Application Of Nonionic Surfactants Research Articles

Non-ionic Surfactants as a P-Glycoprotein(P-gp) Efflux Inhibitor for Optimal Drug Delivery-A Concise Outlook.

Significant research efforts have been devoted to unraveling the mystery of P-glycoprotein(P-gp) in drug delivery applications. The efflux membrane transporter P-gp is widely distributed in the body and accountable for restricting drug absorption and bioavailability. For these reasons, it is the primary cause of developing multidrug resistance (MDR) in most drug delivery applications. Therefore, P-gp inhibitors must be explored to address MDR and the low bioavailability of therapeutic substrates. Several experimental models in kinetics and dynamic studies identified the sensitivity of drug molecules and excipients as a P-gp inhibitor. In this review, we aimed to emphasize nonionic surface-active agents for effective reversal of P-gp inhibition. As it is inert, non-toxic, noncharged, and quickly reaching the cytosolic lipid membrane (the point of contact with P-gp efflux protein) enables it to be more efficient as P-gp inhibitors. Moreover, nonionic surfactant improves drug absorption and bioavailability through the various mechanism, involving (i) association of drug with surfactant improves solubilization, facilitating its cell penetration and absorption; (ii) weakening the lateral membrane packing density, facilitating the passive drug influx; and (iii) inhibition of the ATP binding cassette of transporter P-glycoprotein. The application of nonionic surfactant as P-gp inhibitors is well established and supported by various experiments. Altogether, herein, we have primarily focused on various nonionic surfactants and their development strategies to conquer the MDR-causing effects of P-gp efflux protein in drug delivery. Graphical Abstract.

Application of non-ionic surfactant in modifying the surface of carbon black and its role in the formation of colloidal composite materials

In this work, carbon black (CB)/silica colloidal composites were synthesized using a surface adsorption methodology. A unique biocompatible, amphiphilic, non-ionic polysorbetol monoelate easter (Tween 80) surfactant was used to enhance surface activity and wettability of CB aggregates. A metal alkoxide (tetraethoxysilane) was used as precursor for silica precipitation in an acid catalyzed reaction. The precipitated silica gets adsorbed onto surfactant modified CB aggregate via an interactive hydrophilic layer. This results in formation of different configurations of CB/silica colloidal composite, which was characterized by morphological studies. The chemical extraction study was done to quantify, the amount of silica present in CB/silica colloidal composites and observation were further supported by energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) characterizes, the structural arrangement of synthesized materials. The surface-free energies studies by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) were done to understand changes in dispersive and polar component of CB-silica composite compared to conventional filler materials. The distribution of silica in CB/silica composite aggregates was uniform up to adsorption level of 5 wt%. Further, increase in the level of silica adsorption leads to flocculation, causing agglomerated composites. The results obtained encourage adaptation of a simple, low-cost and environmentally friendly process to promote synthesis of CB/silica composite material.

Application of Non Ionic Surfactant – Alkylpolyglucoside as Chemical Flooding

Application of Non Ionic Surfactant – Alkylpolyglucoside as Chemical Flooding

Application of non-ionic surfactant as a developed method for the enhancement of two-phase solvent bar microextraction for the simultaneous determination of three phthalate esters from water samples

The extraction of phthalate esters (PEs) from aqueous matrices using two-phase solvent bar microextraction by organic micellar phase was investigated. A short hollow fiber immobilized with reverse micelles of Brij 35 surfactant in 1-octanol was served as the solvent bar for microextraction. Experimental results show that the extraction efficiency were much higher using two-phase solvent bar microextraction based on non-ionic surfactant than conventional two-phase solvent bar microextraction because of a positive effect of surfactant-containing extraction phase in promoting the partition process by non-ionic intermolecular forces such as polar and hydrophobicity interactions. The nature of the extraction solvent, type and concentration of non-ionic surfactant, extraction time, sample pH, temperature, stirring rate and ionic strength were the effecting parameters which optimized to obtain the highest extraction recovery. Analysis of recovered analytes was carried out with high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection (HPLC–UV). Under the optimum conditions, linearity was observed in the range of 1–800 ng mL−1 for dimethylphthalate (DMP) and 0.5–800 ng mL−1 for diethylphthalate (DEP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) with correlation determination values above 0.99 for them. The limits of detection and quantification were ranged from 0.012 to 0.03 ng mL−1 and 0.04–0.1 ng mL−1, respectively. The ranges of intra-day and inter-day RSD (n = 3) at 20 ng mL−1 of PEs were 1.8–2.1% and 2.1–2.6%, respectively. Results showed that developed method can be a very powerful, innovative and promising sample preparation technique in PEs analysis from environmental and drinking water samples.

Surfactant-Enhanced Electroosmotic Flushing in a Trichlorobenzene Contaminated Clayey Soil.

Remediation of the sites contaminated with organic contaminants, such as chlorobenzenes, remains a challenging issue. Electroosmotic flushing can be a promising approach which is based on mechanism of electrokinetic remediation for removal of organic contaminants from fluids in low-permeability soil. To select an optimum surfactant that can effectively enhance electroosmotic flushing, three common surfactants, Triton X-100 (EK2), Tween 80 (EK3), and a mixture of sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100 (EK4) buffered with Na2 HPO4 /NaH2 PO4 solution, were tested. The efficiency of each kind of surfactant was evaluated using a three-dimensional box filled with a clayey soil spiked with 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and compared with a test (EK1) without surfactant. The results demonstrated that the buffer solutions efficiently neutralized H+ and OH- produced by electrolysis. EK3 with Tween 80 added in the flushing solution reached the highest electroosmotic permeability of 10-4 cm2 /v/s and achieved a notably high cumulative electroosmotic flow (EOF) of 5067 mL within 6d, which was 6.3, 3.4, and 4.2 times higher than that in EK1, EK2, and EK4, respectively. There were 420 mL more cumulative EOF obtained after 50 h of electrical application in EK4 than in EK2. The introduction of nonreactive ions can increase the current, thereby benefiting the EOF. Both the higher pH caused by the buffer and the application of nonionic surfactants can make the zeta potential more negative, thereby increasing the EOF. Tween 80 can be recommended as the best flushing solution for removing organic contaminants from sites when electrokinetic remediation is applied.

The Effects of Different Surfactants to Dry Weight Wheat

Surfactant is used as wetting agent, dispersant, emulsifier, foaming agent, bactericide in detergent, soap, herbicide and insecticides. The pollution from their residue in nature affects agricultural products as well. In this study was performed to determine the effects of anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants on the dry weight of wheat ( Triticum aestivum). This research was conducted as randomized split parcels with 3 repetetives in greenhouse. Surfactants were applied at 0, 180, 360, 540 and 720 mg kg –1 concentration after sowing, it was harvested on the 50 th day. Anionic surfactant caused to decrease the dry weight (p < 0.05) of wheat plant. While cationic surfactant caused to decrease the dry weight (p < 0.05), the application of nonionic surfactant did not. According to study results; anionic and cationic surfactants have a negative impact on the growth of plant roots of wheat. Therefore experiencing difficulties in the acquisition of plant nutrients can be attributed to a decrease in plant dry weight.

Application of nonionic surfactant as a corrosion inhibitor for zinc in alkaline battery solution

Polyoxyethylene (40) nonylphenyl ether as nonionic surfactant (PNE) has been tested as an inhibitor for zinc corrosion in alkaline electrolyte (7.0 M KOH) via potentiodynamic polarization together with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The surface characterization of zinc has been examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confirmed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The Results show that PNE surfactant inhibits zinc corrosion in 7.0 M KOH solution and indicate that the inhibition capability increases with the concentration of PNE surfactant. The maximum inhibition efficiency has been obtained near to critical micelle concentration of PEN surfactant (CMC = 0.25 mM). The battery containing PNE surfactant exhibits better performance. PNE surfactant works as a mixed type inhibitor by physical adsorption. This adsorption obeys Freundlich adsorption isotherm.

Application of nonionic surfactant as a new method for the enhancement of electromembrane extraction performance for determination of basic drugs in biological samples

This paper proposes for the first time the use of a nonionic surfactant for the enhancement of electromembrane extraction performance. The presence of nonionic surfactant in donor phase promotes ionic analytes efficient migration through the organic liquid membrane. Surfactant assisted electromembrane extraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis was used for the extraction of basic drugs (methamphetamine, ephedrine and methadone) from biological samples. Parameters that affect the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized for the proposed method. Optimal extractions were accomplished with 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether as the supported liquid membrane, with 125V as the driving force and 0.2mM Triton X-100 with pH 5.0 in donor and pH 1 in acceptor solutions. Equilibrium extraction conditions were obtained after 20min of operation where the whole assembly agitated at 1000rpm. Under the optimum experimental conditions, good limits of detection (0.90–2.42ngmL−1), linearities (R2>0.9995), and repeatability of extraction (RSDs below 4.4%, n=5) were obtained. Finally, the developed method was applied to drug level monitoring in the biological samples including hair and urine samples and satisfactory results were obtained.

糖系非イオン性界面活性剤アルキルグルコシドの特性と応用

糖系非イオン性界面活性剤アルキルグルコシドの特性と応用

Application of non-ionic surfactant in the microwave-assisted extraction of alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis

The feasibility of employing non-ionic surfactant oligoethylene glycol monoalkyl ether (Genapol X-080) as an alternative and effective solvent for the microwave-assisted extraction of alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis was demonstrated. When compared with commonly used solvents, 5% Genapol X-080 enhanced the extraction efficiency. Under optimal conditions, i.e. 5% acidified Genapol X-080 (v/v), microwave-assisted extraction for 10min at 100°C, the extraction recovery of alkaloids reached 92.8% in a one-step extraction. The efficiency of cloud-point preconcentration of three alkaloids was in the range 93.6–94.7% with relative standard deviation lower than 3.3% by the proposed procedure. Furthermore, the combination of microwave-assisted extraction and cloud-point extraction was shown to be a green, rapid and effective approach for alkaloids preconcentration of Rhizoma Coptidis samples.

Living Radical Polymerization in Miniemulsion Using Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer

Living radical polymerizations using reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) have been conducted successfully in miniemulsions stabilized by nonionic surfactants. The miniemulsion stability was found to be a key issue. Both anionic and cationic surfactants were not able to maintain the original droplet morphology during the reaction. The application of nonionic surfactants allowed the controlled polymerization of methacrylate and styrene monomers, resulting in stable dispersions free of coagulate. Typical particle sizes for these latices were around 200−300 nm. The molar mass of the polymer was close to the predicted value, and polydispersity was typically below 1.20, never exceededing 1.40. The “living” character of the latex material was further exemplified by its transformation into block copolymers. The increased polymerization rate of the compartmentalized system allowed for improved block copolymer purity compared to that of homogeneous systems. Furthermore, it was shown that latex b...

Sorption of Nonionic Surfactants on Soil

Experiments in batch soil/aqueous systems were conducted to evaluate the important physical-chemical factors determining the sorption of nonionic surfactants onto natural soil. An understanding of this is valuable to the application of nonionic surfactants for soil washing and enhanced subsurface remediation. Sorption data were found to follow a Langmuir type isotherm reaching a saturation maximum over 10000 mg l−1 solution concentration of surfactant. The hydrophilic ethylene oxide portion of nonionic surfactants plays a more important role in determining the extent of sorption by soils than the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain portion. Sorption capacity of nonionic surfactants for soils appears to be related to the mineralogical composition of the soil surface, soil organic carbon content, ionic strength and solution pH.

Alkyl Ethoxylated and Alkylphenol Ethoxylated Nonionic Surfactants: Interaction with Bioactive Compounds and Biological Effects

Nonionic surfactants are amphipathic molecules consisting of a hydrophobic (alkylated phenol derivatives, fatty acids, longchain linear alcohols, etc.) and a hydrophilic part (generally ethylene oxide chains of various length). Although not as important commercially, tertiary amine and various sugar surfactants are also nonionic surfactants. Due to their favorable physicochemical properties, nonionic surfactants are extensively used in many fields of tech? nology and research. The application of nonionic surfactants in various biotechno-