Reverse Engineering Applications Research Articles

Objective Function Distortion Reduction in Identification Technique of Composite Material Elastic Properties

In studies of structural mechanics, modal analysis, presented in this paper, is an important tool for analyzing the vibration of an object and its frequencies. In modal analysis, different modes of vibration and the frequencies that generate them are considered. The study covers the nondestructive identification of the elastic characteristics of materials, which involves stochastic algorithms and the application of reverse engineering (i.e., the comparison of reference eigenfrequencies with the results of mathematical models). Identification is achieved by minimizing the objective function—the smaller the value of the objective function, the higher the identification accuracy obtained. By changing the parameters of a material’s mathematical model during identification, certain (usually higher order) modes can change places in a natural frequency spectrum. This leads to the comparison of different order eigenfrequencies, slow convergence and poor accuracy of the identification process. The technique involved in this work is the mode-shape recognition of a specimen of material with an “incorrect” set of elastic properties. The results prove that the identification accuracy of a material’s elastic properties can be increased if an “incorrect” set of elastic properties is removed from the identification process. The research covers only numerical research, with a physical experiment simulation.

Applications of design and reverse engineering for the development of digital and smart tools for composite additive manufacturing

This paper presents a study dedicated to the development of Digital and Smart Tools, based on solved applications of design engineering and reverse engineering. This approach is justified by the fact as well as the need for preparations prior to Composite Additive Manufacturing. Future integration of Digital Smart Tools with Composite Additive Manufacturing will significantly contribute to the efficient and effective support of the green economy, the active, responsible, safe and resilient protection of environment, life and climate. The research involved in this paper contributes to develop Digital and Smart Tools Applications, intended for integrated digital design, development, manufacturing and further predictive maintenance and services, based on robotic systems, extended automatic control, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, including Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulations for Performance Prediction at Design Regime and Off-Design Regimes for jet engines, with the best capabilities to generate and integrate improvements, optimizations and potential innovative solutions. This paper presents significant applications of design, concept engineering development and reverse engineering design, as: 1/ the design of a transonic axial compressor rotor blade, 2/ the design of a swept axial compressor rotor, 3/ concept design engineering developments in case of a swept fan rotor blade, 4/ concept design developments and reverse engineering in case of a HP axial compressor rotor blade, part of Spey 512-14 DW turbofan engine, 5/ reverse engineering design of a Cessna 182 Skylane N223IF light aircraft wheel cover. In line with Europe´s vision for sustainable aviation, this research study and INCAS´ TGA Project "Technological Development Platform for "Green" Technologies in Aviation and Ecological Manufacturing with Superior Added Value; TGA - Technologies for Green Aviation" will significantly contribute to the Green Deal, as a production center using "Green" Technologies in aviation and ecological manufacturing, as well as collaborative developer of Digital and Smart Tools for Composite Additive Manufacturing.

Penerapan Metode Reverse Engineering and Redesign Dalam Pembuatan Briket Desa Sibalaya Selatan

This study aims to formulate the Application of Reverse Engineering And Redesign Method in making briquettes from corn cobs in South Sibalaya Village. Based on the results of this study, it shows that briquettes are alternative energy materials that are solid in form containing carbon, have a high calorific value. One of the advantages in developing corn cob briquette products is that it can increase sales by improving existing products or redesigning products, and minimizing shortcomings in order to meet needs, attract attention, and consumer satisfaction. Meanwhile, from the external factor analysis, namely, the development of corn cob briquette products is one of the strategies, in order to maintain or increase its market demand.

Application of reverse engineering method on agricultural machinery parts

Reverse engineering, the production of parts without CAD data, the reproduction of damaged parts, the creation and production of new parts by making innovations on parts with CAD data is a significant area. Considering the field of mechanical engineering, the surface and geometric properties of an existing part can be reconstructed by reverse engineering application. Within the scope of this study, the possibilities offered by reverse engineering are used to create a three-dimensional (3D) model of an agricultural part and the production of its prototype. The agricultural part was scanned in 3D with the help of a scanner, and a mesh model was created. Afterward, the solid model of the part was created, and the prototype was produced with the help of a 3D printer. The deviations of geometric dimensions between the mesh and solid models were analysed, and their convergence levels were determined. At the end of the study, the geometric values between the solid model and the prototype model were compared, and the deviations from the actual value were determined. Thus, it has been shown that both surface modelling studies and solid model designs can be integrated with reverse engineering software.

A unified polymer reaction engineering methodology for catalytic olefin polymerization: From reaction conditions and catalyst reaction performance to molecular and rheological properties for forward, reverse engineering and deconvolution applications

AbstractThis work presents a unified polymer reaction engineering methodology for the catalytic olefin polymerization process. The proposed modelling approach offers a modelling pathway from the polymerization recipe to production rate and polymer microstructure, and finally to rheological properties. Furthermore, this work introduces for the first time the constraint of the actual reaction performance of the polymerization catalyst in the inverse rheology and microstructural deconvolution problem, limiting the solution only to the most realistic potential molecular weight distributions (MWDs) that a specific catalyst can produce. This approach can be applied for both single‐ and multi‐site catalysts, providing not a potential MWD but the unique one that the selected catalyst can offer under given polymerization conditions. Depending on the available catalyst reaction performance insight, the constraint can vary and include from the number of active sites in use to the exact kinetic parameters of each site type. The potential of the proposed methodology is highlighted within a series of indicative examples, including forward, reverse engineering and deconvolution applications.

Reverse Engineering and Rapid Prototyping in the Process of Developing Prototypes of Automotive Parts

The presented article deals with the application of Reverse Engineering and Rapid Prototyp-ing processes in the development process in the automotive industry. In our case, we will focus on the design of the exterior rear view mirror. We obtained the information about the shape and as well as the data used to model the part in a virtual CAD computer environment by scanning it with a Leica laser scanner. The obtained point cloud was imported into CATIA V5 software, which is often used in the automotive industry. In the CATIA software modules, section curves were translated into cloud points. Based on these curves, free shaped surfaces of the mirror body and its holder on the car door were created. After creating the mirror body-mirror mount assembly, print data of these parts were generated for production by Rapid Prototyping technology. The printing method based on ABS material using the FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) method was chosen.

Metrology Benchmarking of 3D Scanning Sensors Using a Ceramic GD&T-Based Artefact.

The use of non-contact scanning equipment in metrology and in dimensional and geometric inspection applications is increasing due to its ease of use, the speed and density of scans, and the current costs. In fact, these technologies are becoming increasingly dominant in the industrial environment, thus moving from reverse engineering applications to metrological applications. However, this planned transfer requires actions to ensure the achievable accuracy by providing traceability of measurements. In the present study, a comparison between the devices is carried out and a specific standard artefact is designed, equipped with multiple ceramic optically friendly entities, and allowing a wide variety of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T). Four different 3D scanning sensors are used in the experimentation. Three of them are based on laser triangulation, and the fourth is a structured blue light sensor (fringe pattern projection). The standard artefact is calibrated with a high accuracy, using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and probing sensors. With this CMM, reference values of multiple predefined GD&T are obtained. The evaluation methodology maximises the accuracy of each device in measuring the dimensions of the artefact due to the good dimensional (milling and turning), surface (control of machining variables), and the dimensional and spatial distribution characteristics. The procedure also includes the same treatment of the captured point clouds (trimming, filtering, and best-fit algorithm, etc.) in each of the four 3D scanning sensors considered. From this process, very reliable measurements of the maximum achievable accuracy of each device (deviations from the CMM measurements) are finally obtained, and a multi-characteristic comparison between the four sensors is performed, also with high reliability.

On The (In)Effectiveness of Static Logic Bomb Detection for Android Apps

Android is present in more than 85% of mobile devices, making it a prime target for malware. Malicious code is becoming increasingly sophisticated and relies on <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">logic bombs</i> to hide itself from dynamic analysis. In this article, we perform a large scale study of <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TSOpen</small> , our open-source implementation of the state-of-the-art static logic bomb scanner <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TriggerScope</small> , on more than 500k Android applications. Results indicate that the approach scales. Moreover, we investigate the discrepancies and show that the approach can reach a very low false-positive rate, 0.3%, but at a particular cost, e.g., removing 90% of sensitive methods. Therefore, it might not be realistic to rely on such an approach to automatically detect <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">all</i> logic bombs in large datasets. However, it could be used to speed up the location of malicious code, for instance, while reverse engineering applications. We also present <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TrigDB</small> a database of 68 Android applications containing trigger-based behavior as a ground-truth to the research community.

Minimax Registration for Point Cloud Alignment

The alignment, or rigid registration, of three-dimensional (3D) point clouds plays an important role in many applications, such as robotics and computer vision. Recently, with the improvement in high precision and automated 3D scanners, the registration algorithm has become critical in a manufacturing setting for tolerance analysis, quality inspection, or reverse engineering purposes. Most of the currently developed registration algorithms focus on aligning the point clouds by minimizing the average squared deviations. However, in manufacturing practices, especially those involving the assembly of multiple parts, an envelope principle is widely used, which is based on minimax criteria. Our present work models the registration as a minimization problem of the maximum deviation between two point clouds, which can be recast as a second-order cone program. Variants for both pairwise and multiple point clouds registrations are discussed. We compared the performance of the proposed algorithm with other well-known registration algorithms, such as iterative closest point and partial Procrustes registration, on a variety of simulation studies and scanned data. Case studies in both additive manufacturing and reverse engineering applications are presented to demonstrate the usage of the proposed method.

Reverse Engineering of Parts with Asymmetrical Properties Using Replacement Materials

Abstract Reverse engineering (RE) aims at the reproduction of products following a detailed examination of their construction or composition. Nowadays, industrial applications of RE were boosted by combining it with additive manufacturing. Printing of reverse-engineered elements has become an option particularly when spare parts are needed. In this paper, a case study was presented that explains how such an approach can be implemented in the case of products with asymmetric mechanical properties and using replacement materials. In this case study, a reverse engineering application was conducted on a textile machine spare part. To this end, the nearest material was selected to the actual material selection and some mechanical tests were made to validate it. Next, a replacement part was designed by following the asymmetric push-in pull-out characteristic. Finally, the finite element analysis with Additive Manufacturing was combined and validated experimentally.

Towards lab-based X-ray scattering tensor tomography with circular gratings

Reinforcement of the polymer matrix in injection-molded plastics with fibers of various kinds can improve their mechanical properties. The resulting polymer composite material provides exceptional load-bearing capabilities with flexibility in the molding of complex-shaped components. Mechanical properties of short-fiber-reinforced polymers are highly dependent on the fiber orientation in the matrix. Lack of maturity of injection molding simulation frameworks limits prediction of the complex flow patterns during injection molding, while the requirement for resolving individual fibers in conventional imaging methods significantly restricts the imaged field-of-view. Here we demonstrate 3D characterization of the fiber orientation in a complete FRP component enabled by a novel technique of X-ray tensor tomography. The obtained fiber orientation reconstruction can be efficiently used in reverse engineering applications, serving as a reference for simulations.

Research on the analysis method of digital media art communication based on 3D image recognition

3D image has important applications in reverse engineering, pattern recognition, artificial intelligence and other fields. 3D image processing technology has become a research hotspot in the field of 3D image, and the dissemination of digital media technology has gradually become a key application content. Therefore, this paper mainly studies the key technologies such as 3D image mosaic, surface reconstruction and model simplification, studies the 2D image filtering, and analyzes the transmission of 3D technology and digital media technology. It can be seen from an example that digital media communication has a good application effect in 3D technology.

Reverse engineering of spiral bevel gear drives reconstructed from point clouds

The replacement of spiral bevel gears represents a challenge when the design data is missing and only the physical gears are available. In this case, application of reverse engineering is required to determine the design data and machine-tool settings that would allow the default gears to be replaced and/or improved. This paper proposes a methodology of reverse engineering of spiral bevel gears reconstructed from point clouds. Point clouds of the gear tooth surfaces are obtained from non-contact metrology machines using a 3D laser scanner. Non-uniform rational B-splines surfaces are obtained to fit a set of predefined points of the point cloud. Once the reconstructed tooth surfaces are available, a bound-constrained optimization algorithm is used to derive the finishing machine-tool settings of the gears to produce the closer tooth surfaces to the reconstructed ones. The resulting reconstructed gear drive can be analyzed throughout tooth contact and finite element analyses to evaluate its mechanical performance and improve it if necessary. A numerical example, comprising a given design of a face-milled spiral bevel gear drive and the corresponding manufactured gears, shows the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed procedure to capture the designer’s intent and analyze the existing gear drive.

Application of reverse engineering in the field of pharmaceutical tablets using Raman mapping and chemometrics

Raman micro-spectroscopy technique offers a combination of relatively high spatial resolution with identification of components or mixtures of components in different sample areas, e.g. on the surface or the cross-section of a sample. This study is focused on the analysis of the tablets from pharmaceutical development with different technological parameters: (1) the manufacturing technology, (2) the particle size of the input API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) and (3) the quantitative composition of the individual excipients.These three mentioned parameters represent the most frequently solved problems in the field of reverse engineering in pharmacy. The investigation aims to distinguish tablets with the above-described technological parameters with limited subjective steps by Raman microscopy. Furthermore, non-subjective methods of Raman data analysis using advanced statistical analysis have been proposed, namely Principal Component Analysis, Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy and Linear Discriminant Analysis. The methods successfully distinguished and identified even very small differences in the analysed tablets within our study and provided objective statistic evaluation of Raman maps. The information on component and particle size distribution including their small differences, which is the critical parameter in the development of the original and generic products, was obtained due to combination of these methods. Even though each of these chemometric methods evaluates the data set from a different perspective, their mutual application on the problem of Raman maps evaluation confirmed and specified results on level that would be unattainable with the use of only one them.

Reverse Engineering in Strength and Conditioning: Applications to Agility Training

ABSTRACT Typically, a coach may follow a process in which they first identify the key performance indicators of their sport, determine the physical attributes that map back to them, and then distribute the development of those capacities over the allocated timeframe. Furthermore, effective training plans are based on a theoretical or biological basis for how we move and adapt to exercise stimuli, coupled with an understanding of how these are best sequenced, such that one stimulus and subsequent adaptation can potentiate the next. Thus, reverse or backward engineering, when appropriately converged with the plans of those devised around nutrition, conditioning, technical, and tactical training, for example, likely gives athletes the best chance of attaining their performance goals. The aim of this article is to describe the application of reverse engineering, exampling it within the context of developing an athlete who can demonstrate a high level of agility.

Using photogrammetric modeling in reverse engineering applications: Damaged turbocharger example

Engineering in different areas such as design, manufacture, quality control, research and development, damage analysis, etc. increasingly needs fast, detailed and accurate three-dimensional (3D) documentation of mechanical parts. Moreover, not only in the production and design processes, but also in the post-production stages, the details of the parts may need to be documented in the exact dimensions. Identifying an assembly's components and their interrelationships, producing new digital 2D-3D models of the assembly or parts, rebuilding a part or assembly, examining parts to ensure quality and tolerances, improving performance and if there are any, determining the damaged sections are some of the essential applications of reverse engineering. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the implementation of a low cost scanning system to create digital copies of mechanical parts. In this study, a mobile phone-based photogrammetric technique is applied to obtain a 3D model of the damaged turbocharger of a car. Firstly, the turbocharger was dismantled into two parts. Both parts were individually modeled and then assembled together. Thus, the turbo wings under the covers were modeled in detail. Accuracy analysis in terms of dimensions was performed in the obtained model. Finally, a simple CFD application was made on a section of the compressor wheel of the turbocharger. Accuracy analyzes of the 3D models showed that less than 0.5 mm accuracy can be obtained without difficulty.

Research on Application of Reverse Engineering and 3D Printing Technology in Object Recognition

Through the combination of reverse engineering and 3D printing technology, existing products can be upgraded or partially adjusted, which is an important method in product manufacturing. In this paper, aiming at the problems such as the easy damage of objects such as milk tea cups when accidentally falling or being hit and the recently released environmental protection plastic limit, Einscan Pro handheld 3D scanner is used to collect the surface data of milk tea cups, and the data processing, model reconstruction and precision analysis are carried out in the Geomagic series software. Then Ansys Spaceclaim software is used to model the cup sheath, and finally through FDM molding method, the use of degradable PLA materials integrated processing molding, so that its appearance is beautiful, can perfectly fit with the cup body and has a high degree of stability in the process of carrying, and is conducive to environmental protection.

Research of Integrated Impeller Modeling and Five-axis Machining Technology based on Reverse Engineering

Five-axis NC technology and reverse engineering provides critical support for industrial development and has been an important subject for scholars to study. This paper focused on aviation impeller and discussed the integrated application of NC machining technology and reverse engineering. It collected the shape point cloud data of the impeller through 3D scanner and Geomagic Wrap software and completed the reverse parametric modeling using Geomagic Design X software. The impeller model is complicated in structure which is hard to machine on three-axis and four-axis machine tools, hence developed a five-axis machining program by using the NC programming software of Hypermill and carried out actual machining test. The results showed that the error between the machined sample and the research model is less than 0.05 mm, which can satisfy engineering requirements. It also indicated that the NC program developed by Hypermill software has high machining accuracy and safety, and the integration of reverse engineering and five-axis technology presents positive significance to the innovative design and machining for complicated engineering surfaces.

Mechanical Displacement for 3D Printers’ Parts Using FEM as Inverse Engineering Method in Honduras

Plastics industry is growing day by day; the new techniques generated by the fourth industrial revolution, such as additive manufacturing (AM) or better known as 3D printing, make the design and production of plastic products available to all. The aim of this research aims to explore the application of reverse engineering in improving the mechanical displacement in AM. The method used in this paper was the finite element analysis (FEM) applying it to different 3D printing parameters with a grid infill. Then the multiple line regression (MLR) was implemented to determine parameters relation. Finally, the simplex method to improve the parameters to decrease the mechanical displacement in AM. Reverse engineering process for parts that use 0.2 as shell wall and 25% of grid infill can have acceptable mechanical performance to be used in different applications.

Application of Reverse Engineering for Automotive Plastic Components – Case Study

AbstractThe advancement in control and measuring technologies, the widespread acceptance and the growing popularity of the reverse engineering concept made the possibility of reproducing objects with unknown specifications an easier task. Although industrial practice offers many reverse engineering methods, this technology is not yet used at its fully potential. This article presents a case study involving the application of reverse engineering technology on a complex geometry plastic part from the automotive industry. The aim of the paper is to present a step‐by‐step reverse engineering method, starting from the creation of the point cloud obtained through scanning of the parts surfaces (using a 7.5 axis portable measuring arm with a laser line scanner) to the reproduction of the physical part.