying lesions is challenging due to the irregularity of craniomaxillofacial bones. To overcome the challenge in precise OMZC reconstruction, individual three-dimensional (3D) disease models and mirror-imaged 3D reconstruction models were printed on the basis of the computer tomography. Preoperative planning by rehearsing surgical procedures was made on the 3D disease models and the scaffolds including titanium and absorbable meshes or plates were anatomically premolded using the mirror-imaged 3D models as guide. Many benefits were achieved including more precise OMZC reconstruction, fluent and smooth procedures of surgeries, shorter operation time, less blood loss, and improved cosmetic outcomes of craniomaxillofacial shapes. There were no complications such as diplopia, infection, foreign body reaction, exophthalmos, enophthalmos, disordered occlusal relationship, and hematoma. And patients were satisfied with the functional and esthetic outcome during the following-up time. Therefore, OMZC reconstruction can be optimized and successful through preoperative planning and premolded scaffolds with 3D printing bone model by computer-aid design and manufacturing.

Application of three-dimensional printing technology in the surgical treatment of nasal skull base tumor

Objective: To explore the application value of three dimensional (3D) printing technique in the surgical treatment of nasal skull base tumor. Methods: Seven patients with complicated skull base tumors admitted in Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Neurosurgery of Tianjin HuanHu Hospital from Mar. 2017 to Feb. 2018 were selected. According to three sets of DICOM data of patients obtained from enhanced spiral CT scanning, navigation MRI scanning and CT angiography (CTA) magnetic navigation, data information of skull, blood vessel and tumor were extracted and reconstructed with different segmentation methods. The assembly and integration were achieved in the same coordinate system to form 3D visual composite virtual models. Combined with 3D printing technology, 3D visual composite virtual models were substantialized, and were applied for preoperative surgical strategy making and intraoperative reference. Results: Virtual models of the nasal skull base of 7 patients were reconstructed successfully and 3D 1∶1 entity models were produced. The models demonstrated the relationship among the skull, tumors, and adjacent blood vessels.Seven cases were successfully performed. Conclusion: 3D virtual model of composite nasal skull base and its dissection model based on 3D printing technology can guide the medical staff to develop and perfect the operation scheme.

Application of three-dimensional printing technology to design individual angle section on Chevron of hallux valgus osteotomy

To explore clinical application of three-dimensional printing technology to design individual angle section on Chevron of hallux valgus osteotomy. From May 2013 to May 2016, 47 patients(66 feet) with mild to moderate hallux valgus treated by Chevron osteotomy according to different preoperative design were divided into computer osteotomy group(group A) and traditional osteotomy group(group B). In group A, there were 25 patients (33 feet), including 4 males(5 feet) and 21 females(28 feet) with an average age of (47.88±6.08) years old, average weight IMA was (13.58±1.15) degree, AOFAS score was 59.00±5.86, and treated individual 3D printing technology to design operation scheme. While in group B, there were 22 patients (33 feet), including 3 males (3 feet) and 19 females (28 feet) with an average age of (48.16±6.16) years old, average weight IMA was(13.51±1.14) degree, AOFAS score was 60.67±5.85, and treated with osteotomy according to surgical experience. Operation time, blood loss, hospital stays, VAS score at 1 week after operation, wound healing and improvement of postoperative weight-bearing intermetatarsal angle(IMA) were compared between two groups, AOFAS score system was used to evaluate ankle function after surgery. There was no significant difference in following-up between group A 12.41±2.32 and group B 11.73±2.76. There was 1 patient in group B were excluded. Others perform good wounds healing on the first stage after operation. There were no significant differences in operation time, blood loss, hospital stays and VAS score at 1 week after operation(P<0.05); IMA in group A was (5.21±0.88)°, (6.42±0.85)° in group B, and had significant differences between two groups (t=5.68, P<0.05). There was obvious meaning in AOFAS score between group A 88.15±5.19 and group B 82.90±5.01(t=4.14, P<0.05). Fourteen feet in group A obtained excellent results and 19 feet good, while 5 feet in group B obtained excellent results and 27 feet good. Compared with traditional osteotomy group, three-dimensional printing technology to design individual angle section on Chevron of hallux valgus osteotomy could better correct IMA, improve postoperative foot function, and it is a kind of individualized and digital method to design operation.

Application of three-dimensional printing technology in treatment of internal or external ankle distal avulsed fracture

To explore the effectiveness and advantage of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology in treatment of internal or external ankle distal avulsed fracture. Between January 2015 and January 2017, 20 patients with distal avulsed fracture of internal or external ankle were treated with the 3D guidance of shape-blocking steel plate fixation (group A), and 18 patients were treated with traditional plaster external fixation (group B). There was no significant difference in gender, age, injury cause, disease duration, fracture side, and fracture type between 2 groups ( P>0.05). Recording the fracture healing rate, fracture healing time, the time of starting to ankle functional exercise, residual ankle pain, and evaluating ankle function recovery of both groups by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score. All patients were followed up 8-24 months, with an average of 15.5 months. In group A: all incisions healed by first intention, the time of starting to ankle functional exercise was (14±3) days, fracture healing rate was 100%, and the fracture healing time was (10.15±2.00) weeks. At 6 months, the AOFAS score was 90.35±4.65. Among them, 13 patients were excellent and 7 patients were good. All patients had no post-operative incision infection, residual ankle pain, or dysfunction during the follow-up. In group B: the time of starting to ankle functional exercise was (40±10) days, the fracture healing rate was 94.44%, and the fracture healing time was (13.83±7.49) weeks. At 6 months, the AOFAS score was 79.28±34.28. Among them, 15 patients were good, 2 patients were medium, and 1 patient was poor. During the follow-up, 3 patients (16.67%) had pain of ankle joint with different degrees. There were significant differences in the postoperative fracture healing rate, fracture healing time, the time of starting to ankle functional exercise, and postoperative AOFAS score between 2 groups ( P<0.05). Application of 3D printing technology in treatment of internal or external ankle distal avulsed fracture is simple, safe, reliable, and effective. In particular, it is an ideal treatment for avulsed fracture.

Application of three-dimensional printing technology in preoperative planning of double outlet right ventricle

Objective To assess the clinic value of three-dimensional(3D) printing models in operation scheme of double outlet right ventricle(DORV). Methods From September 2015 to December 2016, the imaging data of 29 patients (13 males and 16 females) with DORV were acquired using Dual Source CT.And then the cardiac models were generated using 3D printing technology.The cardiac models were used in diagnosing the type of DORV and guiding the surgery scheme.The 3D printed models were compared with two-dimensional imaging in diagnosis and surgical scheme of DORV patients. Results Both the two-dimensional imaging and 3D printed models were effective in the diagnosis and typing of DORV.According to 3D printing models, 28 cases were consistent with the real operations, and 1 case was inconsistent.According to the two-dimensional imaging data, 20 cases of surgical strategies were consistent with the real operations and 9 cases were inconsistent.For patients with DORV with non-committed ventricular septal defect (NC-VSD), 3D printing models were more accurate in the designing of surgical strategies. Conclusions 3D printing models can display 3D anatomical structures and it is helpful in the diagnosis and making preoperative planning for DORV especially for DORV with NC-VSD, which provides a new method for the assessment of DORV. Key words: Congenital heart disease; Double outlet right ventricle; Three-dimensional printing technology; Cardiac model

Application of three-dimensional printing technology for closed reduction and percutaneous cannulated screws fixation of displaced intraarticular calcaneus fractures

To evaluate the effectiveness of three-dimensional (3-D) printing assisting minimally invasive for intraarticular calcaneal fractures with percutaneous poking reduction and cannulate screw fixation. A retrospective analysis was performed of the 19 patients (19 feet) with intraarticular calcaneal fracture who had been treated between March 2015 and May 2016. There were 13 males and 6 females with an average age of 38.2 years (range, 24-73 years). There were 3 open fractures and 16 closed fractures. By Sanders classification, 12 cases were type Ⅱ, 7 cases were type Ⅲ. By Essex-Lopresti classification, 13 cases were tongue type, 6 cases were joint-depression type. The time from injury to surgery was 1-10 days (mean, 4.7 days). A thin slice CT scan was taken of bilateral calcaneus in patients. By using the mirror imaging technique, the contralateral mirror image and the affected side calcaneus model were printed according to 1∶1 ratio. The displacement of fracture block was observed and contrasted, and the poking reduction was simulated. Calcaneal fracture was treated by percutaneous minimally invasive poking reduction and cannulate screw fixation. The Böhler angle and Gissane angle at immediate after operation and last follow-up was measured on X-ray films, and compared with preoperative measurement. The functional recovery was evaluated by American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores. The operation time was 25-70 minutes (mean, 45 minutes). The intraoperative blood loss was 10-40 mL (mean, 14.5 mL). All the incisions healed by first intention and had no relevant postoperative complications such as skin necrosis, nail tract infection, and osteomyelitis. All the patients were followed up 12-25 months (mean, 14.6 months). All patients obtained fracture healing, and the fracture healing time was 8-14 weeks (mean, 10.3 weeks). No screw withdrawal or breakage occurred during follow-up; only 1 patient with Sanders type Ⅱ fracture, whose calcaneus height was partially lost at 6 weeks after operation, the other patients had no reduction loss and fracture displacement, and no traumatic arthritis occurred. The Böhler angle and Gissane angle at immediate after operation and last follow-up were significantly improved when compared with preoperative ones ( P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between at immediate after operation and last follow-up ( P>0.05). The AOFAS score was 76-100 (mean, 88.2), and the results were excellent in 10 feet, good in 7, and fair in 2, the excellent and good rate was 89.5%. 3-D printing assisting minimally invasive for intraarticular calcaneal fractures with percutaneous poking reduction and cannulate screw fixation can reduce the surgical trauma, improve the quality of reduction and fixation, and make the operation more safe, accurate, and individualized.

The application of three-dimensional printing technology of MRI in posterior sclera reinforcement surgery for high myopia

Objective To investigate the application value of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology of MRI in posterior sclera reinforcement surgery for high myopia. Methods The data of 29 eyes of 30 patients with high myopia were collected and they underwent posterior sclera reinforcement ( PSR ). All cases received 3D MRI before and after PSR. The MRI data of patients were reconstructed by using materialise’s interactive medical image control system software to generate stereo lithography ( STL ) file, then STL file was turned into print recognizable path file by printing program software, and finally 3D eyeball, ocular muscles, optic nerve and PSR strip model were printed proportionally by using 3D printers. Results According to MRI image data, 3D solid individualized proportional model of eyeball, ocular muscles, optic nerve and PSR strip were successfully printed. Conclusion Three-dimensional proportional model of eyeball, ocular muscles, optic nerve and PSR strip made by 3D printers are contribute to preoperative and postoperative PSR with the certain value in application. Key words: Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology; Myopia, high; Reinforcement, posterior sclera; Application value

Application of three-dimensional printing technology in bone tumor surgery

To discuss the effect of three-dimensional (3D) printing individualized model and guide plate in bone tumor surgery. Between October 2015 and December 2016, 3D printing individualized model and guide plate for making preoperative surgical planning and intraoperative treatment were used in 5 patients of bone tumor. All the patients were male, with a median age of 32 years (range, 9-58 years). There were 1 case of cystic echinococcosis at left pelvis and pathological fracture of the proximal femur; 1 case of left iliac bone osteoblastoma associated with aneurysmal bone cyst; 1 case of fibrous dysplasia of the left femur (sheep horn deformity) with pathological fracture; 1 case of metastatic carcinoma of right calcaneus (tumor staging was T 2N 0M 0); and 1 case of Ewing sarcoma of left femur (tumor staging was T 2N 0M 0). The disease duration ranged from 1 month to 10 years (mean, 2.25 years). The operation was completed successfully. The operation time was 2.6-7.5 hours (mean, 4.9 hours). The intraoperative blood loss was 200-2 500 mL (mean, 1 380 mL). The intraoperative fluoroscopy times was 1-6 times (mean, 3.8 times). There was no infection after operation, and the blood supply and nerve function were good. All the patients were followed up 3-16 months (mean, 5.4 months). No loosening or breaking of the internal fixator occurred. According to Enneking scoring system, the limb function score was 15-26 (mean, 21); and the results were excellent in 2 cases, good in 2 cases, and fair in 1 case. 3D printing technology can make the implementation of the better preoperative planning and evaluation in bone tumor surgery, and it provides a new reference for individualized treatment in patients with bone tumor.

Abstract: Mandibular Reconstruction Using Cost-Effective Three-Dimensional Printing

INTRODUCTION: There has been an increasing interest in the applications of three-dimensional (3D) printing in plastic surgery.1,2 A physical 3D model provides visualization of complex defects that supersede digital imaging and can be used as a template for preoperative planning and surgical education.3,4With the advent of affordable quality and reliable printers, office-based 3D printing has become possible. We describe our experience with office-based 3D printing in the management of comminuted mandible fractures. The distorted topography of the bony surface and instability of fracture fragments can lead to suboptimal reduction, and shaping of the plate to contour the fracture can be challenging in the operating room. We used a 3D printed model of the patient’s mandible to bend plates preoperatively in order to achieve an ideal plate shape and thus optimum bony reduction. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with a comminuted mandible fracture at R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center were identified. Patient’s maxillofacial CT scan DICOM images were uploaded into 3D Slicer (www.slicer.org) and a 3D image model of the mandible was generated using a threshold segmentation technique. The model image was uploaded into Netfabb (Autodesk, San Rafael, CA) and the non-fractured side was mirrored to replace the comminuted side. The final model image was uploaded into Cura software (Ultimaker, Geldermalsen, Netherlands) and the 3D model was printed using a LulzBot TAZ 6 3D printer (Aleph Objects, Loveland, CO) and a 2 millimeter Polylactic acid filament. Titanium plates were then pre-bent according to the 3D printed mandible model and autoclaved in standard fashion prior to use in the operating room. Proper fracture reduction was evaluated with a postoperative CT scan. RESULTS: Three patients with comminuted mandible fractures had a 3D model of their mandible printed preoperatively. Average print time was 6 hours. Excluding the one-time cost of the 3D printer of $2,500, the average materials cost to print one mandible was $4.20. All three patients had successful placement of the titanium plates which were pre-bent preoperatively according to the 3D model. Postoperative CT imaging demonstrated adequate reduction in all three cases. CONCLUSION: Office-based three-dimensional printing is feasible and affordable. We demonstrated how 3D printed models of comminuted mandibular fractures can optimize fracture reduction by preoperatively bending plates. Reference Citations: 1. Choi JW, Kim N. Clinical application of three-dimensional printing technology in craniofacial plastic surgery. Arch Plast Surg. 2015;42(3):267–277. 2. Chae MP, Rozen WM, McMenamin PG, Findlay MW, Spychal RT, Hunter-Smith DJ. Emerging Applications of Bedside 3D Printing in Plastic Surgery. Front Surg. 2015;2(June):25. 3. Numajiri T, Nakamura H, Sowa Y, Nishino K. Low-cost Design and Manufacturing of Surgical Guides for Mandibular Reconstruction Using a Fibula. Plast Reconstr Surg - Glob Open. 2016;4(7):e805. 4. Lioufas PA, Quayle MR, Leong JC, McMenamin PG. 3D Printed Models of Cleft Palate Pathology for Surgical Education. Plast Reconstr surgery Glob open. 2016;4(9):e1029.

Application of three-dimensional printing technology in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction

Application of three-dimensional printing technology in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction