Application Of Ru Research Articles

Aggregation‐Enhanced Photodynamic Activity of Organometallic Ru(II)–Arene Complexes

ABSTRACTOrganometallic Ru(II)–arene complexes have emerged as potential chemotherapeutic agents for improved cancer treatment. However, the application of Ru(II)–arene complexes as photosensitizers has been rarely explored. In consideration of their excellent biological performance, herein, three Ru(II)–arene complexes 1–3 bearing 2,3,8,9,14,15‐hexamethyl‐5,6,11,12,17,18‐hexaazatrinapthalene (HATN‐Me6) as acceptor ligand have been designed and investigated as potential photosensitizers. Distinctively, complexes 1–3 produced negligible singlet oxygen (1O2) generation in DMF. The mechanism investigations indicated that the large change in equilibrium displacement between the excited and ground states rather than narrow energy gap results in the increased vibrational wave function overlap and non‐radiative decay rate. Remarkably, complexes 1–3 induced greatly enhanced 1O2 generation efficiency in an aggregated state due to the suppression of the non‐radiative decay process, implying that the electronic structures of excited states play an essential role in the photochemical properties and functions of the organometallic Ru(II)–arene complexes. The biological evaluation showed that complexes 1–3 exhibited potent photocytotoxicity against cancer cells, highlighting that organometallic Ru(II)–arene scaffolds are potential platforms for the fabrication of efficient photosensitizers.

Ultrahigh Uniformity and Stability in NbO x -Based Selector for 3-D Memory by Using Ru Electrode

In this article, we demonstrate a high-performance Pt/NbO x /Ru selector based on metal–insulator transition (MIT), which exhibits low leakage current ( $5.67\times 10^{-{5}}\,\,\text{A}/$ cm2), excellent endurance (>106), and ultrahigh uniformity (<2.5%) in particular and performs great potential to achieve 3-D storage integration. Furthermore, the decrease of the threshold voltage drift and the improvement of stability can be interpreted as the formation of RuO2 layer at the interface between Ru electrode and oxide layer. The application of Ru in selector provides the industry with a choice to enhance the uniformity and stability.

Chemistry of ruthenium as an electrode for metal–insulator–metal capacitor application

Notwithstanding its excellent properties such as high work function and low resistance, Ru has not been widely applied in the preparation of electrodes for various electronic devices. This is because of the occurrence of severe morphological degradation in the actual devices employing Ru. Herein, we investigated Ru chemistry for electrode application and the degradation mechanism of Ru during subsequent processes such as thin film deposition or thermal annealing. We revealed that subsurface oxygen induces Ru degradation owing to the alteration of Ru chemistry by the pretreatment under various gas ambient conditions and due to the growth behavior of TiO2 deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD). The degradation of Ru is successfully ameliorated by conducting an appropriate pretreatment prior to ALD. The TiO2 thin film deposited on the pretreated Ru electrode exhibited a rutile-phased crystal structure and smooth surface morphology, thereby resulting in excellent electrical properties. This paper presents an important development in the application of Ru as the electrode that can facilitate the development of various next-generation electronic devices.

Synthesis, characterization and application of Ru(II) complexes containing pyridil ligands for dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract In this research, a series of Ru(II) complexes, ([Ru(1-7)(ina)(NCS)2] (1-7=5-[6-(5-mercapto-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)pyridin- 2-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol’s, ina=isonicotinic acid) were synthesized and characterized using different spectroscopic and analytic techniques, such as NMR, UV, IR, CV and CHN. Also, the new complexes were used in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) as sensitizers. Current-voltage characteristics showed that the modifications of ligands clearly affected DSSC yield. Additionally, DFT calculations were performed and showed locations of frontier molecular orbitals of the complexes. While the locations of HOMO and HOMO – 1 orbitals are on Ru(II) metal center and SCN− ligands, the location of LUMO and LUMO + 1 orbitals are on the 1-7 ligands.

Application of Ru(II)-Catalyzed Enyne Cyclization in the Synthesis of Brefeldin A.

The approach to brefeldin A described herein hinges on Ru(II)-catalyzed cycloisomerization of an enyne obtained by the reaction of an alkynylzinc reagent with an α-chloro sulfide. Other key steps include Mislow-Evans rearrangement, cross-metathesis, and macrocyclization using a Roush-Masamune protocol.

ChemInform Abstract: Combination of Ru(II) Complexes and Light: New Frontiers in Cancer Therapy

AbstractReview: 116 refs.

Combination of Ru(ii) complexes and light: new frontiers in cancer therapy.

The synergistic action of light, oxygen and a photosensitizer (PS) has found applications for decades in medicine under the name of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of skin diseases and, more recently, for the treatment of cancer. However, of the thirteen PSs currently approved for the treatment of cancer over more than 10 countries, only two contain a metal ion. This fact is rather surprising considering that nowadays around 50% of conventional chemotherapies involve the use of cisplatin and other platinum-containing drugs. In this perspective article, we review the opportunities brought by the use of Ru(ii) complexes as PSs in PDT. In addition, we also present the recent achievements in the application of Ru(ii) complexes in photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). In this strategy, the presence of oxygen is not required to achieve cell toxicity. This is of significance since tumors are generally hypoxic. Importantly, this perspective article focuses particularly on the Ru(ii) complexes for which an in vitro biological evaluation has been performed and the mechanism of action (partially) unveiled.

Application of Ru(bpy)32+ in control and formation of gold surface nanostructure through oxidation–reduction cycling

It was studied that the nanostructure formed on a gold surface via a simple oxidation–reduction cycles (ORC) in 0.1M KCl containing Ru(bpy)32+ with different concentrations. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and energy-dispersed spectroscopy (EDS) were used to characterize the nanostructure formed on the gold surface. Sweep-step voltammetry and corresponding electroluminescence (ECL) response, in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurement were used to monitor the ORC procedure. It was found that the surface structure became more uniform in the presence of Ru(bpy)32+, and the surface roughness was decreasing with the increasing of Ru(bpy)32+ concentration, suggesting a simple and effective method to control the formation of nanostructure on the gold surface.

Ruthenium(II), copper(I) and silver(I) complexes of large bite bisphosphinite, bis(2-diphenylphosphinoxynaphthalen-1-yl)methane: Application of Ru(II) complexes towards the hydrogenation of styrene and phenylacetylene

Ruthenium(II), copper(I) and silver(I) complexes of large bite bisphosphinite Ph 2P{(-OC 10H 6)(μ-CH 2)(C 10H 6O-)}PPh 2 ( 1) are described. Reactions of bisphosphinite 1 with [Ru(η 6- p-cymene)(μ-Cl)Cl] 2 and RuCl 2(PPh 3) 3 afford mono- and bis-chelate complexes [RuCl(η 6- p-cymene){η 2-Ph 2P{(-OC 10H 6)(μ-CH 2)(C 10H 6O-)}PPh 2-κP,κP}]Cl ( 2) and trans-[RuCl 2{η 2-Ph 2P{(-OC 10H 6)(μ-CH 2)(C 10H 6O-)}PPh 2-κP,κP} 2] ( 3), respectively. Treatment of 1 with CuX (X = Cl, Br and I) furnish 10-membered chelate complexes of the type [Cu(X){η 2-Ph 2P(-OC 10H 6)(μ-CH 2)(C 10H 6O-)PPh 2-κP,κP}] ( 4, X = Cl; 5, X = Br; 6, X = I), whereas [Cu(MeCN) 4]PF 6 affords a bis-chelated cationic complex [Cu{η 2-Ph 2P(-OC 10H 6)(μ-CH 2)(C 10H 6O-)PPh 2-κP,κP} 2][PF 6] ( 7). Reaction between 1 and AgOTf produce both mono- and bis-chelated complexes [Ag{η 2-Ph 2P(-OC 10H 6)(μ-CH 2)(C 10H 6O-)PPh 2-κP,κP}(SO 3CF 3)] ( 8) and [Ag{η 2-Ph 2P(-OC 10H 6)(μ-CH 2)(C 10H 6O-)PPh 2-κP,κP} 2][SO 3CF 3] ( 9), respectively; whereas the similar reaction of 1 with[Ag(OTf)PPh 3] affords chelate complex of the type [Ag{η 2-Ph 2P(-OC 10H 6)(μ-CH 2)(C 10H 6O-)PPh 2-κP,κP}(PPh 3)(SO 3CF 3)] ( 10). All the complexes were characterized by 1H NMR, 31P NMR, elemental analysis and mass spectrometry, including low-temperature NMR studies in the case of silver complexes. The molecular structures of 4 and 6 are determined by X-ray diffraction studies. Ruthenium complexes 2 and 3 promote catalytic hydrogenation of styrene and phenylacetylene with good turnover numbers.

Gradient Elasticity and Size Effects in Borehole Breakouts: An Application of Ru - Aifantis Theorem

Article Gradient Elasticity and Size Effects in Borehole Breakouts: An Application of Ru - Aifantis Theorem was published on October 1, 2004 in the journal Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials (volume 15, issue 4-5).

Synthesis, characterization and application of Ru(BINAP) (Acac) (MNAA) (MeOH), a highly effective catalyst for the asymmetric hydrogenation of 2-(6′-methoxynaphth-2′-yl)acrylic acid

Ru( S-BINAP) (Acac) (MNAA) (MeOH) ( 1) (where MNAA ( 2) = 2-(6′-methoxynaphth-2′-yl)acrylate anion), a highly effective catalyst for the asymmetric hydrogenation of 2-(6′-methoxynaphth-2′-yl) acrylic acid ( 3), was isolated from a dichloromethane/methanol (vol./vol. = 1/4) solution of Ru( S-BINAP) (Acac) 2 and excess of 2-(6′-methoxynaphth-2′-yl)acrylic acid after the solution was exposed to visible light for 2 weeks. On side by side comparison studies, the rate of the hydrogenation of 3 catalyzed by 1 was found to be substantially faster than the same reaction catalyzed by Ru( S-BINAP) (OAc) 2. The molecular structure of 1 was unambiguously characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction.