Application Of Salicylic Acid Research Articles

Glycine betaine application improved seed cotton yield and economic returns under deficit irrigation

BackgroundDeficit irrigation exerts devastating effects on the productivity and economic returns of cotton crop, as well as carbon dioxide (CO2) emission form soil. Osmolytes play a significant role in facilitating the adaptation of cotton plants to abiotic stresses and improve productivity. MethodsThis study investigated the effects of different osmolytes (glycine betaine, ascorbic acid, salicylic acid 100 mg L−1 each) and deficit irrigation (50 %-I50, 75 %-I75, 100 %-I100) on seed cotton yield, greenhouse gas emission (CO2-C), emission factor (EFs) and economic returns of cotton in Southern Anatolia, Türkiye. ResultsDeficit irrigation and osmolyte treatment, both separately and in combination, had a substantial impact on seed cotton yield, CO2-C emission and EFs. The lowest (3800 kg ha−1) and the highest (4746 kg ha−1) seed cotton yield was noted under I50, and I100 treatments, respectively. Similarly, no osmolyte application and application of glycine betaine resulted in the lowest (4097 kg ha−1) and the highest (4545 kg ha−1) seed cotton yield, respectively. The interactive effect indicated that application of glycine betaine and salicylic acid produced better yield than control treatment under all irrigation treatments. The lowest (1.55) and the highest (1.94 mg) CO2-C emission (mg CO2-C m−2 h−1) was recorded for I50, and I100 treatments respectively. Likewise, the lowest (1.52) and the highest (2.19) daily carbon emission were recorded for salicylic acid and glycine betaine application, respectively. The lowest and the highest EFs values were observed for glycine betaine and ascorbic acid application, respectively. Application of glycine betaine resulted in the highest economic returns under all irrigation treatments which was comparable to salicylic acid, whereas the lower economic returns were recorded for control treatment. ConclusionIt is concluded that application of glycine betaine can be used to improve seed cotton yield and economic returns under deficit irrigation. Similarly, glycine betaine proved helpful in reducing CO2-C emission under deficit irrigation compared to normal irrigation.

Boosting Stevia's sweetness: Growth regulators mitigate salt stress and enhance steviol glycosides

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant species with sweet-tasting leaves that can be used as a natural, low-calorie sweetener with potential health benefits. Salt stress can reduce plant growth and productivity, but the application of growth regulators like salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJ), and spermidine (Spd) can manage various plant abiotic stresses and improve plant growth and productivity. In this work, we investigated the role of exogenous SA, MeJ, and Spd in conferring salt stress tolerance in Stevia by analyzing plant growth, chlorophyll (Chl), total phenolic, total carotenoid content, antioxidant defense system and steviol glycosides. The aim of a recent study was to assess the effects of these regulators on Stevia plants under both individual and combined salt stress conditions. Foliar application of these regulators improved plant growth under salt stress, with moderate salinity stress increasing glycoside compounds. SA was most effective in increasing rebaudioside A (Reb A), while MeJ + Spd combination was best for increasing stevioside (Stv) content. Individual applications of Spd, MeJ, and SA significantly impacted plant growth and antioxidant content, although their combined use was less effective. Spd application under salt stress yielded the highest increases in total carotenoid and Chl a content, while MeJ and Spd together significantly boosted Chl b content. The study found that SA enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced catalase (CAT) activity under salt stress, whereas MeJ alone increased both CAT and SOD activity. The distinct responses to Spd, SA, and MeJ suggest varied mechanisms in oxidative stress-induced antioxidant production. Overall, the use of these growth regulators can improve the growth, yield, and nutritional value of Stevia under salt stress, offering significant implications for agriculture and food security.

Maize DLR1/NHX7 Is Required for Root Development Under Potassium Deficiency.

Root System Architecture (RSA) is a crucial plant trait that governs a plant's ability to absorb water and nutrients. In this study, we describe a mutant with nutrient-dependent defects in root development, affecting both the primary root and lateral roots (LRs). This mutant, identified through a screen for defects in LR development, has been designated dlr1-1. The dlr1-1 mutant exhibits impaired LR emergence rather than defects in the LR primordium (LRP) formation, particularly under potassium (K+)-deprivation conditions. This impairment likely stems from inhibited cell proliferation caused by the dlr1-1 mutation. K+ deprivation specifically leads to the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) in the dlr1-1 mutant, consistent with the upregulation of SA biosynthesis genes. Moreover, exogenous application of SA to wild-type plants (B73) mimics the dlr1-1 phenotype. Conversely, treatment of the dlr1-1 mutant with 2-aminoindane-2-phosphonic acid, an SA biosynthesis inhibitor, partially restores LR emergence, indicating that elevated SA levels may be responsible for the mutant's developmental defects. MutMap analysis and allelism tests confirmed that the phenotypes of the dlr1-1 mutant results from the loss of the Na+/H+ antiporter, ZmNHX7. Additionally, the application of NaCl exacerbates the dlr1-1 mutant phenotype, suggesting that the root defects in dlr1-1 mutant depend on ion homoeostasis. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that maize DLR1/NHX7 is essential for root development under potassium deprivation.

Regulation of Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms Related to Water Stress Tolerance in Barley and Improvement of Growth and Productivity Using Salicylic Acid and Chitosan

The present investigation aimed to assess the impacts of three Salicylic Acid (SA) concentrations (T2=100, T3=200, T4=300ppm), three Chitosan concentrations (T5=150, T6=225, T7=300ppm) and T8= Salicylic Acid (100 ppm) with Chitosan (150 ppm) mixture in comparison to control treatment (T1) on two barley cultivars Giza126 and Giza 134 under rainfed conditions. Some vegetative and yield traits were recorded, plant height, spike length, number of gains spike-1, number of spikes/m2, 1000 grain weight, biological and grain yield. A split plot design was performed with three replications. The field experiment was conducted in the northern west coast region of Egypt (Marsa Matruh government) under the rainfed condi­tions during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 growing seasons. The results showed a direct relationship between increased foliar application and increased yield attributes. Results indicated that Giza 126 cultivar as affected by T4 showed the most desirable values for grains spikes-1 in first season, spikes/m2, biological yield and grain yield during the first and second seasons respectively. In addition, barley cultivar Giza 126 as affected by T3 showed the highest values for grains spikes-1 in second season. On the other hand, barley cultivar Giza 134 as affected by T4 showed the highest values for plant height, spike length and 1000-grain weight in first and second seasons respectively. From results, it can be concluded that the Salicylic Acid (SA) concentration 300 ppm is recommendable for improving the productivity of barley under rainfed conditions of Egypt. To study the potential role of SA and Chitosan on water stress tolerance mechanisms some biochemical and physiological parameters were recorded. Application of SA and Chitosan decreased significantly Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) measuring by determined the concentrations of MDA and H2O2 especially SA with concentrations 300 ppm (T4). For osmolytes (proline, SSC and SPC), all treatments using SA and Chitosan induced significant increase in osmolytes content compared with control under water stress only in the two studied barley genotypes, except for treatment with Chitosan 225 and 300 ppm in Giza 126 for proline content. Similar results were recorded for antioxidant enzymes activity (CAT, POX and PPO) which showed up-regulation for all treatments compared with control under water stress for the two studied genotypes. On contrast, APX antioxidant enzyme recorded the highest activity in control treatment under water stress only. In general, for all studied treatments comparing with control, application of SA300 ppm and the mixture between SA100 and Chitosan150 ppm were the best treatment for induction of up and down regulation of biochemical and physiological component in the barley cells which is known as defense system against water stress damage.

Effect of exogenous application of salicylic acid on alleviation of drought stress of immature tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants

Abstract Application of salicylic acid (SA) leads to positive impacts in improving the physiological and growth parameters under drought in other crops. Knowledge on SA regulation on tea is scanty but important especially under drought. Therefore, potential of minimizing the drought effects on tea via exogenous application of SA was studied in a glasshouse at the Tea Research Institute, Talawakelle, Sri Lanka, using one-year-old potted tea cultivars of known drought tolerance (TRI 2025 – tolerant and TRI 2023 – susceptible). Plants were exposed to a drying cycle while they were foliar sprayed with SA in various concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm) along with well-watered and no-spray treatments. Data were collected at 18 hours and 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after applying the treatments from randomly selected plants. Physiological parameters were measured along with soil moisture content. Drought stress led to declining of gas exchange parameters (rate of net photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance), leaf relative water content and increasing accumulation of osmolytes (total soluble sugar and proline) in both tea cultivars compared with well-watered plants. Exogenous application of 150 and 200 ppm SA significantly improved physiological parameters. These results revealed the role of exogenous application of 150 and 200 ppm SA in diminishing the negative effects of drought on tea plants. Exogenous application of SA 150 ppm will therefore be more effective in alleviating the drought impact on immature tea when considering the environmental impact and cost effectiveness.

Protective effects of the exogenous application of salicylic acid and chitosan on chromium-induced photosynthetic capacity and osmotic adjustment in Aconitum napellus.

Chitosan (CTS) is recognized for enhancing a plant's resilience to various environmental stresses, such as salinity and drought. Moreover, salicylic acid (SA) is acknowledged as a growth regulator involved in addressing metal toxicity. However, the effectiveness of both compounds in mitigating Cr-induced stress has remained relatively unexplored, especially in the case of Aconitum napellus, a medicinally and floricultural important plant. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the potential of CTS and SA in alleviating chromium (Cr)-induced stress in A. napellus. To address these research questions, we conducted a controlled experiment using potted plants to evaluate the individual and combined impacts of CTS and SA on plants exposed to Cr stress. Foliar application of CTS (0.4g/L) or SA (0.25 mmol/L) led to significant improvements in the growth, chlorophyll content, fluorescence, and photosynthetic traits of A. napellus plants under Cr stress. The most notable effects were observed with the combined application of CTS and SA, resulting in increases in various morphological parameters, such as shoot length (2.89% and 7.02%) and root length (27.75% and 3.36%) under the Cr 1 and Cr 2 treatments, respectively. Additionally, several physiological parameters, such as chlorophyll a (762.5% and 145.56%), chlorophyll b (762.5% and 145.56%), carotenoid (17.03% and 28.57%), and anthocyanin (112.01% and 47.96%) contents, were notably improved under the Cr 1 and Cr 2 treatments, respectively. Moreover, the combined treatment of CTS and SA improved the fluorescence parameters while decreasing the levels of enzymatic antioxidants such as catalase (27.59% and 43.79%, respectively). The application also notably increased osmoprotectant parameters, such as the total protein content (54.11% and 20.07%) and the total soluble sugar content (78.17% and 49.82%) in the leaves of A. napellus in the Cr 1 and 2 treatments, respectively. In summary, these results strongly suggest that the simultaneous use of exogenous CTS and SA is an effective strategy for alleviating the detrimental effects of Cr stress on A. napellus. This integrated approach opens promising avenues for further exploration and potential implementation within agricultural production systems.

An Enhanced Interaction of Graft and Exogenous SA on Photosynthesis, Phytohormone, and Transcriptome Analysis in Tomato under Salinity Stress.

Salt stress can adversely affect global agricultural productivity, necessitating innovative strategies to mitigate its adverse effects on plant growth and yield. This study investigated the effects of exogenous salicylic acid (SA), grafting (G), and their combined application (GSA) on various parameters in tomato plants subjected to salt stress. The analysis focused on growth characteristics, photosynthesis, osmotic stress substances, antioxidant enzyme activity, plant hormones, ion content, and transcriptome profiles. Salt stress severely inhibits the growth of tomato seedlings. However, SA, G, and GSA improved the plant height by 22.5%, 26.5%, and 40.2%; the stem diameter by 11.0%, 26.0%, and 23.7%; the shoot fresh weight by 76.3%, 113.2%, and 247.4%; the root fresh weight by 150.9%, 238.6%, and 286.0%; the shoot dry weight by 53.5%, 65.1%, and 162.8%; the root dry weight by 150.0%, 150.0%, and 166.7%, and photosynthesis by 4.0%, 16.3%, and 32.7%, with GSA presenting the most pronounced positive effect. Regarding the osmotic stress substances, the proline content increased significantly by more than 259.2% in all treatments, with the highest levels in GSA. Under salt stress, the tomato seedlings accumulated high Na+ levels; the SA, G, and GSA treatments enhanced the K+ and Ca2+ absorption while reducing the Na+ and Al3+ levels, thereby alleviating the ion toxicity. The transcriptome analysis indicated that SA, G, and GSA influenced tomato growth under salt stress by regulating specific signaling pathways, including the phytohormone and MAPK pathways, which were characterized by increased endogenous SA and decreased ABA content. The combined application of grafting and exogenous SA could be a promising strategy for enhancing plant tolerance to salt stress, offering potential solutions for sustainable agriculture in saline environments.

Effects of Salicylic Acid on Physiological Responses of Pepper Plants Pre-Subjected to Drought under Rehydration Conditions.

Capsicum annuum L. has worldwide distribution, but drought has limited its production. There is a lack of research to better understand how this species copes with drought stress, whether it is reversible, and the effects of mitigating agents such as salicylic acid (SA). Therefore, this study aimed to understand the mechanisms of action of SA and rehydration on the physiology of pepper plants grown under drought conditions. The factorial scheme adopted was 3 × 4, with three water regimes (irrigation, drought, and rehydration) and four SA concentrations, namely: 0 (control), 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM. This study evaluated leaf water percentage, water potential of shoots, chlorophylls (a and b), carotenoids, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration at different times of day, water conditions (irrigation, drought, and rehydration), and SA applications (without the addition of a regulator (0) and with the addition of SA at concentrations equal to 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM). In general, exogenous SA application increased stomatal conductance (gs) responses and modified the fluorescence parameters (ΦPSII, qP, ETR, NPQ, D, and E) of sweet pepper plants subjected to drought followed by rehydration. It was found that the use of SA, especially at concentrations of 1 mM in combination with rehydration, modulates gs, which is reflected in a higher electron transport rate. This, along with the production of photosynthetic pigments, suggests that H2O2 did not cause membrane damage, thereby mitigating the water deficit in pepper plants. Plants under drought conditions and rehydration with foliar SA application at concentrations of 1 mM demonstrated protection against damage resulting from water stress. Focusing on sustainable productivity, foliar SA application of 1 mM could be recommended as a technique to overcome the adverse effects of water stress on pepper plants cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions.

Salicylic Acid and Melatonin Synergy Enhances Boron Toxicity Tolerance via AsA-GSH Cycle and Glyoxalase System Regulation in Fragrant Rice.

Background: Boron is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and productivity, yet excessive boron leads to toxicity, posing significant challenges for agriculture. Fragrant rice is popular among consumers, but the impact of boron toxicity on qualitative traits of fragrant rice, especially aroma, remains largely unexplored. The individual potentials of melatonin and salicylic acid in reducing boron toxicity are less known, while their synergistic effects and mechanisms in fragrant rice remain unclear. Methods: Thus, this study investigates the combined application of melatonin and salicylic acid on fragrant rice affected by boron toxicity. One-week-old seedlings were subjected to boron (0 and 800 µM) and then treated with melatonin and salicylic acid (0 and 100 µM, for 3 weeks). Results: Boron toxicity significantly impaired photosynthetic pigments, plant growth, and chloroplast integrity while increasing oxidative stress markers such as hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, methylglyoxal, and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. Likewise, boron toxicity abridged the precursors involved in the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) biosynthesis pathway. However, individual as well as combined application of melatonin and salicylic acid ameliorated boron toxicity by strengthening the antioxidant defense mechanisms-including the enzymes involved during the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle and glyoxalase system-and substantially improved 2-AP precursors including proline, P5C, Δ1-pyrroline, and GABA levels, thereby restoring the 2-AP content and aroma. These findings deduce that melatonin and salicylic acid synergistically alleviate boron toxicity-induced disruptions on the 2-AP biosynthesis pathway by improving the 2-AP precursors and enzymatic activities, as well as modulating the physio-biochemical processes and antioxidant defense system of fragrant rice plants. Conclusions: The findings of this study have the potential to enhance rice productivity and stress tolerance, offering solutions to improve food security and sustainability in agricultural practices, particularly in regions affected by environmental stressors.

Alterations in quality characteristics and bioactive compounds of blackberry fruits subjected to postharvest salicylic acid treatment during cold storage

AbstractBlackberry deteriorates rapidly after harvest due to its sensitive structure, limiting their storage time to about a week and resulting in significant economic losses. The study was conducted to determine the effects of salicylic acid applications on postharvest fruit quality in blackberries, the harvested fruit was immersed in salicylic acid solutions prepared at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM for 15 min. Measurements and analyses such as weight loss, decay rate, soluble solids contents (SSC), pH, acidity, respiration rate, vitamin C, organic acids, and phenolic compounds were performed on fruits stored for 12 days with intervals of 4 days. Applying salicylic acid to fruits resulted in significantly less weight loss and decay rate. Salicylic acid application was effective in increasing SSC rate and decreasing titratable acidity with increasing storage time, and lower SSC and higher titratable acidity were measured with this application. Salicylic acid maintained organic acids and vitamin C postharvest. The decreases in individual phenolic compound levels occurred with extended storage time. Salicylic acid application generally was effective in maintaining concentrations of phenolic compounds during storage, and it was found to be effective on fruit quality, with effectiveness varying depending on application dosage. The study identified 1.5 mM as the most effective dosage of salicylic acid, which could be utilized to maintain postharvest quality and extend cold storage in blackberries.

Agronomic Interventions for Alleviating Water Stress and Optimizing Productivity of Field Crops: A Review

Water scarcity is the most significant concern facing agriculture today. Agriculture currently utilizes more than 70% of the world's freshwater, with much of it lost through evaporation, leaching and runoff. Drought escape and drought tolerance are the two significant mechanisms for plant growth under water-stressed conditions. Drought, a primary abiotic factor, limits crop productivity. It is a climatic phenomenon characterized by a prolonged lack of rainfall, resulting in moisture loss from the soil and a lack of water potential in plant tissues. It prevents the crop from obtaining its potential yield and substantially reduces crop production. Field crop rely on rainfall and are vulnerable to unpredictable drought stress throughout their vegetative and reproductive growth cycle. Drought stress is typical during the flowering stage in mostly crops, resulting in lower yield when cultivated with scarce rainfall. It can be reduced through agronomic means, such as mulching, tillage, intercropping and nutrient management, as well as chemical measures, such as the use of soil additives herbal hydrogel (Gond katira), foliar spray of salicylic acid and potassium nitrate. Herbal hydrgel helps in reducing the effect of drought stress on plants while also promoting increased plant growth and opverall performance. Foliar application of salicylic acid boosted bioactive chemical synthesis in the presence of water deficiency. Potassium nitrate to enhance water uptake, promote longer pod length and improve drought tolerance in plants.

Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Salicylic Acid Improve Essential Oil, Flower Yield, And Compatible Osmolyte Content of Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) Under Drought Stress

Drought is one of the major constraints on agricultural productivity in arid and semiarid regions. Coping with drought stress involves several adaptations and mitigation strategies such as the use of plant-growth promoting bacteria and salicylic acid, which was examined in this study under two levels of water regimes (well-watered as control and drought stress) in southwest Iran in 2018 and 2020 on common yarrow (Achillea millefolium). Catalase levels significantly increased in response to drought stress and salicylic acid application. Salicylic acid and combined application treatment of both bacteria also resulted in a significant increase in proline compared with the control. Different bacteria strains also resulted in a significant increase in peroxidase and superoxide dismutase when compared with the control. Drought stress, salicylic acid application, and different bacteria strains significantly reduced total protein. The use of salicylic acid and the combined application of both bacteria significantly increased the percentage of essential oil compared with the control. Moreover, 41 compounds were isolated, accounting for 92.08% of the essential oil, with more than 90.00% being volatile terpenes. The main components of yarrow essential oil were borneol (16.79%), flanderin (15.92%), cineole (14.32%), camphor (9.77%), and alpha-pinene (3.44%). In general, growth-promoting bacteria and salicylic acid application constitute an advantageous management practice for the commercial production of Achillea millefolium, increasing the nutraceutical and medicinal values of this species.

Promoter of COR2-like gene is a stress inducible regulatory region in banana.

A promoter is a crucial component in driving the expression of a transgene of interest for biotechnological applications in crop improvement and thus characterization of varied regulatory regions is essential. Here, we identified the promoter of COR2-like (codeinone reductase-like) from banana and characterized its tissue specific and stress inducible nature. MusaCOR2-like of banana is closely related to COR2 and CHR (chalcone reductase) sequences from different plant species and contains signature sequences including a catalytic tetrad typical of proteins with aldo-keto reductase activity. Transcript level of MusaCOR2-like was strongly induced in response to drought, salinity and exposure of signaling molecules such as abscisic acid, methyl-jasmonate and salicylic acid. Induction of MusaCOR2-like under stress strongly correlated with the presence of multiple cis-elements associated with stress responses in the PMusaCOR2-like sequence isolated from Musa cultivar Rasthali. Transgenic tobacco lines harbouring PMusaCOR2-like-GUS displayed visible GUS expression in vascular tissue of leaves and stem while its expression was undetectable in roots under control conditions. Exposure to drought, salinity and cold strongly induced GUS expression from PMusaCOR2-like-GUS in transgenic tobacco shoots in a window period of 3H to 12H. Applications of salicylic acid, methyl-jasmonate, abscisic acid and ethephon also activate GUS in transgenic shoots at different period, with salicylic acid and abscisic acid being the stronger stimulants of PMusaCOR2-like. Using PMusaCOR2-like-GUS fusion and expression profiling, the current study sheds insights into a complex regulation of COR2-like, one of the least studied genes of secondary metabolite pathway in plants.

Priming of Exogenous Salicylic Acid under Field Conditions Enhances Crop Yield through Resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae by Modulating Phytohormones and Antioxidant Enzymes.

This study explores the impact of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) alongside conventional treatment by farmers providing positive (Mancozeb 80 % WP) and negative (water) controls on rice plants (Oryza sativa L.), focusing on antioxidant enzyme activities, phytohormone levels, disease resistance, and yield components under greenhouse and field conditions. In greenhouse assays, SA application significantly enhanced the activities of peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) within 12-24 h post-inoculation (hpi) with Magnaporthe oryzae. Additionally, SA-treated plants showed higher levels of endogenous SA and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) within 24 hpi compared to the controls. In terms of disease resistance, SA-treated plants exhibited a reduced severity of rice blast under greenhouse conditions, with a significant decrease in disease symptoms compared to negative control treatment. The field study was extended over three consecutive crop seasons during 2021-2023, further examining the efficacy of SA in regular agricultural practice settings. The SA treatment consistently led to a reduction in rice blast disease severity across all three seasons. Yield-related parameters such as plant height, the number of tillers and panicles per hill, grains per panicle, and 1000-grain weight all showed improvements under SA treatment compared to both positive and negative control treatments. Specifically, SA-treated plants yielded higher grain outputs in all three crop seasons, underscoring the potential of SA as a growth enhancer and as a protective agent against rice blast disease under both controlled and field conditions. These findings state the broad-spectrum benefits of SA application in rice cultivation, highlighting its role not only in bolstering plant defense mechanisms and growth under greenhouse conditions but also in enhancing yield and disease resistance in field settings across multiple crop cycles. This research presents valuable insights into the practical applications of SA in improving rice plant resilience and productivity, offering a promising approach for sustainable agriculture practices.

Synergistic effect of salicylic acid and biochar on biochemical properties, yield and nutrient uptake of triticale under water stress

In arid regions, one of the practical solutions to overcome the water shortage and increasing soil fertility is application of salicylic acid (SA) with biochar. A pot experiment was conducted to consider the combination of SA with biochar on biochemical and physiological parameters of triticale as a factorial experiment using a completely randomized design (RCD) with four replicates. Treatments consisted of irrigation regime (normal irrigation and irrigation according to 50 % field capacity), salicylic acid application [without SA (SA0) and 3 mM SA (SA3)] and fertilizer type including without fertilizer (control), application of 50 kg ha−1 phosphorus (P), and application of wheat biochar (WB), cotton biochar (CB) and sesame biochar (SB) (2 % w/w). Under water stress, CB at SA0 and SA3 could improve the total chlorophyll by 119.4 and 70.6 %, compared to control, respectively. Also, carotenoid content in SA3 treatments increased in the range of 75.8 to 34.6 % compared to SA0. CB at SA3, increased catalase activity by 11.4 % compared to SB. At SA3, the highest RWC was observed in WB and CB by 26.7 and 18.1 % increases compared to SA0, respectively. At SA3, CB could enhance grain yield by 24.8 % under water stress. Under water stress, at SA3, remobilization efficiency from 63.2 % in control was enhanced to 69.2, 74.3 and 68.1 % in WB, CB and SB, respectively. CB and WB had better chemical properties in terms of EC, N, P, K and micronutrients compared to SB. These properties of BC and WB enhanced their ability to increase the nutrient availability, biochemical properties and consequently the grain yield enhancement, especially when applied with SA3.

Effects of Doses and Different Applications of Salicylic Acid on Salinity Stress and Plant Growth in Broad Beans (Vicia faba L.)

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different application methods and doses of salicylic acid on the first developmental stages of broad beans grown under salt stress. The experiment was carried out in the plant growth cabinet at Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops laboratory. During the investigation, the temperature of the working environment was kept at 25±3 °C. Plants were grown in 16 hours of light and 8 hours in the dark period. Three salt concentrations (0, 75 and 150 mM NaCl) and three salicylic acid (SA) concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1.0 mM SA) were applied to the plants through soil and leaves. As a pre-application, 0.5 mM SA and hydropriming were used. According to the results, germination percentage, germination index, mean germination time, stem height, root lenght, stem fresh weight, stem dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight and total chlorophyll content varied between 63.33-86.67%, 0.97-2.51, 3.60-6.28 day, 36.11-39.47 cm, 27.50-30.57 cm, 4.404-6.623 g, 0.473-0.555 g, 2.813-3.400 g, 2.813-3.400 g, 0.300-0.396 g and 41.0-50.6%, respectively. While salinity levels did not have a significant impact on germination characteristics, hydropriming application improved germination characteristics, but salicylic acid application had a negative effect. However, it has been observed that salicylic acid applications increase seedling development and dry matter accumulation and promote plant growth under salinity stress. As a result, it has been observed that the application of 0.5 mM salicylic acid is a useful application to improve salinity stress and promote plant growth in broad bean.

Foliar application of Azospirillum brasilense, salicylic acid and zinc on wheat Performance under rain–fed condition

Foliar application of Azospirillum brasilense, salicylic acid and zinc on wheat Performance under rain–fed condition

Morpho-Physio-Biochemical Responses of Sweet Basil Plants to Integrated Application of Silicon and Salicylic Acid under Water Supply Restrictions

Morpho-Physio-Biochemical Responses of Sweet Basil Plants to Integrated Application of Silicon and Salicylic Acid under Water Supply Restrictions

The effect of the combined application of elicitors to Salvia virgata Jacq. under salinity stress on physiological and antioxidant defense

Salinity stress is one of the most important stress barriers to crop production worldwide. Developing and implementing new strategies against salinity stress is critical for increasing agricultural productivity and supporting sustainable farming. Elicitors such as nanoparticles and Salicylic acid have recently been used potentially for better product yield. Therefore, in our research the Salvia virgata plant was exposed to salinity (NaCl) stress, and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONP), salicylic acid (SA), and the ZnONP + SA combination were applied to plants divided into different groups. While salinity stress decreased the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid pigments, SA, ZnONP, and SA + ZnONP elicitors combined with salinity stress enhanced the content of all three pigments. While salt stress raised MDA, H2O2, total phenolic, total flavonoid, soluble sugar and proline content, elicitor applications enhanced proline, soluble sugar, total phenolic and total flavonoid content more. Additionally, the application of NaCl + SA + ZnONP increased proline content by 21.55% and sugar content by 15.73% compared to NaCl application, while decreasing MDA content by 42.28% and H2O2 levels by 42.34%, thereby alleviating the plant's salt stress. It was revealed that DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC antioxidant activity sequence used to determine the total antioxidant activity displayed similarities, and it was found as NaCI + ZnONP > NaCI + SA > NaCI + SA + ZnONP > NaCI > Control. Furthermore, all elicitor applications increased CAT, GR, APX, and SOD enzyme activities while reducing oxidative stress in S. virgata plants. When all the data were evaluated, it was confirmed that SA and ZnONP had a synergistic effect and that SA and ZnONP have the potential to support plant development and growth under salinity. SA and ZnONP applications may have the capacity to least the detrimental impacts of salinity stress on plants. However, further research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of SA and ZnONPs in ameliorating salinity or different stress factors in various other plants.

Foliar application of salicylic acid improved morpho-anatomical features of potato by irrigating with wastewater

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the suitability of using drain water as a source of irrigation and its effects along with salicylic acid on morphological, anatomical, physico-chemical as well as yield attributes of potato. For this study, potato tubers were grown in pots and irrigated with different concentrations of drain water. Salicylic acid treatments vis. 0, 0.5 and 1.0 mM were applied foliarly. Pre- and post-harvest analysis was carried out to determine different attributes of soil, water and plants after 60 days.ResultsThe growth of potato plant was increased as the concentration of SA increased through increasing shoot length, fresh/dry weight and tuber number/plant. In this research work, plant respond to overcome metal stresses by up regulating antioxidant defense system such as, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase) by application of highest treatment of SA when irrigated with 6% drain water. Plants accumulated the highest concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Pb in the leaves when treated with 1 mM of SA, compared to other plant parts. It was observed that photosynthetic pigment enhanced in 6% drain water treated plants when applied with 1mM SA as compared to control. An increase in epidermis and cortical cell thickness, as well as stomatal closure, was observed, helping to maintain water loss under stress conditions.ConclusionsAccording to these results, it can be suggested that SA is potent signaling molecule can play an essential role in maintaining potato growth when irrigated with drain water containing heavy metals through stimulating metal up take and up regulation of antioxidant enzymes.