NIR Applications Research Articles

Spectroscopic analysis of CaGd2(WO4)4 phosphor doped with Nd3+ and Yb3+ for NIR applications

Considering the important applications of near infrared light sources, phosphors emitting in this region are always explored. New hosts are studied for this purpose. Keeping with this tradition we have investigated CaGd2(WO4)4 host by using SSR method. XRD pattern of the as prepared compound confirms the monoclinic crystal structure with I2/b space group. Well known lanthanide activators Nd3+ and Yb3+ led to the desired infrared emission. Nd3+ yielded emission by itself under f-f excitation while Yb3+ depended upon the energy transfer from Nd3+ and to yield near infrared light. The host also provided sensitization. However this is very weak compared to the intensities of the f-f transitions of Nd3+. PL and PLE spectra as well as the mechanism of energy transfer is explained on the basis of the known energy level diagrams. Prepared phosphor have potential application in the field of Solid State Laser and bio-imaging.

Blue‐Light‐Excitable Broadband Ca3Ga2Ge3O12:Cr3+,Ni2+ Phosphor for the Applications in NIR‐II Window

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diode (pc‐LED) light sources in the second NIR window (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) have sparked great interest for their emerging applications in non‐destructive detection and medical diagnostics fields. However, the development of efficient NIR‐II phosphors that can be excited by commercial blue LED chips remains a significant challenge, and thus impeding the applications of NIR pc‐LED. Herein, a blue‐light‐excitable broadband NIR‐II luminescence of Ni2+ is achieved upon incorporating Cr3+ and Ni2+ into the Ca3Ga2Ge3O12 (CGGO) host simultaneously. Through the energy transfer from Cr3+ to Ni2+, CGGO:Cr3+,Ni2+ phosphor presents the improved NIR‐II emission peaking at 1470 nm under 460 nm blue light excitation. The internal/external quantum efficiency values are significantly improved from 13.8%/3.3% to 24.6%/13.3% along with the enhanced luminescence thermal stability. Finally, a NIR pc‐LED is fabricated by combining CGGO:Cr3+,Ni2+ phosphor with 450 nm blue chip, and its potential applications in non‐destructive examination and biomedical imaging fields have been demonstrated. The strategy of Cr3+ and Ni2+ co‐doping solves the problem that Ni2+ luminescence cannot be effectively excited by blue light and provides the design insights to exploit more ultra‐broadband NIR pc‐LEDs based on blue LED chips.

Boosting Applications with High‐Performance Near‐Infrared Phosphor‐Converted Light‐Emitting Diodes

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) phosphor‐converted (pc) light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are gaining popularity as smart NIR spectroscopy light sources. However, the low wall‐plug efficiency (WPE) of NIR pc‐LEDs has limited their applications due to the comprehensive properties of external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) and thermal stability for NIR phosphors. In this study, a simple strategy is presented to achieve high‐performance NIR phosphors by breaking the d–d parity forbidden transitions of Cr3+ in the garnet host by introducing asymmetric vibrations via lattice distortions. The achieved EQE is as high as 44% at room temperature and maintains >98% of the initial EQE at 150 °C, demonstrating excellent thermal stability. Notably, these NIR phosphors enable unprecedented NIR pc‐LEDs with a record WPE of 26% driven at 100 mA. Consequently, the application of NIR pc‐LEDs is expanded to new areas such as real‐time heart rate monitoring and fingerprint recognition.

Nondestructive Metabolomic Fingerprinting: FTIR, NIR and Raman Spectroscopy in Food Screening

In recent years, there has been renewed interest in the maintenance of food quality and food safety on the basis of metabolomic fingerprinting using vibrational spectroscopy combined with multivariate chemometrics. Nontargeted spectroscopy techniques such as FTIR, NIR and Raman can provide fingerprint information for metabolomic constituents in agricultural products, natural products and foods in a high-throughput, cost-effective and rapid way. In the current review, we tried to explain the capabilities of FTIR, NIR and Raman spectroscopy techniques combined with multivariate analysis for metabolic fingerprinting and profiling. Previous contributions highlighted the considerable potential of these analytical techniques for the detection and quantification of key constituents, such as aromatic amino acids, peptides, aromatic acids, carotenoids, alcohols, terpenoids and flavonoids in the food matrices. Additionally, promising results were obtained for the identification and characterization of different microorganism species such as fungus, bacterial strains and yeasts using these techniques combined with supervised and unsupervised pattern recognition techniques. In conclusion, this review summarized the cutting-edge applications of FTIR, NIR and Raman spectroscopy techniques equipped with multivariate statistics for food analysis and foodomics in the context of metabolomic fingerprinting and profiling.

Trojan-like doxorubicin and gold nanoparticle entrapped smart nanostructured lipid carriers for breast cancer synergistic chemo/photothermal therapy

Breast cancer is one of the fatal diseases renowned worldwide. Chemotherapy is not sufficient for the treatment of breast cancer in a significant number of cases. In this study, we present the doxorubicin (DOX) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (DOX+AuNPs)@NLCs, designed for dual chemo/photothermal therapy. Different geometries of AuNPs (gold nanospheres (AuNSs), gold nanorods (AuNRs), and gold nanocubes (AuNCs)) were also loaded in NLCs to exploit their photothermal heating capacity and to conceptualize the most efficient combination of drug delivery system for combined therapy. The light-triggered on-demand release of DOX from NLCs was examined before and after NIR irradiation (808 nm). The highest heating potential was obtained via AuNRs with ∆T = 22 °C in 5 min with 19.5 µg Au/mg lipid. The cytotoxic effect of these formulations was evaluated on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and the highest growth inhibition (81%) is achieved with (DOX+AuNRs)@NLC under 5 min NIR application. It is found that the geometry directly effects the photothermal capability of AuNPs, a synergistic interaction between cytotoxic action of DOX and local hyperthermia provided by AuNPs can significantly enhance the skills on the irreversible cellular damage and developed state-of-art formulations hold a great potential as a combined-cancer-therapy agent. Thus, this study offers promise for the development of a lipid-based nano-platform that is biocompatible, multifunctional, and can be utilized for combined therapy, with tunable properties.

Femtosecond laser-induced refractive index change and phase-type Fresnel zone plate in fluorotellurite glass

We report a phase-type Fresnel zone plate (FZP) fabricated by femtosecond (fs) laser-induced refractive index change (RIC), which was embedded in a newly developed fluorotellurite glass. The effect of laser direct-writing parameters on the morphology of the laser-induced structures was studied and negative RIC was observed. A maximum RIC of 4.42×10-3 was achieved at laser inscription energy of 0.13 µJ. Additionally, structure change from TeO4 units to TeO3- units triggered by fs laser irradiation is verified by Raman spectra measurements for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, and demonstrated to be a vital factor for the negative RIC. On this basis, we firstly fabricated a two-level phase-type FZP designed to work at 1340 nm inside such fluorotellurite glass. The phase-type FZP exhibits strong IR beam focusing and excellent imaging capabilities with a resolution of 128 line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm). This study reveals the facts that such novel fluorotellurite glass has good processibility with fs laser direct writing and made it a potential alternative material for micro-optics in NIR applications.

Photoluminescence Interaction of Alkali Fluoride Over Alkali Oxide in Nd3+ Doped Glasses for NIR Applications

Background/Objectives: 23CaO + 10Al2O3 + (51 􀀀 x)B2O3 + 6BaF2 + 10Na2O + xNd2O3 glasses were designed for understanding the optical properties of the emission, such as absorption, lifetime, and quantum efficiencies (QEs) of the glasses. Methods: The glasses were synthesized using the conventional melt-quenching technique at 11500C. The amorphous nature of the samples was confirmed by x-ray diffraction studies. Findings: The radiative QE (h) obtained from the radiative lifetime by Judd-Ofelt analysis, as well as directly measured lifetime using a 582 nm were measured and compared with other reported literature. Novelty: The present work focuses on the replacement of fluorine ions to their alkali content and studied their stimulated emission cross section. The stimulated emission cross-section shows s emi=25.3x10-21cm2 and s emi=18.5x10-21cm2 for oxide (R1) and oxy-fluoride glasses (F2) with 0.5mol% Nd203 content respectively. The stimulated emission cross section s emi=29.9x10-21cm2 ands emi=32.5x10-21cm2 for oxide (F1) and oxy-fluoride (A3) glasses with 1.0mol% Nd203 content respectively. The data clearly suggests that addition of higher fluorine content in the glasses are suitable for NIR solid state device applications. Keywords: Nd 3+ ions; JOtheory; Radiative properties; photoluminescence; Borate glass

Highly efficient broadband NIR phosphor Y2CaHfScAl3O12:Cr3+,Yb3+ with superior thermal stability for spectroscopy applications

A novel Y2CaHfScAl3O12:Cr3+,Yb3+ NIR phosphor and application demonstration in the fields of information encryption and non-invasive detection.

Chemo-Photothermal Combination Therapy of HER-2 Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cells with Dual-Ordered Mesoporous Carbon@Silica Nanocomposite.

In cancer treatment, the complexity of tumors seriously affects the therapeutic potential of the treatment. Treatments with combination therapy result in more potent effects than monotherapy or their theoretical combination in cancer treatment. Photothermal therapy (PTT) includes applying phototherapeutic agents that cause local hyperthermia responsible for the thermal ablation of tumor cells after applying near-infrared light and is often applied with other combination therapies. In this study, the chemo-PTT potential of synthesized drug-loaded and targeted GEM/TRA-MC@Si nanocomposite on Her2 positive breast cancer cell line (SK-BR-3) and human triple-negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) was investigated using NIR application asin vitro. First, the cell viability (IC50) value of the GEM/TRA-MC@Si nanocomposite was determined as 25µg/µL. Then, chemo-PTT was performed, and the viability of the cells was evaluated. In addition, the live/dead cell rate was established by staining with the Calcein-AM and EthD-1, and apoptosis tests were completed. When the surface temperature of Her2 positive SK-BR-3 cells exceeded 47°C during PTT with an irradiation time of > 100s, it caused cell death. In this study, it was demonstrated that in vitro PTT (1W/cm2, 180s) was applied using GEM/TRA-MC@Si nanocomposite (25µg/mL) on her2 + SK-BR-3 cell line, which contributed to the reduction of cell viability. In addition, this study demonstrates that chemo-PTT with targeted GEM/TRA-MC@Si nanocomposite induced SK-BR-3 cell viability and can initiate cell death through the apoptosis pathway under optimized irradiation conditions. Herewith chemo-PTT combination therapy of targeted GEM-TRA/MC@Si nanocomposite was found to be effective on SK-BR-3 cells as in vitro.

Systematic Interrogation of the Temperature Perturbation in the Insulin Signaling Pathway for Optogenetic Stimulation.

The application of NIR to optogenetic systems is in great demand due to its superior properties enabling in vivo deep tissue penetration. Irradiation of NIR to tissue samples or cells rapidly generates heat locally. The resultant elevation in temperature affects cells at the molecular level because of the activation of the heat shock pathway and ROS generation. Nevertheless, few reports have presented detailed comparisons of the effects of the temperature change rate on signaling pathway biomolecules, especially those of rapid heat changes. Aiming at broadening the understanding of temperature sensitivity, we investigated seven insulin signaling pathway biomolecules (INSR, IRS1, Akt, GSK3β, p70S6K, FoxO1, and ERK1/2) in three cell lines (C2C12, HepG2, and Fao) at temperatures between 25 and 45 °C. The results show that, except for INSR, pAkt(T308), and FoxO1, biomolecules are sensitive to rapid temperature changes at temperatures higher than 42 °C, at which they are significantly phosphorylated. At 25 °C, around a 50% reduction in phosphorylation occurred. Moreover, p70S6K is sensitive over time. It dephosphorylates quickly (5 min) and then phosphorylates over time. Our findings extend the temperature range to 45 °C, while providing additional time course information about the signaling pathway biomolecule response necessary to advance NIR optogenetic research.

Adapting field-mosquito collection techniques in a perspective of near-infrared spectroscopy implementation.

BackgroundNear-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has the potential to be a useful tool for assessing key entomological parameters of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes, including age, infectious status and species identity. However, before NIRS can be reliably used in the field at scale, methods for killing mosquitoes and conserving samples prior to NIRS scanning need to be further optimized. Historically, mosquitoes used in studies have been killed with chloroform, although this approach is not without health hazards and should not be used in human dwellings. For the application of NIRS scanning it is also unclear which mosquito preservation method to use. The aim of the study reported here was to investigate the use of pyrethrum spray, a commercially available insecticide spray in Burkina Faso, for killing mosquitoesMethodsLaboratory-reared Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii were killed using either a pyrethrum insecticide spray routinely used in studies involving indoor mosquito collections (Kaltox Paalga®; Saphyto, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso) or chloroform (“gold standard”). Preservative methods were also investigated to determine their impact on NIRS accuracy in predicting the species of laboratory-reared Anopheles and wild-caught mosquito species. After analysis of fresh samples, mosquitoes were stored in 80% ethanol or in silica gel for 2 weeks and re-analyzed by NIRS. In addition, experimentally infected An. coluzzii and wild-caught An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) were scanned as fresh samples to determine whether they contained sporozoites, then stored in the preservatives mentioned above for 2 weeks before being re-analyzed.ResultsThe difference in the accuracy of NIRS to differentiate between laboratory-reared An. gambiae mosquitoes and An. coluzzii mosquitoes killed with either insecticide (90%) or chloroform (92%) was not substantial. NIRS had an accuracy of 90% in determining mosquito species for mosquitoes killed with chloroform and preserved in ethanol or silica gel. The accuracy was the same when the pyrethrum spray was used to kill mosquitoes followed by preservation in silica gel, but was lower when ethanol was used as a preservative (80%). Regarding infection status, NIRS was able to differentiate between infected and uninfected mosquitoes, with a slightly lower accuracy for both laboratory and wild-caught mosquitoes preserved in silica gel or ethanol.ConclusionsThe results show that NIRS can be used to classify An. gambiae s.l. species killed by pyrethrum spray with no loss of accuracy. This insecticide may have practical advantages over chloroform for the killing of mosquitoes in NIRS analysis.Graphical Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05458-6.

Color-tuning neutrality for soluble black-to-transmissive electrochromics via solution co-processing

Chemical polymerization towards obtaining alternating copolymers ECP-B and ECP-R of the electron-acceptor (2,2′-biindoline)-3,3′-dione or benzotriazole and the electron-donor thiophene derivatives, with or without long alkyl chain substituents serving as solubilization components, was performed in advance. Electrochromic studies demonstrated that ECP-B transformed from neutral-state blue to an oxidized-state transmissive light cyan color, while ECP-R displayed a red color in the neutral state and a transparent light gray color in the oxidized state. Then, the neutral-state black polymer electrochrome (ECP-2) was obtained by blending two donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) copolymers with complementary spectral absorption via solution co-processing in different mix ratio. The film ECP-2 in 1:2 mass ratio of ECP-R to ECP-B demonstrated a full range of visible absorption, and switched between an improved saturated black neutral state (L* = 57.3, a* = 4, b* = −7) and a light cyan transmissive oxidation state (L* = 77.6, a* = −4, b* = −5) reversibly with the moderate optical contrast of ca. 30%, the fast switching speed as low as 1.2 s, and the high coloration efficiency (222 cm2·C-1), which suggested a promising method for large area electrochromic device applications. Besides, a larger contrast (65.9%) in NIR region (1500 nm) for the ECP-2 film concomitant with an outstanding coloring efficiency (515 cm2·C-1) and a fast response time (0.6 s) were favorable for many NIR applications.

NIRS: Past, Present, and Future in Functional Urology.

Purpose of ReviewNear infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive optical technique that uses near infrared light to detect the oxygenation status and hemodynamics of various organs. This article reviews the use of NIRS for the non-invasive assessment of lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). Applications include assessment of bladder outlet obstruction, overactive and underactive bladder, neurogenic LUTD, pediatric LUTD, interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, and pelvic floor dysfunction. In addition, the article describes how NIRS is elucidating more about the brain-bladder connection. Technological advancements enabling these applications are also discussed.Recent FindingsWhile evidence exists for the application of NIRS throughout a wide range of LUTD, most of these studies are limited by small sample sizes without matched controls. Investigators have experienced problems with reproducibility and motion artifacts contaminating the data. The literature is also becoming dated with use of older technology.SummaryNIRS holds potential for the non-invasive acquisition of urodynamic information over time scales and activities not previously accessible, but it is not yet ready for use in routine clinical practice. Advances in wearable technology will address some of the current limitations of NIRS, but to realize its full potential, larger scale validation studies will be required. Moreover, multidisciplinary collaboration between clinicians, scientists, engineers, and patient advocates will be critical to further optimize these systems.

Rational design and synthesis of novel NIR photosensitizers and application in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation

Herein we use our previously developed strategy for the synthesis of NIR photosensitizers based on Malachite Green (MG) skeleton. Firstly, we installed bipyridine group into MG to form bpy-MG, as bidentate chelating ligand, which was then bonded with [Ir(ppy)2Cl]2 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine) and [Ir(dqpx)2Cl]2 (dqpx = 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline) through the N atoms of bipyridine to produce Ir-MG-ppy and Ir-MG-dqpx, respectively. The photosensitizers display NIR absorption with weak fluorescence and singlet oxygen generation ability because of the free rotation of the indoline moieties. Upon binding with deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from salmon testes, the fluorescence and singlet oxygen generation ability were greatly boosted due to the restriction of free rotation. The as-prepared photosensitizers demonstrate potential application in light-induced killing Staphylococcus aureus both in vitro and in vivo.

Judd-Ofelt and luminescence properties of Pr3+ doped ZnO-Gd2O3/GdF3-BaO-P2O3 glasses for visible and NIR applications

Two optimized glasses were prepared with composition 10ZnO-10Gd2O3–10BaO–69P2O3-1Pr2O3 (1ZGPr) and 10ZnO-10GdF3-10BaO–69P2O3-1Pr2O3 (2ZGPr) by melt-quenching technique and study their structural, optical, physical and emission properties. In the absorption spectra seven absorption bands were observed corresponding to transition from 3H4 state at 443 nm (3P2), 467 nm (3P1), 481 nm (3P0), 589 nm (1D2) in visible region and 1438 nm (3F4), 1527 nm (3F3) and 1940 nm (3F2) in NIR-region. The trend observed for JO-parameters for both 1ZGPr and 2ZGPr is Ω4>Ω6>Ω2. The 2ZGPr has higher value of Ω2 parameter value than 1ZGPr, showing more covalency and asymmetric environment around Pr3+-ions. Emission in NIR region exhibits three f-f transition located at 870 nm (3P1 → 1G4), 1040 nm (1D2 → 3F3, 3F4), and 1470 nm (1D2 → 1G4). The 3P0 → 3F2 (in visible) and 1D2 → 1G4 (in NIR region) transitions has higher branching ratio and stimulated emission cross section for 2ZGPr glass than 1ZGPr glass. The Full-width-half-maxima (FWHM) is analyzed for transition at 870 nm is 61 nm for 1ZGPr and 58 nm for 2ZGPr glass. The possibility of efficient signal-amplification in E-band, S-band due to affirmative emission of Pr3+-ions within broadband wavelength region in 1ZGPr and 2ZGPr glasses with transition at 1470 nm covering E−, S– C- and L-band. The assessed values of color-coordinates (x, y) are (0.57, 0.36) and (0.54, 0.36) for 1ZGPr and 2ZGPr respectively. Hence 2ZGPr glass has enough potential enough capability to emit bright red-laser at 640 nm.

Application of near infrared spectroscopy for quality evaluation in Para rubber industry

Quality of products manufactured from Para rubber was an important aspect for merchandizing. Near infrared spectroscopy in a wavelength range of 900 to 1700 nm, which was a rapid and non-destructive technique, was applied to create quality predicting models for various Para rubber products. Near infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HIS) technique was implemented to predict dry rubber content (DRC) of cup lump. Classification of adulterated Para rubber sheet was investigated using NIR-HSI. And NIR portable system was also developed for moisture content determination of Para rubber timber. The results showed that the DRC of the cup lump could be predicted with high accuracy with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.99 and root mean square of error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.64%. Regarding the Para rubber sheet, the sulphuric acid coagulated sheets was classified from the formic acid coagulated sheet very good accuracy of 98.3%. Finally, The NIR portable system was developed and could be used to determine the moisture content of the timber with R2 and RMSEP of 0.96 and 5.37%, respectively. The application of NIRS was successful and provided feasibility for development into a future commercial use.

A cysteine-induced one-pot synthesis of Au nanoparticle chains with tuneable NIR absorption and application in photothermal-chemo cancer therapy

A one-pot synthesis of AuNCs induced by l-cys and fabrication of AuNCs@mSiO2@DOX and its photothermal-chemo cancer therapy behavior.

Near-infrared range tuneability in GaAs-based type-II nanoscale heterostructure emitter

We present the investigation of energy wavefunctions, dispersion profile, dipole momentum behavior, and optical gain for a nanoscale heterostructure formed with material layers of InAlAs/InGaAs/GaAsSb/InGaAs/InAlAs on a GaAs substrate. The designed structure is simulated with a 6 band k p formalism for the investigation. At room temperature, the 1548-nm wavelength has an optical gain of 2352/cm, making it suitable for NIR applications. The response of the designed heterostructure is also investigated with external temperature, strain, charge density, and electric field variations to report the tunability of the optical gain and wavelength. Due to its tunability in the NIR wavelength region, this structure can be used for different NIR applications without changing the material system.

Single and consecutive application of near-infrared and green irradiation modulates adipose derived stem cell proliferation and affect differentiation factors

Regenerative medicine uses undifferentiated adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) to differentiate into multiple cell types. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a rapidly growing treatment for pain and inflammation reduction, as well as tissue healing. PBM's efficacy is dependent on wavelength and energy dosage. Red (600–700 nm) and near-infrared (780–1100 nm) wavelengths have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Light wavelengths such as green (495 nm–570 nm) have been found to influence ADMSC differentiation. The initiation of ADMSC proliferation and differentiation requires physiologically relevant levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while increased levels inhibit self-renewal. Stem cell differentiation is guided by mitochondrial metabolism, where an increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) is associated with higher in vitro differentiation capacity. ADMSCs must home to and accumulate at the sites of injury in regenerative medicine, so cell homing is critical. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare consecutive NIR (825 nm) and green (525 nm) applications on ADMSC morphology and physiology with the possibility that multiple wavelengths could lead to a combination of the two effects. The results showed that concurrent use of NIR-green irradiation significantly stimulated ADMSC proliferation, increasing population density and cellular ATP. Furthermore, NIR-green showed a time dependent increase in ROS production and was significantly higher at 7 days. Consecutive NIR-green irradiation significantly increased MMP and was most effective at facilitating ADMSC migration over time. Findings suggest that with consecutive NIR and green irradiation, the ADMSCs can rapidly proliferate, but can also be modulated for regenerative purposes.

Near-infrared spectroscopy applications for high-throughput phenotyping for cassava and yam: A review.

The review aimed to identify the different high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) techniques that used for quality evaluation in cassava and yam breeding programmes, and this has provided insights towards the development of metrics and their application in cassava and yam improvements. A systematic review of the published research articles involved the use of NIRS in analysing the quality traits of cassava and yam was carried out, and Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Sciences and Google Scholar were searched. The results of the review established that NIRS could be used in understanding the chemical constituents (carbohydrate, protein, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, moisture, starch, etc.) for high-throughput phenotyping. This study provides preliminary evidence of the application of NIRS as an efficient and affordable procedure for HTP. However, the feasibility of using mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in combination with the NIRS could be further studied for quality traits phenotyping.