Application Of Islamic Principles Research Articles

Integrating Problem-Based and Flipped Learning in Islamic Religious Education: A Pathway to Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

Islamic religious education at universities has not yet become a foundational aspect of scientific discipline thinking. This study aims to explore the role of Islamic religious education in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A descriptive analysis method was employed, incorporating data collection through selected questionnaires and interviews, content analysis of the gathered data, and presentation of the results in tables with descriptive and explanatory explanations. The findings indicate that Islamic religious education, when implemented through a well-designed Problem-Based Learning (PBL) method, effectively trains students to provide paradigmatic solutions to issues related to population, the planet, and the economy. This approach fosters an academic atmosphere that encourages learning and enthusiasm among students. The PBL design equips students with the skills to apply Islamic concepts and methods as comprehensive solutions to various environmentally friendly challenges concerning population, planet, and economic issues. In conclusion, integrating PBL in Islamic religious education at universities enhances students' ability to address SDGs, promoting sustainable development through the application of Islamic principles.

Teacher identity, Islamic behaviour and project-based learning methods for madrasah teacher: A phenomenological approach

A project-based learning method is required for the development of students' scientific thinking in the field of akidah akhlak (moral theology). This study takes a phenomenological approach to investigate the role of Islamic behavior and identity in the development of project-based learning methods, involving twenty moral theology teachers and conducting in-depth interviews to reveal the narrative of teachers' practice in using project-based learning methods. Thematic analysis of 20 teachers' two-group interviews revealed that teachers' personal beliefs provided a religiously motivated narrative framework that aided in the interpretation of one's experiences. Individual Islamic behavior, religiosity, and identity creativity play a role in developing project-based learning methods for moral theology. In addition to attributing creativity from God-given personality to learning in moral theology, the primary bond in developing project-based learning methods is the application of Islamic principles and Islamic behavior. Following the learning of moral theology, students' identities, Islamic behavior, and scientific thinking develop. Finally, the findings of this exploratory study indicate that Islamic behavior and personal identity can enhance project-based learning methods. Large-scale research could provide more evidence in the future to reconsider the role of religious education in teacher training as an essential factor in developing project-based learning methods for moral theology teachers.

The Application of Islamic Principles on Entrepreneurship Competence Development Framework

Entrepreneurship is when you act on opportunities or ideas and transform them into value for others. The value that is created can be financial, cultural, or social. Entrepreneurship has been proven as an important key to propelling economic growth and the world is in an urgent need of more competent entrepreneurs. Several institutions and scholars have attempted to create a framework to develop this important competence. The European Union has developed the most comprehensive one, which is called the Entrepreneurship Competence Development Framework (EntreComp). Despite its comprehensiveness, the framework is based on a humanism perspective, which negates the supernatural existence and advocates achieving immediate worldly goals and unconstrained creativity. Consequently, EntreComp is incompatible with the Islamic perspective, which puts a transcendental being (God) as the foundation and axis of all things. The vision of this research is to develop a competent Muslim entrepreneur (Muslimpreneur) through establishing a practical framework called Muslimpreneurship Competence Development Framework (MCDF). The research was qualitative and exploratory. The Islamisation of Knowledge methodology was applied to synthesise the EntreComp to establish a practical MCDF. The EntreComp was instilled and enriched with core Islamic principles and teachings, making the competence development framework more compatible, comprehensive, and effective for Muslim end users.

Implementasi Prinsip Syariah Dalam Praktik Leasing Syariah

This article aims to explore whether the application of Islamic principles has been properly implemented in Islamic leasing institutions. The sharia label on Islamic financial institutions implies several consequences in the system and operational concepts that must comply with sharia principles. This type of research uses a literature study with descriptive research methods. Sharia does not lie in the term musyarakah or mudharabah alone which in practice sometimes contradicts the value of Islam itself. In its application, there are many leasing companies that apply the principles of Islamic law, but some leasing companies labelled as sharia are not in accordance with the principles of Islamic law because they are still very profit-oriented

Re-examining The Correlation between Islam and Adat Through Environmental Conservation

The involvement of indigenous peoples in environmental protection is of significant importance. Due to their profound affinity for the natural world, they assume a pivotal role in the forefront of environmental preservation efforts. Conversely, the cultural practices and traditions of indigenous communities frequently encounter conflicts with the doctrinal principles of prevailing religions, such as Islam. Individuals who continue to uphold the customs and practices of their forebears, with the intention of preserving the harmony of the cosmos, are frequently labelled as primitive, animistic, irreligious, and such. The objective of this study is to reexamine the correlation between the cultural practices of the indigenous community residing in Kampung Kuta and the Islamic faith, specifically in the context of their endeavours towards environmental preservation. This study argues that the interpretation of rituals and traditions through the lens of intersubjective relationships might establish a connection between these practices and the preservation of the environment, as well as the application of Islamic principles in daily existence. The utilization of pamali and pikukuh customs aligns with the Islamic principles of prohibiting harm (fasad) and the idea of Khalifah. The significance of these two notions lies in their role in the conservation of the natural environment, as human behaviors influenced by their connection with nature have a direct impact on the current and future state of the environment.

Analysis Of The Application Of Sharia Principles In Bri Syariah, Bni Syariah, Mandiri And Bank Muamalat

The purpose of this study was to analyze the application of the principles of sharia in Islamic Bri syariah, Bni Syariah, Mandiri syariah and Bank Muamalat in running their business unit or units in the aspects of financing and raising funds to customers. Data used in this study is qualitative data and analysis techniques in this research is descriptive qualitative data analysis. The focus of this study, among others, on the application of Islamic principles described by the dimension of capital, raising funds, products and services. Data was collected through several ways including in-depth interviews (depth interview) composed of the heads of units and employees, direct observation (passive participation), and the documents comprising bank Profile, Next, analyze the data using an interactive model. The results of this research is good in all aspects of capital, the fund associations, service to Bri Syariah, Bni Syariah Mandiri and Bank Muamalat basically already implement sharia principles.

Peningkatan Loyalitas Nasabah Koperasi Sunan Drajat Banjarwati Paciran Lamongan Jawa Timur melalui Prinsip-Prinsip dan Penerapan Nilai-Nilai Islami


 The Sunan Drajat Banjarwati Cooperative Paciran Lamongan is one of the growing financial services businesses that requires efforts to develop its business, one of its efforts is through customer loyalty in order to gain the trust of customers, with loyal customers by participating in advancing the Sunan Drajat Cooperative Banjarwati Paciran Lamongan. The formulation of the problem in this scientific paper is how the application of Islamic principles and values ​​in the Sunan Drajat Banjarwati Paciran Lamongan Cooperative in increasing customer loyalty and how the Sunan Drajat Banjarwati Paciran Lamongan Cooperative strategy in increasing customer loyalty. This research is a qualitative research that uses empirical methods. Qualitative research is research that describes a problem by not using quantitative, even if there are numbers, it is used as supporting data to complete. While the empirical method is research that aims to reveal the reality in the field by taking data based on the experience of respondents, where the law is seen as a fact because the law will interact with other social institutions. The purpose of analyzing these two things is to make a description of one object according to the facts so that the Sunan Drajat Banjarwati Paciran Lamongan Cooperative can get loyal customers in accordance with Islamic values. And the instruments of this research are interviews, observations, literature studies and questionnaires.

Penerapan Kepatuhan Syariah Pada Jual-Beli Dropshipping Fashion Di Marketplace Frozenshop.Com

Sharia compliance broadly is the application of Islamic principles, sharia and its traditions in financial and banking transactions as well as other related businesses, sharia compliance applies in Indonesia in accordance with the Fatwa of the National Sharia Council (DSN) because the DSN fatwa is the embodiment of sharia principles and rules that must be adhered to. adhered to, including in business matters such as dropshipping. Dropshipping is a buying and selling system involving 3 parties, namely buyers, sellers and suppliers (providers of goods). The seller in this context is referred to as a dropshipper. Frozenshop.com is one of the men's fashion suppliers in Indonesia that they open opportunities for dropshippers to sell their goods back to consumers.
 The purpose of this study is to find out how the implementation of sharia compliance in the sale and purchase of dropshipping fashion in the Frozenshop.com Marketplace and how the legal implications of the dropshipping fashion sale and purchase scheme in the Frozenshop.com Marketplace online which still contain elements of gharar. The results of this study are the application of sharia compliance in the sale and purchase of dropshipping fashion in the Frozenshop.com marketplace is not in accordance with sharia compliance, where the goods are not owned directly by the dropshipper when the dropshipper sells the goods. Meanwhile, the Legal Implication for the dropshipping fashion sale and purchase scheme in the online Frozenshop.com marketplace which still contains an element of gharar, is a dropshipping sale and purchase scheme with goods that have not obtained permission from Frozenshop.com which acts as a supplier. So the legal implications of buying and selling goods sold by the dropshipper are canceled or Faskah.

Penerapan Kepatuhan Syariah Pada Jual-Beli Dropshipping Fashion Di Marketplace Frozenshop.Com

Sharia compliance broadly is the application of Islamic principles, sharia and its traditions in financial and banking transactions as well as other related businesses, sharia compliance applies in Indonesia in accordance with the Fatwa of the National Sharia Council (DSN) because the DSN fatwa is the embodiment of sharia principles and rules that must be adhered to. adhered to, including in business matters such as dropshipping. Dropshipping is a buying and selling system involving 3 parties, namely buyers, sellers and suppliers (providers of goods). The seller in this context is referred to as a dropshipper. Frozenshop.com is one of the men's fashion suppliers in Indonesia that they open opportunities for dropshippers to sell their goods back to consumers.
 The purpose of this study is to find out how the implementation of sharia compliance in the sale and purchase of dropshipping fashion in the Frozenshop.com Marketplace and how the legal implications of the dropshipping fashion sale and purchase scheme in the Frozenshop.com Marketplace online which still contain elements of gharar. The results of this study are the application of sharia compliance in the sale and purchase of dropshipping fashion in the Frozenshop.com marketplace is not in accordance with sharia compliance, where the goods are not owned directly by the dropshipper when the dropshipper sells the goods. Meanwhile, the Legal Implication for the dropshipping fashion sale and purchase scheme in the online Frozenshop.com marketplace which still contains an element of gharar, is a dropshipping sale and purchase scheme with goods that have not obtained permission from Frozenshop.com which acts as a supplier. So the legal implications of buying and selling goods sold by the dropshipper are canceled or Faskah.

Faith, Identity Processes and Science-Based Project Learning Methods for Madrasah Teachers

The development of students' scientific thinking in the field of akidah akhlak (moral theology) is very urgent, and for that process, a science-based project learning method is needed. This study uses a phenomenological approach to explore the involvement of faith and identity processes of madrasah aliyah teachers in developing science-based project learning methods, involving twenty moral theology teachers, conducted in-depth interviews to reveal the narrative of teachers' practice in using science-based project learning methods. Thematic analysis of two-group interviews with 20 teachers showed that teachers' personal beliefs provided a religiously-motivated narrative framework that facilitated the interpretation of one's experiences. The involvement of personal faith and religiosity, identity processes when teaching, plays a role in the development of science-based project learning methods on moral theology. The application of Islamic principles and faith is the main bond in the development of science-based project learning methods and attribution of identity from God-given personality to learning in moral theology. Identity processes, faith, and scientific thinking of students develop when following the learning of moral theology. In conclusion, this exploratory study shows that faith and identity processes in personal can improve science-based project learning methods. In the future, large-scale research could provide further evidence to reconsider the role of religious education in teacher training as an important factor in developing science-based project learning methods for teachers of moral theology.

Promosi Produk Penghimpun Dana Bank Mini Syariah (BMS) Terhadap Minat Menabung Nasabah Di Bank Mini Syariah Mardhotillah Angkola Barat

<p><em><strong>Abstract</strong><br /></em></p><p><em>Islamic finance is a financial institution whose operations are based on Islamic principles. The application of Islamic principles is what distinguishes Islamic financial institutions from general (conventional) financial institutions. The community certainly has significant goals both in terms of achieving goals and realizing the use of Islamic financial services based on the Al-Quran and As-Sunnah. To achieve the goals that have been proclaimed, it is necessary to take action. The action in this case is to invite the people of the Sitinjak village, West Angkola District to save in a mini sharia bank. Therefore, in this journal paper, the researcher aims to increase the insight and knowledge of students and the public about Islamic banking, invite students and the public to join in using Bank i Syariah products and to familiarize students and the public with saving at Islamic banks. This study involved several informants including students, the community and the leadership of the Mini Syariah Bank Pondok Pesantren Mardhotillah by using the interview method. The results obtained include the number of enthusiastic students of the Mardhotillah Islamic boarding school who are enthusiastic about joining the Mini Syariah Bank. There are obstacles related to people's concerns who think that this Mini Syariah Bank is an unclear bank, and the Bank can later cause disappointment</em></p>

Notary Role In Making The Deed Of Murabahah Financing On Islamic Bank (Review On Financing Agreement In Islamic Bank Of Central Java)

This study aims to determine the form of the contract and Murabahah financing mechanisms, to analyze the application of Sharia principles in Murabahah financing agreement, and to know the extent to which the role of the Notary in the Deed manufacture Murabahah Financing Agreement with Islamic Bank of Central Java. The results of this study show that: (1) The form of contract and Murabahah financing mechanism in Islamic Bank of Central Java refers to the provisions of Islamic Banking Act, BI (Bank Indonesia), FSA (Financial Services Authority) and DSN-MUI. (2) The application of Islamic principles in the financing agreement Murabahah in Bank Central Java Sharia has been in accordance with the Law of Islamic Banking and DSN-MUI, where financing based on Islamic principles that do not contain elements of usury, gambling, Garar, illegitimate and unjust.Keywords: Notary; Islamic Banking; Murabahah.

Aplikasi Prinsip Islam Dalam Pengurusan Alam Sekitar Lestari Menurut Perspektif Kitab Al-Jidar

Halal prevails a holistic area that covers many aspects, including food, beverages, pharmaceutical and others. Islamic jurisprudence in the sustainability of environment is also falls under the rubric of halal and haram. Nature is a precious blessing bestowed by Allah Almighty for the benefit of humankind. Humans are as caliphs of God are accountable to govern and appropriately manage this world. Nevertheless, as a result of human greed in exploiting natural resources, the environment today is jeopardized with degradation and devastation. This situation urges the comprehensive implementation of sustainable development as the best solution for current and future generations. Sustainable development is not a new concept in Islam, but has existed for the past several centuries as described in the Quran and the As-Sunnah. It was also expended by fuqaha’ through their fatwa, judgment, and writing. However, there was limited studies focused on the sustainability from Islamic perspective, in general and based on the classical text of Islamic jurisprudence, in particular. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to identify the application of Islamic principles in sustainable environmental management, according to Kitab Al-Jidar. The elements examined encompass water and wastewater management, waste, sewage, and air quality. This study employs qualitative methods. An in-depth reading is accomplished on Kitab Al- Jidar as the primary resource. The first step is the translation phase of the text, followed by the content analysis method to extract the Islamic principles outlined in the book and glimpse its application for adaptation in the current context. The study found that there are four (4) fundamental principles of sustainable environmental management applied in Kitab Al- Jidar. It covers; a) La Dharar Wa La Dhirar b) Recognizing and respecting the rights of others, 3) Social responsibility, and 4) Objection. The paper concludes that holistic, efficient, and complex sustainable development solutions can be comprehended by fully embracing and adhering to the Islamic principles. It is hoped that this paper will cultivate awareness and a positive impact on the community towards nourishing a sustainable environment according to the Islamic parameters in Malaysia.

A Rasch analysis of the community’s preference for different attributes of Islamic banks in Indonesia

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the degree to which the different attributes of Islamic banks in Indonesia are preferred by the community. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a quantitative approach by applying Rasch analysis to measure the relative importance of 18 attributes of Islamic banks to the community. The data were collected by questionnaires, which were distributed online and completed by 345 respondents. In addition to the Rasch model, the preference of attributes was measured by a statistical inference test, using “SPSS” software, which employs binary logic regression related to the agreement between the performance of attributes and expectations. Findings The instrument used in this study showed good reliability, and its validity fits the expected model. The results show that the assurance of financial security, friendliness and the application of Islamic principles in their operations are the most important attributes to be considered when people choose an Islamic bank. The degree of importance placed by the community on the various attributes of Islamic banks will have an effect upon the actual and perceived quality of those attributes. An increase in the community’s preference for a particular attribute will eventually be followed by an increased agreement between the actual performance of that attribute and the community’s expectation. Research limitations/implications The varied profiles of individual respondents were not explored fully: this research relies solely on quantitative analysis. So, there is no empirical information to inform the Islamic banks as to which segments of the community should be the focus of their promotional activities. Originality/value The use of Rasch analysis to measure the community’s preference for various attributes of Islamic banks has not been done previously.

URGENSI PENERAPAN KEPATUHAN SYARIAH PADA PERBANKAN SYARIAH (Telaah Konseptual-Analitis)

The issue of shariah compliance is increasingly important, given that Islamic finance is always challenged by demand from market participants to be innovative and business oriented (eg. offering new instruments and products), as conventional financial does. This fact can encourage the Islamic financial position further improve. On the one hand they should accommodate the demand of customers that may be contrary to shariah principles, but on the other hand Islamic banks are strictly bound by shariah compliance. This paper will focus on the importance of applying aspects of shariah compliance in Islamic banking.In various opinions, the meaning of shariah compliance in Islamic banks is “the application of Islamic principles, shariah and traditions in financial transactions and banking and other related business”. Shariah is one of the indicators of Islamic disclosure to ensure the adherence of Islamic banks to shariah principles. Furthermore, at the operational level, shariah compliance is compliance to the Dewan Syariah Nasional which is the embodiment of shariah principles and rules that must be adhered in Islamic banking.Some provisions that can be used to assess shariah compliance within Islamic financial institutions are: First, contract used for the collection and distribution of funds in accordance with the priciples of shariah and the rules of shariah. Second, Zakat funds is calculated and paid, managed in accordance with the rules and principles of shariah. Third, All transactions and economic activities are reported fairy in accordance with applicable shariah accounting standards. Fourth, the work environment and corporate culture in accordance with shariah. Fift, business that are financed do not conflict with shariah. Sixthly, there is Shariah Supervisory Board (DPS) as a shariah director for the overall operational activities of Islamic banks. Seventh, the source of funds comes from a legitimate and lawful source according to shariah.Related to the implementation mechanisme of shariah compliance, there are two underlying concept both in the context of the fulfillment of accuntability horizontally and transcendental. First, The concept of shariah review must be done by DPS to conduct supervision on shariah compliance. Second, the concept of shariah internal review, Islamic banking as one of internal audit function. If the optimazation of the implementation of shariah compliance aspect in Islamic banking is a necessity, so that the impact of Islamic bank can be the only option for the society to save and do the financing.

Impact of human resource (HR) practices on organizational performance

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to establish the impact of human resource (HR) practices on organizational performance and moderating effect of Islamic principles on the impact in Pakistani business organizations. It aims at finding efficacy of HR practices as well as the role of Islamic teachings in business.Design/methodology/approachFive broad categories of HR practices: selection, training, compensation, performance appraisal and employee participation, have been taken as independent variables and their impact has been assessed on organizational performance: dependent variable, keeping the application of the Islamic principles as moderating variable. Data were collected from employees of mobile telecommunication service providers operating in Pakistan through a questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale and then analyzed in SPSS.FindingsHR practices, including selection, training, compensation, performance appraisal and employee participation, have been found to be significantly and positively related to organizational performance. Moderation by the application of Islamic principles was observed to be positive. Its magnitude generally displayed decreasing trend with an increase in level of application.Research limitations/implicationsMeasurement of Islamic work ethics and organizational performance has been unidirectional, gauged only on the basis of employees’ judgment. Inclusion of organizational and market data in future studies will add to the value of the outcome. Understudy business organizations grudgingly provided required information, in spite of personal connections and liaison, because of their organizational policies, commitments and limited concern with the research. Lists of employees were not shared with the researchers, which left only the option of convenient sampling. More reliable sampling techniques are recommended for future research on the subject. Moreover, the sampling frame was limited to the province of Punjab because of shortage of resources. Future research on the subject is suggested to have a broader base, including organizations interested to participate in the exercise of research.Practical implicationsOutcome of the study will provide useful guidelines to the business organizations by clarifying whether business is a religion-neutral affair or not. It is also expected to provide a line of thought for self-assessment and improvement. The concept of maximization of profit for a business organization can be evolved to a win–win arrangement by the maximization of benefit for all stakeholders. This is a logical and certain outcome once a business organization takes care of its employees, society, environment and, definitely, its shareholders.Originality/valueA few studies exist on human resource management in Islamic as well as Pakistani context; however, the role of the religion and its contribution toward organizational performance has not been amply crystallized. This is just an endeavor in hitherto less frequented direction.

Islamisation and Militarisation of Pak Society

Abstract It is in the name of Islam that the country has created an image of being the most potent source of religious terrorism, which poses a threat to peace and stability in large parts of the globe. This conception of a Pakistani ideology and Pakistani identity based on Islam was put forward by the religious circles rather than the founding fathers of the nation. At the time of independence even the secular ideologists were also looking at Islam as the key symbol which consolidated the newly born and somewhat anomalous nation. The motive force for Pakistan came largely from the middle class Muslims of North India, many of whom had been educated at Aligarh. At some level, they identified with the ideas of Syed Ahmad Khan and Mohammad Iqbal along with the leaders of Muslim League including Mohammad Ali Jinnah. They all thought sincerely about the application of Islamic principles, but they certainly did not regard the movement for Pakistan as an effort to re-create some kind of a “golden age” in Islam or to re-establish Wahabiism. Over the years the social fabric of modern Pakistan underwent a radical change towards Islamisation and militarization. The paper aims to study the changes in Pak society, it however, is beneficial in studying any pro-religion society whose ruler, too, is committed to do the same way and play a significant role in changing social character of the nation like Pakistan.

Al-Qaeda—terrorists, hypocrites, fundamentalists? The view from within

This article investigates the ideology of Al-Qaeda as perceived from within the network. Particular attention is paid to the ideological background of Al-Qaeda's intellectual leadership, its sociopolitical context and the nature of its recruits. The inner logic of the Al-Qaeda organisation advances an intellectual concept that is not based on the main schools of Islamic theology, but on a new ideological starting point that results from the application of Islamic principles to sociopolitical change. With its political goals reinforced by the teachings of the Quran, exemplified by the content and rhetoric of a recently discovered training manual, the organisation creates powerful imagery embedded in the collective consciousness of the Muslim community. Thus, the message provided by Al-Qaeda inspires its followers to commit violent acts of destruction while being fully convinced that they are fulfilling the ordained will of Allah.

L'Eviction des Sēfuwa du Kānem et l'origine des Bulāla

The Sēfuwa dynasty seized power in Kānem around 1075, but it was only in the beginning of the thirteenth century that the rulers of Kānem were able to extend their authority over Bornū. Prior to this move small groups of Saharan speakers had already established themselves among the Chadic speakers of the Komadugu Yobe valley. Towards the end of the reign of Dūnama Dībalāmi (c. 1210–48) the court of the Sēfuwa itself was shifted to Bornū, mainly as a result of disturbances in Kānem. Indeed, according to oral traditions of the sixteenth century, the Tubu, in alliance with certain members of the Sēfuwa aristocracy, staged a major rebellion against the central government, apparently attempting to resist the strict application of Islamic principles of government by Dūnama Dībalāmi. Towards the end of the thirteenth century powerful rulers were again able to establish the authority of the Sēfuwa on firm grounds: in the east, even on the fringes of Kānem, they brought the situation under strict control and in the west they extended – or confirmed – the political influence of the Sēfuwa dynasty over the focal points of interregional trade which began to rise in Hausaland. Thus Bornū became the central province of the Sēfuwa Empire in spite of the fact that several kings continued to reside temporarily in the old capital of Djīmī situated in Kānem. This major shift of their territorial basis affected the position of the Sēfuwa in their original homelands. Written sources from the end of the fourteenth century show that the increasing involvement of the Sēfuwa in Bornū and its western border states must have changed their attitude towards the people living east of Lake Chad: after having acquired the character of an autochthonous (or national) dynasty of Kānem – in spite of their foreign origin – the Sēfuwa progressively became an alien power in this major Sudanic state, even though the people of Kānem and Bornū were closely related. Furthermore, the rise of a powerful kingdom in the area of Lake Fitrī under the rule of the Bulāla became a serious threat to the Sēfuwa in their original homelands as the warrior aristocracy of the Bulāla state – which must have been of Kanembu origin – remained closely connected with the sedentary population of Kānem. When finally during the reign of 'Umar b. Idrīs (c. 1382–7), the Sēfuwa were forced by the Bulāla to withdraw their forces from Kānem, this territorial loss did not affect the future development of the Empire to the extent that has formerly been supposed, since losses in the east were largely compensated by earlier gains in the west.