Applications Of Nanoparticles In Medicine Research Articles

Nanomedicine: from Application reality to Anticipation

Medical applications for nanotechnology are the most important applications of this modern technology among all applications because of its direct link to human life and health. Nanotechnology promising to innovate a lot of medical applications related to accurate diagnosis and treatment of high efficiency as well as many applications in the field of health care, facing the most deadly diseases in humans such as cancer. Nanomedicine is the application of medical nanotechnology that will lead to the development of research methods, advanced drug delivery systems, new ways to treat disease or repair damaged tissues and cells. Delivering drug in this era is the most advanced application of nanotechnology in the field of medicine. Nanoparticles are being developed to improve the biological availability of conduction, and a major constraint in the design of new lipid-based or polymer-based polymer molecules is due to their small size, rather than being discharged from the body. These nanoparticles can be used on shuttle drugs in cells that may not be drug-free on their own. Nanoparticles may be specifically capable of targeting certain cell types, reducing toxicity and improving efficacy. The aim of this descriptive minireview, generally, is to shed light on the main Applications of Nanoparticles in Medicine.

Antibacterial Properties of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles-An Overview

Nanotechnology has made a tremendous impact over a period of three decades in various facets of industrial and medical sectors and still find recent interests to exploit their characteristics for commercial applications. Nanobiotechnology is a field of using nanomaterials for biological applications. The preparation of nanomaterials from biological sources has been known as 'green' technology. Nanoparticles measure in the size range of 1-100 nm and possess unique characteristics than their bulk materials with potential applications in various biological, medical, industrial, agricultural and ecological fields. Using nanoparticles in antimicrobial applications has been explored since the early years of Nanotechnology development. However, few reports exist on the mechanisms of antimicrobial actions mediated by nanoparticles and their effects on environment and ecosystems. Several factors affect the antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles, which are quite important to understand the roles of their antimicrobial action. This review is aimed to discuss the antibacterial properties, the mechanisms and antimicrobial applications of Nanoparticles in medicine and allied areas. We have suggested that despite the several applications of nanomaterials, their production by biological methods and suitable applications also need to focus on the toxicity implications. Nanomaterial toxicity in the ecological niche is of significant concern and regulatory bodies should be organized to evaluate the successful use of nanomaterials for a wide variety of applications. The review significantly summarizes hot topics of interest in antibacterial activities, mode of action, biomedical applications of nanoparticles, their metabolic fate in vivo and toxicity effects in humans for further consideration of researches in Microbial Nanotechnology.

Application of Nanoparticles in Medicine

Nanomaterials due to their size (ranging from 0.1-100 nm, at least in one dimension) and higher ratio of surface area to volume display dominant quantum effects causing drastic changes in their chemical reactivity as well as optical, elastic, electrical and magnetic properties. The electrons due to their wave nature move very easily without scattering in nanomaterials and allow their use as biological sensors. Nano wires, semiconducting in nature, act as a versatile optoelectronic component in photodetectors sensitive to polarization and arrays with sub wavelength resolution. The wide applicability of nanomaterials in medicines emerge from the similarity in size of biomolecule moieties of metabolic processes occurring at nano levels. Optical properties of quantum dots allow their use as biomarkers subsequent to coating with a material able to bind selectively with certain biological structures like cancer cells by fluorescent absorption followed by emission of electrons known as functionalised quantum dots. Nanomaterials on combining with biomolecules develop ability to recognize sensitive diagnostic and regulated drug delivery processes with appreciably better performances and may be used as tissue substitutes. The properties produced in organic solvents make them hydrophobic and incompatible to biological molecules. At the same time, they may be converted into water soluble form and made biocompatible through different techniques like ligand exchange, encapsulation, polymer coating (with functional groups attached to the surface) providing reactive site for bio conjugation through different processes keeping limitations of the processes in view. Nanomaterials play prominent role in medicines as obviated by growing global market for them in the field expected to reach to USD 182.3 billion by 2027 at a compounded annual growth rate of 19.9% from 2021.

Application of Nanoparticles in Medicine

Nanomaterials due to their size (ranging from 0.1-100 nm, at least in one dimension) and higher ratio of surface area to volume display dominant quantum effects causing drastic changes in their chemical reactivity as well as optical, elastic, electrical and magnetic properties. The electrons due to their wave nature move very easily without scattering in nanomaterials and allow their use as biological sensors. Nano wires, semiconducting in nature, act as a versatile optoelectronic component in photodetectors sensitive to polarization and arrays with sub wavelength resolution. The wide applicability of nanomaterials in medicines emerge from the similarity in size of biomolecule moieties of metabolic processes occurring at nano levels. Optical properties of quantum dots allow their use as biomarkers subsequent to coating with a material able to bind selectively with certain biological structures like cancer cells by fluorescent absorption followed by emission of electrons known as functionalised quantum dots. Nanomaterials on combining with biomolecules develop ability to recognize sensitive diagnostic and regulated drug delivery processes with appreciably better performances and may be used as tissue substitutes. The properties produced in organic solvents make them hydrophobic and incompatible to biological molecules. At the same time, they may be converted into water soluble form and made biocompatible through different techniques like ligand exchange, encapsulation, polymer coating (with functional groups attached to the surface) providing reactive site for bio conjugation through different processes keeping limitations of the processes in view. Nanomaterials play prominent role in medicines as obviated by growing global market for them in the field expected to reach to USD 182.3 billion by 2027 at a compounded annual growth rate of 19.9% from 2021.

Molecular study on the effect of dandelion leaf extract and silver nanoparticles in induced diabetic albino rats

The present study investigated the antidiabetic effects of dandelion leaf extract and silver nanoparticles on diabetic albino rats at molecular level, and compared with insulin. Silver nanoparticles were prepared by green chimestry method using dandelion leaf extract as capping and reducing agent, which reduced Silver nitrate (AgNO3) into silver nanoparticles. The morphology, size and crystalline structure, of silver nanoparticles are confirmed by ultraviolet, Scanning electron microscope technique, and X-ray diffraction respectively. The formation and stability of the reduced AgNPs in colloidal solution were detected and monitored by using UV-visible spectroscopy, and the absorption peak appear at 450 nm indicating the specific surface Plasmon resonance of AgNPs. The Scanning Electron Microscope showed that the AgNPs have spherical shape with aparticular size ranging from (13 to 28 )nm.The chemical characterization of synthesized AgNPs was tested using the X-ray diffraction technique, which shows that the average crystalline size was 16nm, and the synthesized silver nanoparticles have a polycrystalline structure. Application of nanoparticles in medicine is an attractive proposition. The present study included 35 female wistar albino rats weighting 200±20 grams.

The Potential of Chitosan in Nanomedicine: An Overview of the Cytotoxicity of Chitosan Based Nanoparticles.

The unique properties and applications of nanotechnology in targeting drug delivery, cosmetics, fabrics, water treatment and food packaging have received increased focus the last two decades. The application of nanoparticles in medicine is rapidly evolving, requiring careful investigation of toxicity before clinical use. Chitosan, a derivative of the natural polysaccharide chitin, has become increasingly relevant in modern medicine because of its unique properties as a nanoparticle. Chitosan is already widely used as a food additive and in food packaging, bandages and wound dressings. Thus, with an increasing application worldwide, cytotoxicity assessment of nanoparticles prepared from chitosan is of great interest. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated status of cytotoxicity studies scrutinizing the safety of chitosan nanoparticles used in biomedical research. A search in Ovid Medline from 23 March 1998 to 4 January 2022, with the combination of the search words Chitosan or chitosan, nanoparticle or nano particle or nanosphere or nanocapsule or nano capsule, toxicology or toxic or cytotoxic and mucosa or mucous membrane resulted in a total of 88 articles. After reviewing all the articles, those involving non-organic nanoparticles and cytotoxicity assays conducted exclusively on nanoparticles with anti-tumor effect (i.e., having cytotoxic effect) were excluded, resulting in 70 articles. Overall, the chitosan nanoparticles included in this review seem to express low cytotoxicity regardless of particle composition or cytotoxicity assay and cell line used for testing. Nonetheless, all new chitosan derivatives and compositions are recommended to undergo careful characterization and cytotoxicity assessment before being implemented on the market.

Engineered Nanomaterials Induce Alterations in Biological Barriers: Focus on Paracellular Permeability

Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are widely used in medical diagnosis and treatment, as food additives and as energy materials. ENPs may exert adverse or beneficial effects on the human body, which may be linked to interactions with biological barriers. In this review, the authors summarize the influences of four typical metal/metal oxide nanomaterials (Ag, TiO2, Au, ZnO nanoparticles) on the paracellular permeability of biological barriers. Disruptions on tight junctions, adhesion junctions, gap junctions and desmosomes via complex signaling pathways, such as the MAPK, PKC and ROCK signaling pathways, affect paracellular permeability. Reactive oxygen species and cytokines underlie the mechanism of ENP-triggered alterations in paracellular permeability. This review provides the information necessary for the cautious application of nanoparticles in medicine and life sciences in the future.

Long-Term Fate of Magnetic Particles in Mice: A Comprehensive Study.

Safe application of nanoparticles in medicine requires full understanding of their pharmacokinetics including catabolism in the organism. However, information about nanoparticle degradation is still scanty due to difficulty of long-term measurements by invasive techniques. Here, we describe a magnetic spectral approach for in vivo monitoring of magnetic particle (MP) degradation. The method noninvasiveness has allowed performing of a broad comprehensive study of the 1-year fate of 17 types of iron oxide particles. We show a long-lasting influence of five parameters on the MP degradation half-life: dose, hydrodynamic size, ζ-potential, surface coating, and internal architecture. We observed a slowdown in MP biotransformation with an increase of the injected dose and faster degradation of the particles of a small hydrodynamic size. A comparison of six types of 100 nm particles coated by different hydrophilic polymer shells has shown that the slowest (t1/2 = 38 ± 6 days) and the fastest (t1/2 = 15 ± 4 days) degradations were achieved with a polyethylene glycol and polyglucuronic acid coatings, respectively. The most significant influence on the MP degradation was due to the internal architecture of the particles as the coverage of magnetic cores with a solid 39 nm polystyrene layer slowed down the half-life of the core-shell MPs from 48 days to more than 1 year. The revealed deeper insights into the particle degradation in vivo may facilitate rational design of nano- and microparticles with predictable long-term fate in vivo.

Disturbance of cellular homeostasis as a molecular risk evaluation of human endothelial cells exposed to nanoparticles

Even though application of nanoparticles in medicine seems to provide unique solutions for drug delivery and diagnosis diseases, understanding interactions between nanoscale materials and biological systems is imperative. Therefore, this study determined the effect of different types of nanoparticles (NPs) on human endothelial cells and examined the types of toxicity responses they can induce. Four different types of NPs were tested (PLA/MMT/TRASTUZUMAB, PLA/EDTMP, PLGA/MDP, and Pluronic F127 MICELLES), representing three putative areas of application: anticancer therapy, scintigraphy, and cosmetology. The experiments were performed on immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC-STs). Light contrast phase microscopy as well as cell viability assays showed that only Pluronic F127 MICELLES decreased the number of HUVEC-STs in contrast to PLA/MMT/TRASTUZUMAB, PLA/EDTMP, and PLGA/MDP NPs, which altered cell morphology, but not their confluency. The tested NPs induced not only DNA strand-breaks and alkali-labile sites, but also internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, visualized as a DNA ladder pattern typical of apoptosis. Moreover, generation of free radicals and subsequent mitochondrial membrane potential collapse showed the significance of free radical production during interactions between NPs and endothelial cells. High concentrations of NPs had different degrees of toxicity in human endothelial cells and affected cell proliferation, redox homeostasis, and triggered mitochondrial dysfunction.

Nano targeted Therapies Made of Lipids and Polymers have Promising Strategy for the Treatment of Lung Cancer.

The introduction of nanoparticles made of polymers, protein, and lipids as drug delivery systems has led to significant progress in modern medicine. Since the application of nanoparticles in medicine involves the use of biodegradable, nanosized materials to deliver a certain amount of chemotherapeutic agents into a tumor site, this leads to the accumulation of these nanoencapsulated agents in the right region. This strategy minimizes the stress and toxicity generated by chemotherapeutic agents on healthy cells. Therefore, encapsulating chemotherapeutic agents have less cytotoxicity than non-encapsulation ones. The purpose of this review is to address how nanoparticles made of polymers and lipids can successfully be delivered into lung cancer tumors. Lung cancer types and their anatomies are first introduced to provide an overview of the general lung cancer structure. Then, the rationale and strategy applied for the use of nanoparticle biotechnology in cancer therapies are discussed, focusing on pulmonary drug delivery systems made from liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles. Many nanoparticles fabricated in the shape of liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles are summarized in our review, with a focus on the encapsulated chemotherapeutic molecules, ligand–receptor attachments, and their targets. Afterwards, we highlight the nanoparticles that have demonstrated promising results and have been delivered into clinical trials. Recent clinical trials that were done for successful nanoparticles are summarized in our review.

Coating of magnetic nanoparticles affects their interactions with model cell membranes

BackgroundThe use of functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles of various chemical properties and architectures offers a new promising direction in theranostic applications. The increasing applications of nanoparticles in medicine require that these engineered nanomaterials will contact human cells without damaging essential tissues. Thus, efficient delivery must be achieved, while minimizing cytotoxicity during passage through cell membranes to reach intracellular target compartments. MethodsDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), molecular modeling, and atomistic Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were performed for two magnetite nanoparticles coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyarabic acid (ARA) in order to assess their interactions with model DPPC membranes. ResultsDSC experiments showed that both nanoparticles interact strongly with DPPC lipid head groups, albeit to a different degree, which was further confirmed and quantified by MD simulations. The two systems were simulated, and dynamical and structural properties were monitored. A bimodal diffusion was observed for both nanoparticles, representing the diffusion in the water phase and in the proximity of the lipid bilayer. Nanoparticles did not enter the bilayer, but caused ordering of the head groups and reduced the area per lipid compared to the pure bilayer, with MAG-PVA interacting more strongly and being closer to the lipid bilayer. ConclusionsResults of DSC experiments and MD simulations were in excellent agreement. Our findings demonstrate that the external coating is a key factor that affects nanoparticle-membrane interactions. Magnetite nanoparticles coated with PVA and ARA did not destabilize the model membrane and can be considered promising platforms for biomedical applications. General significanceUnderstanding the physico-chemical interactions of different nanoparticle coatings in contact with model cell membranes is the first step for assessing toxic response and could lead to predictive models for estimating toxicity. DSC in combination with MD simulations is an effective strategy to assess physico-chemical interactions of coated nanoparticles with lipid bilayers.

Nanoparticles in Medicine: Applications and Hope

Medical applications in nanotechnology are the most important applications and the most promising ever. Scientists in the nanotechnology field are innovating new techniques and instruments measured in nanometer scale. Nanotechnology has contributed in recent years to the development of the smart device industry, mechanical engineering and bioengineering. Medical specialists count on nanotechnology to make nanomachines or nanorobots that can compensate for the traditional ways of preventing, diagnosing and treating the spread of diseases by injecting or swallowing tiny blood robots to perform complex tasks within the human body, such as delivering drugs to specific organs Imaging of cells or treatment of blood clots, tumors and surgery on nanometers. The aim of this descriptive minireview, generally, is to shed light on the main Applications of Nanoparticles in Medicine .

Analytical solution of Newtonian nanofluid flow in a tapered artery based on a consistent couple stress theory

Reduction of the stenosis in arteries is one of the most important applications of nanoparticles in medicine. Thus, investigating nanoparticles in stenosed arteries is a subject attracting so much attention from the researchers nowadays. However, considering the small size of arteries, it seems that non-classical theories demonstrate better results when compared to the classical Navier-Stokes theory. The present paper aims at investigating the Newtonian nanofluid flow through divergent and convergent, non-tapered and tapered arteries with mild stenosis according to the consistent couple stress theory. Concentration, temperature, and velocity profiles, as well as the impact of various parameters such as the height of the stenosis, the shape of the stenosis curve, Brownian distribution parameter, thermophoresis distribution parameter, Darcy number, and the length scale were calculated for all the three geometries. Results demonstrate that an increase in the height of the stenosis and an increase in the Darcy coefficient, respectively, lead to a decrease and an increase in the axial velocity in all three artery geometries. Moreover, an increase in the impact of the length scale leads to a decrease in the axial velocity. The impact of the length scale on the velocity profile shows the significance of the length parameter on the flow within the geometries with small sizes which is not present in the classical Navier-Stokes theory.

Applications of Noble Metal-Based Nanoparticles in Medicine.

Nanoparticles have unique, size-dependent properties, which means they are widely used in various branches of industry. The ability to control the properties of nanoparticles makes these nanomaterials very interesting for medicine and pharmacology. The application of nanoparticles in medicine is associated with the design of specific nanostructures, which can be used as novel diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. There are a lot of applications of nanoparticles, e.g., as drug delivery systems, radiosensitizers in radiation or proton therapy, in bioimaging, or as bactericides/fungicides. This paper aims to introduce the characteristics of noble metal-based nanoparticles with particular emphasis on their applications in medicine and related sciences.

Strategies on Nanodiagnostics and Nanotherapies of the Three Common Cancers.

The emergence of nanomedicine has enriched the knowledge and strategies of treating diseases, and especially some incurable diseases, such as cancers, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and neurodegenerative diseases. The application of nanoparticles in medicine is in the core of nanomedicine. Nanoparticles can be used in drug delivery for improving the uptake of poorly soluble drugs, targeted delivery to a specific site, and drug bioavailability. Early diagnosis and targeted therapies for cancers can significantly improve patients’ quality of life and extend patients’ lives. The advantages of nanoparticles have given them a progressively important role in the nanodiagnosis and nanotherapy of common cancers. To provide a reference for the further application of nanoparticles, this review focuses on the recent development and application of nanoparticles in the early diagnosis and treatment of the three common cancers (lung cancer, liver cancer, and breast cancer) by using quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, and gold nanoparticles.

Promoting Inter-/Intra- Cellular Process of Nanomedicine through its Physicochemical Properties Optimization.

Nanomedicine, which is defined as application of nanoparticles in medicine, has offered new hopes for overcoming the drawbacks appeared in traditional chemotherapy. The size of nanomedicine normally in the range from 1 to 200 nm endows its potential applications in cancer therapy. But in clinics, there is still a gap between the in vitro physicochemical properties and the cellular level performance. The physicochemical properties include size, shape, surface chemistry, surface topology, and surface properties strongly affect nanomedicine inter-/intra-cellular efficiency. Herein, this article reviews effects of physicochemical properties of nanomedicine on the cellular endocytosis and intracellular route. And strategies of nanomedicine optimization are also discussed from different perspectives. On the one hand, not as that of the traditional small molecular agents, the cellular endocytosis pathway and efficiency of nanomedicine is related to its size, structure and surface properties. On the other hand, the intracellular conditions also affect the intracellular route of nanomedicine. Nanomedicine of different scale size is internalized through different pathways. While different sensitivities to intracellular conditions determined by physicochemical properties of nanomedicine will lead to different cellular consumption. So, both the properties of nanomedicine and the intracellular conditions play important roles in cellular metabolism. Consequently, nanocarriers finely engineered as the above principles can provide practical solution to the problems appeared in cellular level for promoting traditional cancer therapy.

Fabrication, characterization and evaluation of hepatoprotective activity drug loaded flavono nanoparticle delivery system

The liver is the second largest organ is tied to almost all the bodily processes as it is responsible for filtration and biotransformation of all incoming chemicals and fluids. Liver diseases are mainly caused by toxic chemicals, excessive intake of alcohol, infections and autoimmune disorders. Hepatotoxicity due to drug appears to be a common contributing factor. Medicinal plants are significant sources of hepatoprotective drugs and more widely used than allopathic drugs as hepatoprotective because these are usually inexpensive, better cultural acceptability, improved compatibility with the human body and minimal side effects. Flavonoids are natural products widely distributed in the plant kingdom and several Flavonoids such as quercetin, rutin, silymarin reported for their hepatoprotective activities. Nanoparticles are the submicron size particles diameter of around 200nm made up of biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers. One of the important applications of nanoparticles in medicine includes effective drug delivery system. Hence the aim of the study is to prepare single loaded Flavono polymeric nanoparticles and compare its hepatoprotective efficacy with pure drug. Flavono polymeric nanoparticles were prepared by solid dispersion method using Eutragit 100 and Sodium lauryl sulfate as a carrier and resultant nanoparticles was used for further characterization. In-vivo hepatoprotective efficacy testing was performed by ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rat model evaluate the efficacy of prepared Single loaded Quercetin, Rutin and Silibinin polymeric nanoparticles in comparison with pure compound.Nanoformulation significantly elevated liver biomarker (SGPT,SGOT,ALT,ASP).The study concluded nanoparticle-assisted formulation significantly enhanced the solubility in turn it improve bioavailability in survival even toxin-induced hepatic damaged cells.

Applications of nanoparticles in nanomedicine.

The highly tunable physical and optical properties and the ability to bind an ever expanding library of ligands have catapulted nanoparticles into nearly every discipline of scientific research. As nanoparticles inch closer to being fully deployed at the clinical level, some of the recent advances in the applications of nanoparticles in medicine are reviewed. From imaging and diagnostics to therapy and treatment, a variety of nanoparticles are presented along with their physical and optical properties to be used in a diverse array of medical applications. While other reviews are tailored to specific applications or to single nanoparticle types, this review aims to offer a more widespread view on visualization, diagnosis and treatment of disease with various types of nanoparticles.

Penetration of Nanoparticles into Human Skin

Exposure of human skin to nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing with the development of nanotechnology and new applications of NPs in medicine. Safety concerns have sparked debate on the capacity of NPs to penetrate through skin and enter into the body. This article attempts to summarize the recent evidence on whether NPs penetrate human skin and the factors that may affect the penetration. Skin structure and penetration mechanisms are reviewed to provide background information. Size, shape, formulation, surface properties and application methods and their effects on skin penetration are specifically discussed. Finally, the relationship between skin penetration and nanotoxicity is reviewed to further emphasise the importance of the research in this area.

The cytotoxicity evaluation of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles on human aortic endothelial cells

One major obstacle for successful application of nanoparticles in medicine is its potential nanotoxicity on the environment and human health. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity effect of dimercaptosuccinic acid-coated iron oxide (DMSA-Fe2O3) using cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Our results showed that DMSA-Fe2O3 in the culture medium could be absorbed into HAECs, and dispersed in the cytoplasm. The cytotoxicity effect of DMSA-Fe2O3 on HAECs was dose-dependent, and the concentrations no more than 0.02 mg/ml had little toxic effect which were revealed by tetrazolium dye assay. Meanwhile, the cell injury biomarker, lactate dehydrogenase, was not significantly higher than that from control cells (without DMSA-Fe2O3). However, the endocrine function for endothelin-1 and prostacyclin I-2, as well as the urea transporter function, was altered even without obvious evidence of cell injury in this context. We also showed by real-time PCR analysis that DMSA-Fe2O3 exposure resulted in differential effects on the expressions of pro- and anti-apoptosis genes of HAECs. Meanwhile, it was noted that DMSA-Fe2O3 exposure could activate the expression of genes related to oxidative stress and adhesion molecules, which suggested that inflammatory response might be evoked. Moreover, we demonstrated by in vitro endothelial tube formation that even a small amount of DMSA-Fe2O3 (0.01 and 0.02 mg/ml) could inhibit angiogenesis by the HAECs. Altogether, these results indicate that DMSA-Fe2O3 have some cytotoxicity that may cause side effects on normal endothelial cells.