Applications Of Propiconazole Research Articles

Fungicide evaluation against head smudge (Curvularia spp.) and its impact on yield and germination of tef (Eragrostis tef Zucc.)

Head smudge, caused by Curvularia spp., is the major disease of tef in the humid tef-growing areas of Ethiopia. Despite this, farmers continue producing tef without any disease management strategies, which is leading to substantial quantitative and qualitative losses. Hence, the field and laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the efficacy of seven fungicides for the management of head smudge and simultaneously to assess the possible effects of the disease on seed quality of tef. The field experiment was conducted at Dangila and North Achefer districts and the treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Tef seeds harvested from field experiments were subsequently used for laboratory studies using the blotter method and arranged in a completely randomized design. The effect of fungicides on reducing disease incidence and severity and increasing yield was significant (p < 0.001). The highest overall mean disease control (88.9%) was obtained from propiconazole sprayed plots followed by trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole and tebuconazole, both of which had a similar 85.5% disease reduction. The applications of triadimefon resulted in intermediate disease reduction (69.9%). However, the application of mancozeb + cymoxanil, cymoxanil + copper oxychloride, and thiamethoxam + metalaxyl + difenoconazole doesn’t bring a significant improvement from the untreated plot. According to our findings, head smudge can reduce tef yield by up to 62% and germination by 18.7 to 45.4%. Therefore, the application of propiconazole, trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, and tebuconazole can be considered as effective head smudge management practice until other management options are developed.

Chemical control of the polyphagous shot hole borer beetle (PSHB, Euwallacea fornicatus) and Fusarium euwallaceae in American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)

The polyphagous shot hole borer beetle (PSHB, Euwallacea fornicatus) is a pest of global significance. PSHB is an ambrosia beetle which, together with its mutualistic fungi (including Fusarium euwallaceae), can cause the death of more than 100 tree species in invaded ranges. Management of PSHB mostly relies on the removal of infested plant material. Chemical control options have been investigated only in the USA and Israel and only on a few tree species. This study evaluated four chemical treatments for the therapeutic control of PSHB on American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) in South Africa (1) bifenthrin + surfactant (alcohol ethoxylate), (2) cypermethrin + surfactant (vitamin E) + salicylic acid, (3) emamectin benzoate, and (4) propiconazole. Trees were inoculated with F. euwallaceae and mature PSHB females using a novel technique to document fungal lesion development and PSHB colony establishment success. The bifenthrin and cypermethrin treatments reduced additional PSHB colonisation attempts on treated trees by ca. 40%, while the other treatments had no effect. Colony establishment success was reduced in all treatments by between 20 and 40%. Fungal growth was inhibited only after the application of propiconazole by ca. 36%. Gallery length and the number of PSHB individuals in successful colonies were unaffected by any of the chemical treatments. These results indicate that chemical control of PSHB is only partially effective. Successful PSHB management will likely depend on a combination of chemical control options and other control strategies in an integrated pest management program.

Impact of propiconazole fungicide on soil microbiome (bacterial and fungal) diversity, functional profile, and associated dehydrogenase activity.

Pesticides, protect crops but can harm the environment and human health when used without caution. This study evaluated the impact of propiconazole, a fungicide that acts on fungal cell membranes, on soil microbiome abundance, diversity, and functional profile, as well as soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA). The study conducted microcosm experiments using soil samples treated with propiconazole and employed next-generation sequencing (MiSeq) and chromatographic approaches (GC-MS/MS) to analyze the shift in microbial communities and propiconazole level, respectively. The results showed that propiconazole significantly altered the distribution of microbial communities, with notable changes in the abundance of various bacterial and fungal taxa. Among soil bacterial communities, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Planctomycetota increased, while that of Acidobacteria decreased after propiconazole treatment. In the fungal communities, propiconazole increased the abundance of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota in the treated soil, while that of Mortierellomycota was reduced. Fungicide application further triggered a significant decrease in DHA over time. Analysis of the functional profile of bacterial communities showed that propiconazole significantly affected bacterial cellular and metabolic pathways. The carbon degradation pathway was upregulated, indicating the microbial detoxification of the contaminant in the treated soil. Our findings suggest that propiconazole application has a discernible impact on soil microbial communities, which could have long-term consequences for soil health, quality, and function.

Efficacy of Fungicides and Optimization of Application Timing for the Management of Sclerotinia Rot of Mustard Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Sclerotinia rot of rapeseed-mustard caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary has gained significant importance in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and other major rapeseed-mustard growing areas of India in recent years. Fungicides are extensively used for the control of this disease since no commercial cultivars have been found resistant to S. sclerotiorum and other management practices have not been found very effective. Therefore, the present investigations were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides and to optimize application timing for the effective management of Sclerotinia rot of mustard. Among 08 fungicides tested in vitro, Carbendazim 50% WP and Propiconazole 25% EC were found most efficient at completely inhibiting the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum at all the concentrations tested. In an in vitro sclerotial (carpogenic) germination test, Carbendazim 50% WP completely inhibited sclerotial germination at 100, 250 and 500 ppm. Under artificial inoculation conditions in the field, Propiconazole 25% EC @0.1% was found most effective in reducing Sclerotinia rot incidence (87.04%) followed by Carbendazim 50% WP (83.33%) and Tebuconazole 25.9% EC (75.93%). Similarly, under natural epiphytotic conditions in field, Propiconazole 25% EC @0.1% was found best in disease incidence reduction (85.34%) with increased yield (40.00%) followed by Carbendazim 50% WP (81.25% &amp; 38.09%) and Tebuconazole 25.9% EC (79.72% &amp; 35.24%) in disease reduction and increased yield respectively. Differential time and frequency of application of Propiconazole @0.1% were tested and found that 02 applications i.e. 1st spray at 4.2 flowering stage i.e. 30% bloom stage (70 DAS) and 2nd spray at 4.3 flowering stage i.e. 50% bloom stage (85 DAS) was equally effective in disease incidence reduction (82.70%) with 03 applications i.e. 1st spray at 4.1 flowering stage i.e. 10-20% bloom stage (55 DAS), 2nd at 4.2 flowering stage (70 DAS) and 3rd at 4.3 flowering stage (85 DAS). Therefore, the optimization of fungicide application timing and the number of sprays with adequate concentrations is advisable to increase the cost-effectiveness of crop production while controlling the disease.

Biological and Chemical Management Strategy to Control Brown Spot Disease in Rice Caused by Bipolaris oryzae

The main objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of various fungicides in managing rice brown spot, a common fungal disease in India that can reduce crop yield and seed quality. During 2020-21 crop seasons, a research project was conducted in the experimental plot of the Department of Plant Pathology at the College of Agriculture in Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India. Different treatments involving fungicide application at various rice growth stages were implemented. The results showed that all treatments involving fungicides significantly reduced the incidence of rice brown spot in-vitro condition and increased crop yield when compared to the control group. Among the fungicides, Difenoconazole 25% EC at a concentration of 200ppm proved to be highly effective in controlling the growth of the fungal mycelium. In in-vivo condition, the treatment involving T4, which includes seed treatment with the bio-control agent Trichoderma viride (10g/kg seeds), the application of Trichoderma viride (10g/l) at 15-20 days after transplanting, and the application of propiconazole (1g/l) at the booting exhibited the highest level of reduction in the incidence of brown spot disease, amounting to 13.6 per cent. The integrated management approach are very effective to control the brown spot disease in rice.

Degradation Dynamics and Residue Analysis of Four Propiconazole Stereoisomers in "Fengtang" Plum during Storage by LC-MS/MS.

Herein, an accurate and sensitive method was developed for detecting four stereoisomers of propiconazole in "Fengtang" plum by LC-MS/MS. The mean recovery of four propiconazole stereoisomers ranged from 79.42 to 104.10% at three adding levels with reasonable RSD of 1.54-11.68%, and the LOD and LOQ of the four stereoisomers was 0.0005 mg/kg and 0.004 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, the residue and selective degradation of propiconazole stereoisomers in plums were investigated by storage at 20 °C and 4 °C. The half-lives of propiconazole stereoisomeric during storage were 9.49-15.40 d at 20 °C, and 21.00-28.88 d at 4 °C. The degradation of (2R,4R)-propiconazole and (2R,4S)-propiconazole in stored plums was slightly slower than that of the corresponding enantiomers (2S,4S)-propiconazole and (2S,4R)-propiconazole. The total residues of propiconazole were 0.026-0.487 mg/kg in the plum storage period, and the water washing could remove 49.35% to 54.65% of the propiconazole residue in plum. The hardness of plums treated with propiconazole was generally higher than that of control in the middle and late stages of storage. The effects of propiconazole on the total soluble solid content of plums were different at 20 °C and 4 °C. This study provides a scientific reference for the food safety evaluation of the "Fengtang" plum after the application of propiconazole during the storage period.

Sex-specific effects of propiconazole on the molting of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

Given the inevitable exposure of Eriocheir sinensis (E. sinensis) to fungicides in rice-crab co-culture systems, understanding the potential effect of fungisides is important for practical application. Molting is a crucial development process of E. sinensis, which is regulated by endocrine system and genetic factors, and is susceptible to exogenous chemicals. However, the impact of fungicides application on the molting of E. sinensis have been rarely reported. In the present study, propiconazole, a widely used fungicide for rice disease management, was found to exert potential effects on the molting of E. sinensis at residual-related level in the rice-crab co-culture fields. After 14 days of short-term exposure to propiconazole, female crabs exhibited remarkably higher levels of hemolymph ecdysone than males. When the exposure was extended to 28 days, propiconazole markedly accelerated molt-inhibiting hormone expression by 3.3-fold, ecdysone receptor expression by 7.8-fold, and crustacean retinoid X receptor expression by 9.6-fold in male crabs, while it showed the opposite effect in females with suppressed gene expression. Propiconazole also induced the activity of N-acetylglucosaminidase in male crabs rather than females during the experiments. Our study suggests that propiconazole exerts sex-specific effects on the molting of E. sinensis. The impact of propiconazole application in the rice-crab co-culture systems remains more assessment to avoid affecting the growth of cultured E. sinensis.

Effects of propiconazole on physiological and biochemical properties of Panax notoginseng and dietary risk assessment

To study the residue and dietary risk of propiconazole in Panax notoginseng and the effects on physiological and bioche-mical properties of P. notoginseng, we conducted foliar spraying of propiconazole on P. notoginseng in pot experiments. The physiolo-gical and biochemical properties studied included leaf damage, osmoregulatory substance content, antioxidant enzyme system, non-enzymatic system, and saponin content in the main root. The results showed that at the same application concentration, the residual amount of propiconazole in each part of P. notoginseng increased with the increase in the times of application and decreased with the extension of harvest interval. After one-time application of propiconazole according to the recommended dose(132 g·hm~(-2)) for P. ginseng, the half-life was 11.37-13.67 days. After 1-2 times of application in P. notoginseng, propiconazole had a low risk of dietary intake and safety threat to the population. The propiconazole treatment at the recommended concentration and above significantly increased the malondialdehyde(MDA) content, relative conductivity, and osmoregulatory substances and caused the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in P. notoginseng leaves. The propiconazole treatment at half(66 g·hm~(-2)) of the recommended dose for P. ginseng significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD), and catalase(CAT) in P. notoginseng leaves. The propiconazole treatment at 132 g·hm~(-2) above inhibited the activities of glutathione reductase(GR) and glutathione S-transferase(GST), thereby reducing glutathione(GSH) content. Proconazole treatment changed the proportion of 5 main saponins in the main root of P. notoginseng. The treatment with 66 g·hm~(-2) propiconazole promoted the accumulation of saponins, while that with 132 g·hm~(-2) and above propiconazole significantly inhibited the accumulation of saponins. In summary, using propiconazole at 132 g·hm~(-2) to prevent and treat P. notoginseng diseases will cause stress on P. notoginseng, while propiconazole treatment at 66 g·hm~(-2) will not cause stress on P. notoginseng but promote the accumulation of saponins. The effect of propiconazole on P. notoginseng diseases remains to be studied.

Sustainable management of sheath blight in rice (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn)

A study was done to explore the various strategies to manage sheath blight of rice. During kharif 2018 and 2019, different treatments viz., foliar and soil application of Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, mustard and radish leaf and their combination were applied at 30 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT), parameters such as disease severity, grain chaffiness, plant height and yield were evaluated at 45 and 75 DAT. Foliar application of propiconazole 25% EC @ 0.1% was most effective (50%-75.01%) followed by soil application of mustard leaf @ 5 kg/plot before transplanting and foliar application of P. fluorescens @ 5 g/L whereas foliar application of T. viride @ 5 g/L (9.64% and 46. 64%) was least effective. The foliar application of propiconazole 25% EC @ 0.1% recorded lowest percent of chaffiness (11-15%), highest yield of 4941.7-4991.7 kg/ha, whereas foliar application of T. viride @ 5 g/L showed highest percent of chaffiness (28.67-36.67%) with 3516.7-3475 kg/ha.

An Insight into the Endophytic Bacterial Community of Tomato after Spray Application of Propiconazole and Bacillus subtilis Strain NBRI-W9.

ABSTRACTPropiconazole (PCZ) is a commonly sprayed fungicide against fungal pathogens. Being systemic in action, it reaches subcellular layers and impacts the endophytes. Although PCZ is a fungicide, it is hypothesized to exert an inhibitory effect on the bacterial endophytes. Therefore, this study aims to get an insight into the perturbations caused by the systemically acting antifungal agents PCZ and Bacillus subtilis (W9) and the consequences thereof. The current study compared the 16S rRNA microbial diversity, abundance, and functions of the endophytic bacterial community of tomato in response to PCZ, W9, and PCZ+W9 application. The implications of these treatments on the development of bacterial speck disease by Pseudomonas syringae were also studied. The culturable endophyte population fluctuated after (bio)fungicide application and stabilized by 72 h. At 72 h, the endophyte population was ~3.6 × 103 CFUg−1 in control and ~3.6 × 104 in W9, ~3.0 × 102 in PCZ, and ~5.3 × 103 in PCZ+W9 treatment. A bacterial community analysis showed a higher relative abundance of Bacillales, Burkholderiales, Rhizobiales, Pseudomonadales, and Actinomycetales in the W9 treatment compared with that in the PCZ treatment and control. Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) analysis showed enhanced metabolic pathways related to secretion, stress, chemotaxis, and mineral nutrition in the W9 treatment. Disease severity was greater in PCZ than that in the W9 treatment. Disease severity on tomato plants showed strong negative correlations with Sphingomonas (r = −0.860) and Janthinobacterium (r = −0.810), indicating that the natural biocontrol communities are agents of plant resistance to diseases. Outcomes show that systemic chemicals are a potential threat to the nontarget endophytes and that plants became susceptible to disease on endophyte decline; this issue could be overcome by the application of microbial inoculums.IMPORTANCE Endophytes are plant inhabitants acting as its extended genome. The present study highlights the importance of maintaining plant endophytes for sustainable disease resistance in plants. The impact of chemical fungicides and biofungicides was shown on tomato endophytes, in addition to their implications on plant susceptibility to bacterial speck disease. The observations point toward the deleterious effects of systemic pesticide application on endophyte niches that disrupt their diversity and functions compromising plant immunity.

Fusarium head blight progression and yield response of bread wheat as affected by fungicides and spray regimes under field condition in southern Ethiopia

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the destructive diseases in wheat-producing areas of the world. Field experiments were conducted during the 2019 main cropping season to determine an economically feasible time of application that consisted of fungicides and spray regimes to reduce FHB pressure and grain yield loss under field conditions at five locations in southern Ethiopia. The study was comprised of two fungicides and spray regimes. Totally seven treatment combinations were designed, including the unsprayed control plots. The field was designed by a randomized complete block design with four replications. Analysis of variance revealed interaction of fungicides and spray regimes significantly (P < 0.001) affected rates of disease progress, disease severity (DS), area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), and yield-related parameters. Lowest (0.0159 units day−1) and highest (0.0694 units day−1) disease progression rates were estimated from the application of Tebuconazole before disease onset and unsprayed control plots, respectively. Application of Tebuconazole before disease onset significantly reduced DS (67.68%), followed by application of Propiconazole + Tebuconazole before disease onset (67.16%) and Tebuconazole after disease onset (65.77%). Moreover, Propiconazole + Tebuconazole and Tebuconazole applications before disease onset considerably reduced AUDPC by 61.38%-days and 58.60%-days, respectively. The highest grain yield (5.02 t ha−1) was recorded from the application of Tebuconazole before disease onset. The grain yield loss of 44.22% was computed on an unsprayed plot compared to the plot protected with the application of Tebuconazole before disease onset. Overall, the application of fungicides' appropriate spray regimes reduces FHB pressure, and consequently, increases grain yields. However, the application of Tebuconazole before disease gave a better monitory advantage over the others. This could be suggested for the producers to manage FHB and enhance wheat production.

Exploring the integrated use of fungicides, bio-control agent and biopesticide for management of foliar diseases (anthracnose, grey leaf spot and zonate leaf spot) of sorghum

Foliar diseases of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) such as anthracnose (Colletotrichum sublineolum), grey leaf spot (Cercospora sorghi) and zonate leaf spot (Gloeocercospora sorghi), are major biotic constraints to forage and grain production globally. Therefore, a study was undertaken to exploit the potential of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma, botanical biopesticide Neem extract and fungicides carbendazim and propiconazole in an integrated manner against foliar pathogens of sorghum in factorial randomized complete block design in two geographically different locations [Ludhiana (Punjab) and Palampur (Himachal Pradesh)] of India during four years (2016–2019). The lowest severity of anthracnose and grey leaf spot with corresponding disease control of 48.9% and 42.4% was recorded with seed dressing of carbendazim followed by one spray each with neem biopesticide and propiconazole at 20 and 35 days after sowing with 43.1% increase in green fodder yield. For zonate leaf spot, seed dressing with carbendazim and two foliar applications of propiconazole showed the lowest disease severity with 82.8% disease control. Thus, the integrated use of neem biopesticide and fungicide will efficiently minimize the severity of sorghum foliar diseases and increase the green fodder yield.

Efficacy of different fungicides for leaf blight (Alternaria triticina) management in wheat

A. triticina, a seedborne pathogen, can cause major damage to susceptible wheat varieties under wet or humid conditions. Considering the importance of leaf blight of wheat caused by Alternaria triticina,the field study was conducted using different fungicides. The different fungicides like, Mancozeb 75% WP, Propineb 70% WP, Hexaconazole 5% SC, Propiconazole 25 % EC, Azoxystrobin 11% + Tebuconazole 18.30% SC and Hexaconazole 4% + Zineb 68% WP tested as foliar spray under field conditions the lower disease intensity (15.79 %) was recorded in foliar application of Propiconazole 25 % EC (500 ppm) followed by Hexaconazole 4 % + Zineb 68 % WP (18.44 %) at 1000 ppm. The maximum grain yield (3831 kg/ha) was also recorded in foliar spray of Propiconazole 25 % EC which was at par with Hexaconazole 4 % + Zineb 68 % WP and Hexaconazole 5 % SC.

Effects of Exogenous Application of Plant Growth Regulators (SNP and GA3) on Phytoextraction by Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Grown in Lead (Pb) Contaminated Soil

Soil lead (Pb) contamination is a major environmental and public health risk. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), a second-generation biofuel crop, is potentially useful for the long-term phytoremediation and phytoextraction of Pb contaminated soils. We evaluated the efficacy of a coordinated foliar application of plant growth regulators and soil fungicide and a chelator in order to optimize phytoextraction. Plants were grown in soil culture under controlled conditions. First, three exogenous nitric oxide (NO) donors were evaluated at multiple concentrations: (1) S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP); (2) sodium nitroprusside (SNP); and (3) S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Second, the effect of SNP (0.5 μM) was examined further with the model chelate EDTA and the soil fungicide propicanazole. Third, a combined foliar application of SNP and gibberellic acid (GA3) was examined with EDTA and propicanazole. The soil application of propiconazole (a broad-spectrum fungicides) reduced AMF colonization and allowed greater Pb phytoextraction. The foliar application of SNP resulted in similar concentrations of Pb (roots and foliage) to plants that were challenged with chelates and soil fungicides. The combined foliar application of SNP and GA3 resulted in significantly greater average Pb concentration (243 mg kg−1) in plant foliage in comparison to control plants (182 mg kg−1) and plants treated with GA3 alone (202 mg kg−1). The combined foliar application of SNP and GA3 resulted in the greatest phytoextraction efficiency and could therefore potentially improve phytoextraction by switchgrass grown in Pb contaminated soils.

Evaluation of disease, yield and economics associated with fungicide timing in Canadian Western Red Spring wheat

Protection from fungal plant pathogens is key for optimizing the yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, current grower practices and historical research do not always align with respect to optimum fungicide timing to maximize disease control, yield, quality, and profitability of Canadian Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat. Six fungicide treatments were evaluated at eight site–years across Alberta in 2018 and 2019 to determine the optimum time for fungicide application. The treatments included early fungicide applications at BBCH 22–23 (herbicide timing), early- to mid-season application at BBCH 30–32 (plant growth regulator timing), ‘traditional’ timing at BBCH 39–45 (flag leaf), and head timing at BBCH 61–63 (Fusarium head blight timing) and were compared with a non-treated control. Yield responses to fungicide treatments occurred at 50% of the site–years when disease pressure was 32% higher than in non-responsive site–years. Responsive site–years were characterized by higher relative humidity (65.4%–74.0%) and an average 273 mm of precipitation. At responsive site–years, McFadden leaf spot disease severity ratings were 50% greater in early August when fungicides were applied at BBCH 22–23 and 30–32 versus at BBCH 39–45. At responsive sites, yield and thousand-kernel weight were 9.3% and 5.2%, higher, respectively, for fungicide applications at BBCH 39–45 and BBCH 61–63 compared with fungicide applications at BBCH 22–23 and BBCH 30–32. The most economically beneficial practices were applications of propiconazole, benzovindiflupyr and azoxystrobin (Trivapro A+B) at BBCH 39–45 or prothioconazole and tebuconazole (Prosaro XTR) at BBCH 61–63 when environmental conditions were conducive for disease development.

Rate and Spraying Frequency Determination of Propiconazole Fungicide for the Management of Garlic Rust at Woreilu District, Northeastern Ethiopia

Rust is a major disease of garlic in Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted at Kabe and Segno Kebeles of Woreilu District in 2019 to determine the appropriate rate and spraying frequency of propiconazole fungicide and select cost-effective management options of garlic rust. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The combination of five rates and three spraying frequencies of propiconazole fungicide and unsprayed treatments was evaluated. A combination of rate and spraying frequencies of propiconazole significantly reduced disease with correspondingly increased bulb yield of garlic. The minimum percentage severity index and area under disease progress curve were scored from plots treated by all rates with three times spraying frequency of Tilt fungicide application. The highest bulb yield was obtained from plots treated with all fungicide rates with three times spraying frequencies of propiconazole application. But the highest (6896.36%) marginal rate of return was obtained from plots treated with 0.5 L with two times spraying. Generally, 0.5 liters with two times spraying of propiconazole was effective in controlling garlic disease and get the highest cost-benefit advantage as compared with other treatments. Therefore, it could be recommended for the management of garlic rust in Ethiopia.

Integrated management of vascular wilt of lentil caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lentis

An extensive study was undertaken to manage the most vigorous, polyphagous pathogen Fusarium oxysporum causing wilt disease in lentil. A field experiment was conducted during 2017-18 cropping season to evaluate different management options (seed treatment with thirum, Trichoderma harzianum and soil drenching alone with propiconazole and in combination with organic manures) on wilt of lentil caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lentis under artificial inoculation condition in pots and field. It was observed that the minimum 2.56% disease incidence was recorded in soil application of Propiconazole @ 500 ml/ha 15 DAS as compared to control (66.66%) in pot condition. At field level the lowest percent disease incidence (5.05%) was recorded in soil application of Propiconazole (@ 500 ml/ha after 15 DAS, whereas 7.07 percent disease incidence was observed in soil application of Neem cake @0.1 kg m-2 + Tricoderma harzianum @1 g m -2 and soil Application of Tricoderma harzianum @1 g m -2 + Press mud @ 2.5 kg m-2 compared to control (14.14%) in field condition.

Efficacy of Different Level of Systemic Fungicides on Management of Rice Blast at Baitadi, Nepal

Rice blast (Pyriculariaoryzae Cavara) is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the rice crop in across the world. Systemic fungicides are used for the suppression of blast diseases caused by fungal pathogens. Propiconazole and Carbendazim are commercial chemical control products available in markets for the control of the fungal pathogen. An experiment was conducted to examine the effectiveness of systemic fungicide on suppression of rice blast incidence in farmers' field during wet seasons in 2016. The treatments consisted of the use of different levels of propiconazole and Carbendazim on ‘Rato Basmati’ a landrace rice variety. The experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The disease was scored according to the standard scale developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Disease severity and Area under Disease Progressive curve (AUDPC) was computed based on that scale score. Propiconazole and Carbendazim at different levels reduce disease development than no treatment (control). But its efficacy was not consistent. The magnitude of disease suppression by Propiconazole was high as compared to Carbendazim. The application of propiconazole at the rate of 1.5 ml effectively reduced disease severity and AUDPC at different dates. So propiconazole at the rate of 1.5 ml thrice at weekly intervals is effective to reduce the disease development

Impact of nitrogen source, fall fertilizers, and preventive fungicides on spring dead spot caused by Ophiosphaerella korrae and O. herpotricha

AbstractThe effects of N source, fall fertilization, and preventive fungicides were evaluated in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] artificially inoculated with Ophiosphaerella korrae and O. herpotricha, the most common spring dead spot (SDS) pathogens in the United States. The source of N applied to bermudagrass from May to August 2006–2008 had a significant effect on SDS symptoms appearing in the spring of 2007–2009. Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] provided excellent suppression of O. herpotricha but had no effect on O. korrae, which was suppressed instead by calcium nitrate (CaNO3). More research is needed to determine the underlying mechanisms responsible for suppression of SDS with N sources and the potential role of Mn and Ca in development of the disease. Fall applications of K, S, gypsum, or dolomitic lime had no influence on SDS development. Preventive applications of propiconazole, propiconazole + azoxystrobin, tebuconazole, or fenarimol provided effective control of O. herpotricha but failed to provide significant suppression of O. korrae. The differential response of SDS pathogens to fertilization practices and preventive fungicide applications highlight the importance of pathogen identification in development of integrated management programs.

Efficacy of chemical fungicides against spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana) disease management of wheat in northern part of West Bengal

The spot blotch disease caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem is one of the most important foliage disease of wheat crop. This disease appears in almost all wheat growing areas of the world. In Northern part of west Bengal this disease causes severe yield loss every year. For the management of spot blotch disease of wheat five chemical fungicides was used. Plant disease intensity decreased with the application of different treatment over untreated control.The lowest AUDPC was recorded in T4 (Propiconazole@ 1ml/l)260.8 followed by T5 (Tebuconazole@1ml/l) 293.21 and T3 (Carbendazim+Mancozeb @) 2.5g/l) 376.54. Maximum AUDPC was recorded (563.27) under T1 (Untreated/control). Due to the application of Propiconazole, spot blotch disease reduce up to 60.18% and increase chlorophyll contain of the plant, increase different morphological traits of wheat crop as well as also ultimately increase yield up to 35.02%.