Application Of Microreactors Research Articles

Taylor-Aris Dispersion in Nanotubes: Analytical Solution, Effects of Slip and Surface Potential Landscape, and Measurement of the Slip Length.

Taylor-Aris (T-A) dispersion of a solute in a flowing solvent is a fundamental phenomenon in most mass-transfer processes. Despite its significance and numerous applications in microreactors, colloidal transport in confined media, chromatographic separation, and transport in biological tissues, the effect of the slip length and the topology of surface potential landscapes on T-A dispersion in nanostructured channels has not been studied in detail. We propose a novel methodology for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of T-A dispersion in such systems, derive an analytical expression for the dispersion coefficient in them, and report on the results of extensive MD simulations of the phenomenon in carbon nanotubes and hexagonal carbon nanochannels. By broadening the topology of the surface energy landscape, we vary the slip lengths, making it possible to distinguish between the effects of confinement, the topology of the energy landscape, and the slip length on the T-A dispersion coefficient. It is demonstrated that measuring the T-A dispersion coefficient in laminar flow is a straightforward and reliable approach for estimating the slip length in nanotubes and other nanostructured materials.

High-temperature structure, elasticity, and thermal expansion of ε-ZrH1.8

Zirconium hydride is a promising candidate material for nuclear microreactor applications as a solid-state moderator component, owing to its favorable neutronics properties and good thermal stability over other metal hydrides. In the present work, the crystal structure, thermal expansion, and elastic properties of the hydrogen-rich ε phase hydride were measured at elevated temperatures in the range 300–900 K. Samples were prepared by direct hydriding Zircaloy-4 metal – a nuclear-grade zirconium alloy. Room-temperature lattice parameters agree well with those reported from literature for unalloyed zirconium hydride and fall within an observed quadratic H-content dependence. The coefficients of thermal expansion, determined from lattice expansion and dilatometry, agree well within our work but were about 30 % lower than those reported by others for unalloyed hydrides. Density functional theory-based molecular dynamics simulations were used to compare with thermal expansion and elasticity measurements. Results showed lattice parameter temperature dependence and slope of thermal expansion align with those from measurements. Based on diffraction scans at select temperatures, ε phase remained stable in air up to at least 770 K. Likewise, dilatometry showed smooth thermal expansion up to the thermal decomposition temperature around 950 K. The precise decomposition temperature was not determined via diffraction due to sparse scanning. The complete elastic property measurements were gathered for ε-phase Ziracloy-4 hydride for the first time. Young's modulus was lower compared to the metal and δ hydride phases. High-temperature elasticity measurements were limited to <350 K due to acoustic dissipation effects.

Application of microreactor constructed with micro-mixing channel featuring 3D lateral secondary flow structure for ultra-small particle size preparation of magnetic chitosan nanodrug carriers

Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles serve as reliable carriers for drug delivery, but conventional macroscopic synthesis methods are associated with a number of disadvantages. Efficient micromixing is a crucial aspect of the controlled synthesis of nanoparticles. However, enhancing the mixing efficiency of micromixers at low Reynolds numbers (Re) remains a significant challenge. Fortunately, the addition of lateral structures to the microchannel sidewalls has been demonstrated to be an effective method for enhancing mixing performance at low Re. In this work, the secondary flow effect of 3D lateral structure was numerically studied, and the reason why the multi-dimensional secondary flow effect can effectively promote mixing was analyzed. A high-efficiency microreactor (3D(S)-SWM) was constructed by combining the spherical (S) 3D lateral structure with the square wave (SW) channel. In comparison to other microreactors, 3D(S)-SWM exhibits a shorter full mixing cycle and a smaller pressure drop. Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles were prepared in one step by using the 3D(S)-SWM. The introduction of the 3D lateral structure enables the rapid preparation of magnetic chitosan nanoparticles at low Re. The production of a product with a particle size as low as 18–26 nm, while maintaining superparamagnetic. The nanoparticles prepared can effectively load drugs and achieve sustained drug release. This has significant implications for the targeted transport of drug carriers and their metabolism in vivo. It is anticipated that 3D(S)-SWM will expand the scope of drug delivery applications and facilitate the treatment of diseases.

Measuring thermal diffusivity and gap conductance in uranium nitride and Zircaloy relevant for microreactor applications

Heat transfer across nuclear fuels and structural interfaces is an important factor for evaluating the performance of nuclear power systems. Specifically, heat generated as nuclear fuel fissions must be transported through the cladding material and through the reactor to reach the steam turbine for power generation. As new microreactor designs emerge, maximizing the efficiency of this heat transfer process becomes crucial to make them commercially viable. This article examines thermal diffusivity and gap conductance in uranium nitride (UN) fuel and Zircaloy-4 (Zry4) cladding using light flash analysis (LFA). Thermal diffusivity measurements were made on monolithic UN pellets and Zry4 exposed to carbon at peak operating temperatures of microreactors and show that carbon ingress has a minimal effect on thermal diffusivity when compared with identical materials not exposed to carbon. Evaluation of gap conductance at the UN-Zry4 interface was done using one-dimensional two-layer thermal transport models as a function of applied pressure. The results show that increasing pressure on the UN-Zry4 interface leads to gains in gap conductance per unit area in fuel-cladding assemblies at microreactor operating temperatures. While many other variables are expected to influence UN-Zry4 interfacial gap conductance (e.g. contact surface roughness, porosity, localized heating, environmental gas pressure), the work offers a demonstration of using a conventional LFA apparatus to determine this parameter at elevated temperatures.

Chemically accelerated laser processing of SDSS-2507 uniquely under in-situ prepared environments: A comparative study on material dissolution behavior and surface characteristics

Composed of thermochemical reactions, chemically accelerated laser processing (CALP) is a hybrid process that integrates thermal energy with chemical processes. It uses laser activation of material dissolution in chemical environments via localized temperature gradients for streamlined processing, notably for self-passivating materials. This research sheds light on how the dynamic interaction occurs during the fabrication of multiple patterns on SDSS-2507 uniquely by employing an orbit-in-orbit laser positioning strategy in CALP. Current CALP and fabricated surface feature may be useful for micro-reactor applications. So artificial chemical environments (H3PO4, NaCl, and NaNO3) and their concentration, along with controllable laser processing windows like energy and scan factors, were used to simulate actual CALP conditions to study SDSS-2507′s material dissolution and surface characteristics. As SDSS-2507 holds a dual phase with varied thermal characteristics, this article examined each phase’s sensitivity to laser-induced chemical reactions and attacks from aggressive and non-aggressive ions during CALP. In order to acquire insight into the CALP effect on SDSS-2507, phase analysis, surface morphology, CALP-induced crack behavior, surface chemistry, crystallite size, residual stress, mechanical property, and lattice strain were also studied. In the post-CALP, the SDSS-2507′s resistance against aggressive Cl- ions was also scrutinized through electrochemical corrosion analysis. It has been found that, by taking advantage of orbit-in-orbit scan mode during CALP, NaCl exhibited superior performance in terms of material dissolution rate among the three chemical environments, whereas the H3PO4 environment solely performed well in terms of a clean surface without any leftover residue compared to NaCl and NaNO3. In comparison to NaNO3, NaCl, and before CALP, a decrease in crystallite size of up to 22.49%, 19.12%, and 26.23% was also seen. On top of that, when compared to NaCl, NaNO3, and before CALPed surfaces, the corrosion rate was found to be 62.63%, 19.04%, and 35.84% lower, respectively. The findings suggest that, CALP in H3PO4 environment significantly refines the grains compared to B-CALP. This, in turn, stimulates the CALP to somewhat further strengthen the grain boundary and increase its corrosion resistance.

Uranium-zirconium hydride nuclear fuel performance in the NaK-cooled MARVEL microreactor

The Microreactor Applications Research Validation and EvaLuation (MARVEL) Project is producing a high temperature NaK-cooled nuclear reactor test bed at the Idaho National Laboratory to ultimately improve integration of microreactors to end-user applications. This ambitious effort seeks to design, authorize, construct, test, and operate the reactor within five years. The computational software package chosen for high fidelity fuel performance modeling, BISON, has been upgraded to model the performance of the MARVEL reactor's selected fuel system: 304 stainless steel-clad U-ZrHx. In this manuscript, we begin by describing the MARVEL fuel element. The known properties and relationships of the fuel element constituents are recapitulated from data available in the literature. These historical relationships assume a particular U-ZrH microstructure which previously was not well-understood; therefore, the fuel's microstructure is experimentally confirmed using electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. This information is then used to analyze the thermomechanical performance of the MARVEL fuel element during a hypothetical extreme accident scenario (a loss of flow accident during a loss of coolant pressure accident) using the nuclear fuel performance code BISON. The analysis shows that the primary phenomenon which could compromise the structural integrity of the MARVEL fuel element is the same as for TRIGA reactors: high temperature internal gas overpressurization-induced rupture of the cladding arising from excessive hoop stresses. Despite modeling the most severe MARVEL accident scenario, the highest anticipated temperature in the fuel, about 718 °C, results in hoop stresses of less than 10 MPa. Based on this analysis, a conservative steady state fuel meat temperature limit of 900 °C precludes cladding damage. The newly incorporated fuel performance simulation capabilities developed in this work may also be extended to model this fuel system under other conditions or reactors.

Spatiotemporal Control of Protein Refolding through Flash-Change Reaction Conditions.

Recombinant protein production is an essential aspect of biopharmaceutical manufacturing, with Escherichia coli serving as a primary host organism. Protein refolding is vital for protein production; however, conventional refolding methods face challenges such as scale-up limitations and difficulties in controlling protein conformational changes on a millisecond scale. In this study, we demonstrate the novel application of flow microreactors (FMR) in controlling protein conformational changes on a millisecond scale, enabling efficient refolding processes and opening up new avenues in the science of FMR technology. FMR technology has been primarily employed for small-molecule synthesis, but our novel approach successfully expands its application to protein refolding, offering precise control of the buffer pH and solvent content. Using interleukin-6 as a model, the system yielded an impressive 96% pure refolded protein and allowed for gram-scale production. This FMR system allows flash changes in the reaction conditions, effectively circumventing protein aggregation during refolding. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use FMR for protein refolding, which offers a more efficient and scalable method for protein production. The study results highlight the utility of the FMR as a high-throughput screening tool for streamlined scale-up and emphasize the importance of understanding and controlling intermediates in the refolding process. The FMR technique offers a promising approach for enhancing protein refolding efficiency and has demonstrated its potential in streamlining the process from laboratory-scale research to industrial-scale production, making it a game-changing technology in the field.

Chaotic-flow-driven mixing in T- and V-shaped micromixers

T- and V-shaped (or arrow-shaped) micromixers enable the control of rapid chemical reactions by permitting accelerated mixing. Their mixing performance has been extensively investigated at moderate flow rates, which correspond to Reynolds numbers of the order of several hundreds. However, this operating range does not align with the recent applications of microreactors in organic synthesis. Therefore, this study examined mixing times in T- and V-shaped micromixers with 250-µm-wide channels at high flow rates (Reynolds numbers of up to 1500). The progress of mixing between an acidic solution and a basic solution containing a pH-sensitive fluorescent molecule was visualized by fluorescence microscopy imaging. An image analysis of 200 frames for each condition helped evaluate the degree of mixing and its stability over time under chaotic flow. The performance and stability of the V-shaped micromixer were significantly enhanced when the flow-rate ratio was changed from 1:1 to 1:2. The difference in momentum between the two inlet streams suppressed the undesirable alternation of the flow patterns at the junction. The effects of the choice of fluids (in the lower- and higher-flow-rate sides) on the reaction selectivity were explored through a numerical analysis. It was clarified that the substrate-side flow rate has to be set lower than that of the reactant side in the competing consecutive reaction system. Moreover, a short mixing time of 1 ms was achieved using the V-shaped micromixer at a flow-rate ratio of 1:2 and Re of 1500. These findings provide practical guidelines for the design and operation of microreactor systems.

Design and Analysis of a Free-Piston Stirling Engine for Microreactor Applications

Abstract With the development of microreactors, a free-piston Stirling engine (FPSE) is an excellent candidate to support the development of microreactors. Based on the advantages of microreactors such as the compact design, long-lasting, highly-efficient, and remote-control operation, an FPSE can provide almost the same requirements. In this paper, a 20 kWel FPSE is proposed to support the development of microreactors. The calculation method was done through matlab to analyze the design with all the significant losses in the engine. Through various designs and operating conditions for the engine, the proposed design has 21.7% efficiency with a total output power of 20.7 kWel. With the testing through different parameters in the engine, the current design is well optimized to balance all the constraints which offers a highly-efficient, compact design, and reliability. However, there is room for improvement during the design process, such as using the heat flux instead of a heat exchanger, robust foil for the regenerator, and simulation through 3D modeling to maximize the potential of the design. This study provides theoretical support for the design and analysis of the FPSE for microreactor applications.

A magnetically controlled microstructured surface for three-dimensional droplet manipulation

The smart manipulation of droplets has received widespread attention due to its potential applications in many fields. However, it is still challenging to realize robust multidimensional, versatile liquid manipulation using magnetically responsive surfaces. Here, a magnetically controlled surface with a dense array of cone-shaped microstructures is developed by the spray self-assembly method using soft nontoxic materials. The effects of the spray volume and material concentrations on the surface morphology and wettability are systematically investigated. The wettability and adhesion properties of the developed surface can be reversibly switched in the presence of an on/off magnetic field. In situ observation indicated that the driving force acted on the droplet is derived from localized deformation of the microstructures. Moreover, theoretical models of droplet manipulation are proposed to demonstrate the underlying mechanism. Under the actuation of the moving magnetic field, the surface can transport droplets of 1–14 μl in the vertical direction, and the modified superhydrophobic surface can transport droplets of 3–30 μl in the horizontal direction and achieve against-gravity droplet climbing with a volume of 10 μl at a climbing angle of 25°. The environmentally friendly and facilely manufacturable surface presents promising applications in liquid microreactors and the transportation of mixed fluids in biological and chemical research.

Optimal design of micromixer for preparation of nanoliposomes

Micromixers are essential components for controlling reactions in microfluidic devices, significantly enhancing their efficiency. This paper introduces an unbalanced separation and recombination micromixer with a circulating chamber and optimizes its geometric structure. The study investigates how the width ratio of the main subchannel and secondary subchannel, as well as the position of the circulating chamber, affect the mixing index and pressure drop at the micromixer's inlet and outlet. The enhanced mixing results from the unbalanced impact generated by the micromixer's separation and recombination, combined with the synergistic effect of fluid self-circulation. Simulation results indicate that the optimized micromixer achieves a mixing index close to 100 % when the Reynolds number exceeds 30, with a pressure drop of only 30 KPa at a Reynolds number of 50 in the micromixer's inlet and outlet. A microfluidic-based micromixer was fabricated using soft lithography and molding techniques. Liposomes were synthesized in a single step using soybean phospholipids, cholesterol, ethanol, and deionized water as raw materials. The micro-mixer exhibited exceptional mixing performance, enabling faster liposome synthesis compared to conventional methods. Additionally, the resulting liposomes exhibited smaller particle sizes and narrower size distributions. By adjusting the flow rates of the organic and water phases entering the micromixer, liposomes with a small particle size of 39 nm and a concentrated particle size distribution (PDI=0.104) were successfully produced. These findings highlight the microfluidic approach as a convenient, rapid, and efficient method for liposome preparation. Furthermore, the unbalanced separation and recombination micromixer with a circulating chamber demonstrated a simple structure, high mixing efficiency, and minimal pressure drop loss. It is versatile and suitable for various microreactor applications.

Jamming of Miscible Liquids via Electrostatic Repulsion Between Polystyrene-Modified Gold Nanorods and Toluene.

Structured liquids in miscible fluids, due to ineffective resistance to withstand particle self-diffusion, differ from that in immiscible liquids because of interfacial interactions. Here, a kind of structured liquid, jammed by thiol-terminated polystyrene-modified gold nanorods (GNRs) within tetrahydrofuran and toluene (TOL), is developed by introducing electrostatic repulsion to counterbalance the self-diffusion of GNRs. First-principle calculations reveal charge transfer between the GNRs and TOL, resulting in the electrostatic repulsion. The structured liquids can be regarded as mimic "loading vehicles" to controllably carry and transport matter under electric or magnetic fields, where release rate can be adjusted by changing the concentration of the soluble matter for slow release and using the photothermal effect of the assembled GNRs for fast release. This work has developed a new assembly mechanism to form structured liquids, allowing the construction of a flexible and robust droplet platform with possible applications in microreactors, biomimetic permeable membranes, and functional liquid robots.

The movement pattern of particles on the surface of liquid marble during rupture based on the DIC algorithm

The stability of liquid marbles is critical to their application in sensors, microfluidic control, microreactors, and other fields. A more comprehensive understanding of the rupture kinetics of liquid marble is instructive for studies in improving the stability of liquid marble. However, the mechanism of rupture of liquid marbles is not clear at present, therefore, this paper addressed this issue by calculating the displacement of particles on the surface of a liquid marble using the DIC (Digital Image Correlation) algorithm. The distribution characteristics of the particles on the surface of the liquid marble and their movement patterns were clarified, the causes of cracks on the marble surface were analyzed, the mechanism of liquid marble rupture was derived, and the effect of volume on rupture kinetics was analyzed. Based on the obtained data, a method was proposed to control the maximum compression that the liquid marble can withstand by spraying different sizes of superhydrophobic coatings. This paper contributes to the study of the stability of liquid marble, allowing its wider application in industrial production.

Graphene Oxide Paper Manipulation of Micro-Reactor Drops.

Digital microfluidics, which relies on the movement of drops, is relatively immune to clogging problems, making it suited for micro-reactor applications. Here, graphene oxide paper of 100 μm thickness, fabricated by blade coating sedimented dispersions onto roughened substrates, followed by drying and mechanical exfoliation, was found to be relatively free of cracks and curling. It also exhibited high wettability and elasto-capillary characteristics. Possessing low enough stiffness, it could rapidly and totally self-wrap water drops of 20 μL volume placed 2 mm from its edge when oriented between 0 and 60° to the horizontal. This complete wrapping behavior allowed drops to be translated via movement of the paper over long distances without dislodgement notwithstanding accelerations and decelerations. An amount of 2 drops that were wrapped with separate papers, when collided with each other at speeds up to 0.64 m/s, were found to eschew coalescence. This portends the development of robust digital microfluidic approaches for micro-reactors.

Experimental investigation of heat transfer limitations in concentric annular sodium heat pipes and thermosyphon

This paper presents experimental investigations on the heat transfer performance of concentric annular heat pipe (CAHP) and thermosyphon (CATP) using sodium as a working fluid for microreactor applications. CAHP characterized by wicks on the inner and outer walls offers the potential to enhance capillary force and enable more compact microreactor designs. The research aims to understand the implications of structural differences between CAHP, CATP and conventional heat pipe (CHP) and identify favorable conditions for their use in microreactors. The thermal behavior and heat transfer limits of CAHP and CATP were examined under various boundary conditions. The experimental results revealed that CAHP exhibited capillary limits approximately 71.2% higher than cylindrical heat pipes under horizontal conditions. However, the Chi model used for predicting capillary limits showed a difference about 19.7% in horizontal operation and exceeded 44.6% in vertical operation, highlighting the need for considering the effect of non-uniform capillary forces in CAHP. The presence of additional inner wick in CAHP provided large evaporation areas, which facilitated rapid vapor generation and enabled the development of a continuum flow faster than in CHP, by approximately 70 °C. However, in vertical operation, CATP necessitates higher heat fluxes and exhibits notable temperature disparities between the evaporator and condenser regions compared to CAHP. This difference can be explained depend on the vapor generation mechanisms: heat pipes utilize additional wick area to facilitate evaporation, while thermosyphon depend on boiling that the advantages related to the annular flow path in CATP are not clear. Furthermore, the presence of an adiabatic section yields contrasting effects: while it promotes the formation of larger menisci in heat pipes, its presence is unfavorable in thermosyphons as it can elevate boiling temperatures that delayed operations. The findings underscore the advantages of CAHP over CHP, particularly in microreactor applications, provide insights into design optimizations for compact microreactors, and showed gaps in operating prediction models and experimental results.

Mass transfer mechanism and relationship of gas–liquid annular flow in a microfluidic cross-junction device

Mass transfer performance of gas–liquid two-phase flow at microscale is the basis of application of microreactor in gas–liquid reaction systems. At present, few researches on the mass transfer property of annular flow have been reported. Therefore, the mass transfer mechanism and relationship of gas–liquid annular flow in a microfluidic cross-junction device are studied in the present study. We find that the main factors, i.e., flow pattern, liquid film thickness, liquid hydraulic retention time, phase interface fluctuation, and gas flow vorticity, which influence the flow mass transfer property, are directly affected both by gas and liquid flow velocities. But the influences of gas and liquid velocities on different mass transfer influencing factors are different. Thereout, the fitting relationships between gas and liquid flow velocities and mass transfer influencing factors are established. By comparing the results from calculations using fitting equations and simulations, it shows that the fitting equations have relatively high degrees of accuracy. Finally, the Pareto front, namely the Pareto optimal solution set, of gas and liquid velocity conditions for the best flow mass transfer property is obtained using the method of multi-objective particle swarm optimization. It is proved that the mass transfer property of the gas–liquid two-phase flow can be obviously enhanced under the guidance of the obtained Pareto optimal solution set through experimental verification.

A Systematic Review of Enzymatic Kinetics in Microreactors

Microreactors have become an efficient tool for many enzymatic reactions because the laminar fluid flow within the microchannel enables precise process control, rapid mixing, and short residence time. This paper provides a systematic overview of the application of reaction kinetics and the mathematical modeling of enzymatic processes in microreactors. Rapid heat and mass transfer and a high surface-to-volume ratio are usually the reasons why reactions in microchannels proceed faster and with higher yields and productivity compared to conventional macroreactors. Since there are no radial diffusion limitations, microreactors are also an effective tool for determining the kinetic parameters of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. By eliminating the mass transfer effect on the reaction rate, the kinetics estimated in the microreactor are closer to the intrinsic kinetics of the reaction. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of using microreactors are highlighted and the potential of their application is discussed. Advances in microreactors result in process intensification and more efficient biocatalytic processes in line with the advantages offered by the application of microreactors, such as (i) higher yields, (ii) a cleaner and improved product profile, (iii) scale-independent synthesis, (iv) increased safety, and (v) the constant quality of the output product through (vi) accelerated process development. Furthermore, microreactors are an excellent tool for kinetic studies under specified mass transfer conditions, enhancing the capabilities of other methods.

Application of Spectroscopy Techniques for Monitoring (Bio)Catalytic Processes in Continuously Operated Microreactor Systems

In the last twenty years, the application of microreactors in chemical and biochemical industrial processes has increased significantly. The use of microreactor systems ensures efficient process intensification due to the excellent heat and mass transfer within the microchannels. Monitoring the concentrations in the microchannels is critical for a better understanding of the physical and chemical processes occurring in micromixers and microreactors. Therefore, there is a growing interest in performing in-line and on-line analyses of chemical and/or biochemical processes. This creates tremendous opportunities for the incorporation of spectroscopic detection techniques into production and processing lines in various industries. In this work, an overview of current applications of ultraviolet–visible, infrared, Raman spectroscopy, NMR, MALDI-TOF-MS, and ESI-MS for monitoring (bio)catalytic processes in continuously operated microreactor systems is presented. The manuscript includes a description of the advantages and disadvantages of the analytical methods listed, with particular emphasis on the chemometric methods used for spectroscopic data analysis.

Feasibility of Using Poisons to Suppress the Positive Temperature Reactivity Coefficient in Hydride-Moderated Reactors

Metal hydrides are being seriously considered for advanced nuclear reactor or microreactor applications due to their solid physical state and high hydrogen density. Using hydrides for autonomous applications poses several research and development challenges, one of which relates to neutron upscattering in the thermal energy regime. These hydrides, including zirconium hydride and yttrium hydride, result in a positive temperature coefficient of reactivity for several advanced reactor designs. In this study, we consider one such design that exhibits positive feedback from metal hydrides and thoroughly investigate the neutronic aspects of the core. Temperature reactivity coefficients for four fuels and two hydride moderator configurations are studied, and the total temperature coefficients are found to be positive for all designs, showing that this issue cannot be resolved simply by material variations. Accordingly, five epi-thermal absorbers were evaluated to demonstrate the feasibility of the excess positive feedback suppression in the core instigating from neutron energy spectrum shift. Following which, two promising burnable poison candidates are selected to investigate further throughout the core discharge. Promising results are shown for this core design, which can be extended to other hydride-moderated remote special-purpose reactor designs.

Robust cellulose-based hydrogel marbles with excellent stability for gas sensing

Liquid marbles, as particle-armored droplets, have potential applications in microreactors, biomedicine, controlled release and gas detection. To improve the stability and biocompatibility of marble, biocompatible cellulose acetate particles and 3-allyloxy-2-hydroxy-propyl-cellulose (AHP-cellulose) were used to fabricate robust cellulose-based liquid marbles with excellent stability. Liquid marble was gelled into hydrogel marble via blue-light-irradiated polymerization of AHP-cellulose. The mechanical properties of cellulose-based hydrogel marble are superior to those of liquid marble. The rupture height of liquid marble is 10.5 m, which is 420 times greater than that of water marble (0.025 m). Surprisingly, the hydrogel marble with a 3 % AHP-cellulose concentration remained intact even after being dropped from a height of 50 m, which is comparable with the ability of a leather ball to withstand larger impact. When released from a height of 60 mm, hydrogel marble bounced to approximately 25.5 mm, 881 % higher than liquid marble (2.6 mm). Hydrogel marble exhibited long-lasting stability and was capable of monitoring ammonia with a detection limit of 365.2 mg/m3. The biocompatible cellulose-based hydrogel marble with excellent mechanical stability and reusability detection has great potential in chemical and environmental engineering as gas sensors.