Application Of Ion Exchange Resins Research Articles

Sorption Extraction of Gallium from Alumina-Alkaline Solutions

AbstractThe possibility of sorption concentration of gallium from alumina-alkaline solutions resulting by leaching of recycled soda with sludge water during alumina production—which are middlings of alumina production—has been studied. During bauxite processing, soda is accumulated in recycled alkali solutions, extracted by evaporation and used in sintering. The sludge water is formed during storage of wastes pumped in the form of slurry to the settling tank and can be used in production as wash water. Sorption processes with application of ion exchange resins with high capacity and selectivity, presented in the world market in a large assortment, seem to be a promising direction of gallium concentration from alumina-alkaline solutions. On the basis of the analysis carried out, anion exchangers AN-31 and D-403 OH form were selected for sorption concentration of gallium from alumina-alkaline solutions. A comparative analysis of the sorption properties showed that the D-403 anion exchange resin exhibited better selectivity and a higher dynamic exchange capacity for gallium. The high capacity for gallium absorption with the D-403 anion exchanger resulted from its greater basicity, since the oxyhydryl groups at the β-, γ- and δ-positions in the resin matrix exert a greater negative inductive effect on the tertiary nitrogen atom, which has a lone electron pair, compared to the oxyhydryl and hydroxy groups in the β- and γ-positions relative to the secondary nitrogen atom of the anion exchange resin AN- 31. Due to the unshared electron pair of the nitrogen atom, an additional covalent effect arose, causing stronger chemical bonding between the gallium ions and the D-403 anion exchange matrix. Studies were carried out to determine the optimal conditions for the desorption of gallium with a 2 N sodium hydroxide solution. The gallium content in the alkaline eluates was suitable for electrolytic production of metallic gallium.

Optimization of Fenton process conditions in winery wastewaters treatment followed by ion exchange process to recover iron

Fenton’s oxidation has been widely studied for treatment of winery wastewater (WW). However, the generation of iron sludges imposes a significant drawback for this treatment process. Consequently, an integrated methodology was tested involving the application of ion exchange resins that recover dissolved iron without sludge production in Fenton’s Process. The aim of this study is optimizing Fenton oxidation for the abatement of COD in WW. Using a methodology design of experiments (DOE), Fenton process was able to remove up to 57% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) when pH 3, reaction time 1 h, [H2O2] = 0.15 molL−1 and [H2O2]/[Fe2+] = 15 were applied. A cationic ion-exchange resin, Dowex Marathon C, was able to recover iron present in the effluent after the oxidation process. Continuous and discontinuous trials were conducted in this scope for the synthetic solution and the real effluent after Fenton. The innovative methodology of using IE to circumvent Fenton's peroxidation limitation will surely lead to a widespread application of IE in the treatment of industrial effluents.

Expanding the application of ion exchange resins for the preparation of antimicrobial membranes to control foodborne pathogens

Although ion exchange resins (IERs) have been extensively adopted in water treatment, there are no reports on the application thereof for synthesizing antibacterial materials against pathogenic bacteria. The present study is the first in which the ion exchange characteristic of IERs was utilized to introduce silver ions that possess efficient antibacterial properties. The resulting antibacterial materials were incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA) and/or polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) to prepare antibacterial membranes. XPS spectra revealed the occurrence of in-situ reduction of silver ions to metallic silver, which was preferable since the stability of silver in the materials was improved. EDS mapping analysis indicated that the distribution of silver was consistent with the distribution of sulfur in the membranes, verifying the ion exchange methodology proposed in the present study. To investigate the antibacterial performance of the prepared membranes, zone of inhibition tests and bacteria-killing tests were performed. The results revealed that neither bare polymeric membranes of PLA and PBAT nor IER-incorporated polymeric membranes exhibited noticeable antibacterial activities. In comparison, the antibacterial membranes demonstrated effective and sustainable antibacterial activities against pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The prepared antibacterial membranes exhibited potential in food-related applications such as food packaging to delay food spoilage due to microbial growth.

Application of ion exchange resins to reduce hardness and scaling of drinking water: Experimental and modeling

In this research, the performance of strong cationic Purolite C-100 Na+, Ambersep IR252 H+, Amberlite IR120 H+ ion exchange resins and an IRA402 OH- anionic resin have investigated to the reduction of hardness and TDS of drinking water in Bushehr, Iran. Also, to demonstrate the efficiency of these resins, the experimental variables affecting the ion exchange process such as contact time and adsorbent consumption were investigated. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity in the best operating condition was 48.01, 45 and 36.01 mg.g-1 for Purolite, Ambersep, and Amberlite resins, respectively. The maximum percentage of total hardness reduction parameters, calcium and magnesium ions reduction at best operating condition was 90.086%, 93.085%, 77.27% for Purolite ion exchange resins, 83.84%, 86.70%, 71.59% for Ambersep ion exchange resins and 69.83, 69.41, 69.32 for Amberlite ion exchange resins, respectively. Also, in the compound stage (the combination of cationic and anionic resins), at the best condition, 3 g/L of cationic resin and 12 g/L of anionic resin had the best efficiency in adjusting pH and reducing TDS. To study the adsorption kinetic process of calcium and magnesium ions by three strong cationic ion exchange resins, three pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Morris-Weber models were employed. Among these models, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model had the best agreement with the experimental data. The models of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dobinin-Radskvich were utilized for the equilibrium study of hardened ions adsorption (calcium and magnesium). From the equilibrium study of the absorption process, it was founded that this process involves both chemical and physical absorption and the Langmuir model has the best agreement with the experimental data.

Application of Ion Exchange Resin in the Advanced Treatment of Condensate Water

The advanced treatment of condensate water is important for efficient reuse of water resources, especially in confined space. In this work, a novel integrated process of ion exchange resins and activated carbon is proposed to remove various pollutants in condensate water. A fixed bed column of pre-treated basic anion exchange resin, acidic cation exchange resin, mixed ion exchange resins and modified activated carbon was applied to remove ionic pollutants, organic pollutants and adjust the pH value of output water. The effects of the types, amount ratios and the sequence of ion exchange resins were investigated using two types of condensate water. The results showed that the output water of the fixed bed column had an average TOC of 30~70 ppm, conductivity under 5 μS/cm, pH value of 5~8, which could meet the requirements of sanitary water. The saturated adsorption capacities of the basic anion exchange resin and the acidic cation exchange resin were calculated to be 0.87 mol/L and 1.82 mol/L, respectively. Under the actual operating conditions, continuous dynamic test was carried out over a condensate water treatment module consisting of two adsorption columns and four exchange columns to evaluate its real service life.

Removal of Carcinogenic Arsenic from Drinking Water By the Application of Ion Exchange Resins

Canceris the most common cause of the deaths and environmental pollutant is one of the main reasons for it. Within the scope of water intended for human consumption, trace arsenic concentration in drinking waters must be supplied below 10 µg/L, in order to prevent the carcinogenic effect of it.

The Classification, Characterization, and Application of Ion Exchange Resins: A General Survey

Water contamination is one of the major problem by which the whole world is affected. Adulteration of water by heavy metals through the discharge of industrial waste water is a very serious environmental problem. There are various methods already in this field for the removing of metal ions from waste water like chemical precipitation, ultra filtration, reverse osmosis etc. But removal of heavy metals present in trace amounts in water is difficult by these methods. So it was hurted for the development of new techniques. During the last few decades hybrid organic–inorganic/inorganic ion exchangers have become increasingly popular because of certain advantages over organic resins such as resistance toward high ionization radiation, stability at higher temperatures and selectivity toward certain metal ions.

Application of ion-exchange resin as solid acid for buffer-free production of γ-aminobutyric acid using Enterococcus faecium cells

In this study, ion-exchange resin was applied as solid acid catalyst for the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production using a strain of Enterococcus faecium (GZ2) by whole-cell bioconversion. It was observed that the accumulated GABA resulted in the inhibition of the bioconversion activity. To improve the productivity, a cation-exchange resin-based in situ product removal (ISPR) approach was developed. Three cation-exchange resins were tested to select a suitable adsorbent used in the bioconversion. The strong acidic cation-exchange resin IRP-69 exhibited the highest GABA production and remained helpful in reducing the free GABA concentration in the reaction solution. Compared to the bioconversion in sodium acetate buffer, the GABA production, with the addition of resin, was significantly improved by 2.12-fold. Furthermore, a fed-batch bioconversion strategy with the feeding of L-monosodium glutamate (L-MSG) was tested. The maximum production of GABA, 406.1 mM, was achieved after 12 h reaction with an initial substrate concentration of 200 mM, and a triple feeding of 100 mM L-MSG afterwards at 4 h, 6 h and 8 h. The result shows that the operation of bioconversion reaction in a feeding substrate batch mode is an effective approach to improve the efficiency and productivity of GABA.

Iron recovery from the Fenton's treatment of winery effluent using an ion-exchange resin

A new sludge free Fenton's process for wastewater treatment is proposed. Fenton's reagent is an interesting oxidation treatment for organic matter removal from liquid effluents. However, its main drawback is the iron sludge produced at the end of the reaction. An integrated methodology is recommended involving the application of ion exchange resins that recover dissolved iron without the need of sludge production. The results reveal high iron removal efficiencies (~100%). On the other hand, this strategy is able to fulfill iron removal requirements even if some iron precipitation occurs during Fenton's peroxidation. In fact, sludge dissolution is promoted and the resulting dissolved iron is then adsorbed by the resin. Langmuir model was able to satisfactorily describe the experimental results leading to a qm=56mg/g. A design of experiments approach allowed concluding that pH is a key parameter for ion-exchange. This combined strategy overcomes Fenton's main shortcoming and will boost the industrial application of this interesting wastewater treatment approach.

Synthesis, characterization and application of ion exchange resin as a slow-release fertilizer for wheat cultivation in space

In addition to the bio-regenerative air revitalization, water recycling and waste management systems and their associated challenges, enhancing the crop yield with less fertilizer input for sustainable food production in space is also a challenge that needs to be overcome. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of applying ion exchange resin as a slow-release fertilizer for wheat cultivation in space. Strong-acid cationic exchange resins and weak-base anion exchange resins soaked in 1X, 5X, 10X and 15X Hoagland nutrient solutions, respectively, were used as fertilizers in clinoptilolite to cultivate wheat plants, and the morphological and physiological characteristics of the wheat plants were studied and compared with that of the wheat planted in vermiculite and nutrient solutions. The results showed that more ions were attached on the surface of the ion exchange resins as the solution concentration increased. After 14 days, the fresh weight of wheat planted in the ion exchange resin-clinoptilolite (IER-clinoptilolite) treated with 10X and 15X solutions were 190% and 192% higher than that of wheat planted in nutrient solution with the same concentration. Chlorophyll content of wheat plants cultivated in the two kinds of solid medium is significantly higher than that of liquid cultivation. The lowest peroxidase (POD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of wheat plants cultivated in the IER-clinoptilolite appeared on the 14th day. According to all the experimental data, it's promising to produce slow-release nutrient fertilizer by using strong-acid cationic exchange resins and weak-base anion exchange resins for wheat cultivation in space.

Progress on Application of Ion Exchange Resins in Catalytic Organic Reaction

Progress on Application of Ion Exchange Resins in Catalytic Organic Reaction

Impact of anionic ion exchange resins on NOM fractions: Effect on N-DBPs and C-DBPs precursors

The formation potential of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs, N-DBPs) after ion exchange treatment (IEX) of three different water types in multiple consecutive loading cycles was investigated. Liquid chromatography with organic carbon detector (LC-OCD) was employed to gauge the impact of IEX on different natural organic matter (NOM) fractions and data obtained were used to correlate these changes to DBPs Formation Potential (FP) under chlorination. Humic (-like) substances fractions of NOM were mainly targeted by ion exchange resins (40-67% removal), whereas hydrophilic, non-ionic fractions such as neutrals and building blocks were poorly removed during the treatment (12-33% removal). Application of ion exchange resins removed 13-20% of total carbonaceous DBPs FP and 3-50% of total nitrogenous DBPs FP. Effect of the inorganic nitrogen (i.e., Nitrate) presence on N-DBPs FP was insignificant while the presence of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was found to be a key parameter affecting the formation of N-DBPs. DON especially the portion affiliated with humic substances fraction, was reduced effectively (∼77%) as a result of IEX treatment.

Fundamental aspects related to batch and fixed-bed sulfate sorption by the macroporous type 1 strong base ion exchange resin Purolite A500

Acid mine drainage is a natural process occurring when sulfide minerals such as pyrite are exposed to water and oxygen. The bacterially catalyzed oxidation of pyrite is particularly common in coal mining operations and usually results in a low-pH water polluted with toxic metals and sulfate. Although high sulfate concentrations can be reduced by gypsum precipitation, removing lower concentrations (below 1200 mg/L) remains a challenge. Therefore, this work sought to investigate the application of ion exchange resins for sulfate sorption. The macroporous type 1 strong base IX resin Purolite A500 was selected for bath and fixed-bed sorption experiments using synthetic sulfate solutions. Equilibrium experiments showed that sulfate loading on the resin can be described by the Langmuir isotherm with a maximum uptake of 59 mg mL-resin−1. The enthalpy of sorption was determined as +2.83 kJ mol−1, implying an endothermic physisorption process that occurred with decreasing entropy (−15.5 J mol−1.K−1). Fixed-bed experiments were performed at different bed depths, flow rates, and initial sulfate concentrations. The Miura and Hashimoto model predicted a maximum bed loading of 25–30 g L-bed−1 and indicated that both film diffusion (3.2 × 10−3 cm s−1 to 22.6 × 10−3 cm s−1) and surface diffusion (1.46 × 10−7 cm2 s−1 to 5.64 × 10−7 cm2 s−1) resistances control the sorption process. It was shown that IX resins are an alternative for the removal of sulfate from mine waters; they ensure very low residual concentrations, particularly in effluents where the sulfate concentration is below the gypsum solubility threshold.

Application of Ion Exchange Resins in the Separation of Valuable Compounds from Wood Pyrolysis Liquids

Biomass, such as wood, is an important renewable raw material for the production of various products. Since one of the main constituents of wood is cellulose, a polysaccharide, fast pyrolysis of wood yields liquid products with a noteworthy content of sugars. The purpose of the present study was to develop a method for the chromatographic separation of valuable compounds, such as levoglucosan, from the complex mixture of wood pyrolysis products by using an ion exchange resin column.

Current perspectives on microwave-enhanced reactions of monosaccharides promoted by heterogeneous catalysts

Involvement of heterogeneous catalysts as promoters of carbohydrate conversions, in synergy with microwaves as the heating source, is reported. This paper deals with the application of ion-exchange resins, zeolites, clays and metal oxides as convenient mediators for key transformations of carbohydrates. A special emphasis is placed on the use of (doped) mineral supports, in solventless conditions, as clean promoters in combination with microwave dielectric heating.

Modelling of Simultaneous Reaction and Diffusion in Chemical Reactors with Particle Size Distributions: Application of Ion-exchange Resins in Heterogeneous Catalysis

Modelling of Simultaneous Reaction and Diffusion in Chemical Reactors with Particle Size Distributions : Application of Ion-exchange Resins in Heterogeneous Catalysis

Ion-Exchange Resins as Controlled Drug Delivery Carriers

Ion exchange resins (IER) are insoluble polymers that contain acidic or basic functional groups and have the ability to exchange counter-ions within aqueous solutions surrounding them. Based on the nature of the exchangeable ion of the resin as a cation or anion, it is classified as cationic or anionic exchange resins, respectively. The efficacy of ion exchange resins mainly depends upon their physical properties such as degree of cross-linking, porosity, acid base strength, stability, purity and particle size. Modified release of drugs from resinate (drug-resin complexes) is another potential application of ion exchange resins. Due to the versatile utility of ion exchange resins, they are being used for various drug delivery and therapeutic applications. Resins used are polymers that contain appropriately substituted acidic groups, such as carboxylic and sulfonic for cation exchangers; or basic groups, such as quaternary ammonium group for anion exchangers. This review addresses different types of ion exchange resin, their properties, the chemistry; role of IER in controlled drug delivery systems, its therapeutic applications, methods of preparation of IER along with their resonates. Keywords: Anion exchange; Cation exchange; Resin; Controlled release; Resinates; Drug delivery. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i3.4991 J. Sci. Res. 2 (3), 599-613 (2010)

Study of archaeological underwater finds: deterioration and conservation

This study is aimed at an assessment of the methodologies, instruments and new applications for underwater archaeology. Research focused on study of the various kinds of degradation affecting underwater finds and stone materials aged in underwater environment, efficiency evaluation of various surface cleaning methods and study and mixing of protective products with consolidating resins and antimicrobial biocides to be applied to restored underwater finds. Transmitted light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study surface biofilms and the interactions with samples of different stone materials such as brick, marble and granite immersed in the submarine archaeological area of Crotone (South of Italy). Surface cleaning tests were performed with application of ion exchange resins, EDTA, hydrogen peroxide and ultrasound techniques. Capillary water absorption, simulated solar ageing and colourimetric measurements were carried out to evaluate hydrophobic and consolidant properties; to assess biocidal efficacy, heterotrophic micro-organisms (Aspergillus niger) were inoculated on agar plates and growth inhibition was measured.

Effects of ion exchange resin pre-treatment on GAC adsorption

In Italian drinking water treatment plants (DWTP), the problem of chlorination by-products control is very important as the Italian drinking water regulations (Dlgs. 31/2001, as enactment of the CEU directive 98/83) set very strict limits for these compounds. A possible strategy for controlling the concentrations of DBPs (disinfection by-products) is the application of treatment processes able to reduce the concentration of dissolved organic matter, the main precursor of DBPs, before the dosage of chlorine-based disinfectants. Recently, ion exchange resins for the removal of dissolved organics have shown several applications in drinking water treatment. In this experimental study, the treatment with ion exchange resins MIEX®DOC and the treatment with GAC (granular activated carbon) were evaluated for the removal of dissolved organics. Moreover, the effects of MIEX® pre-treatment on the subsequent GAC filtration phase were evaluated, with particular attention to the effects on the life-time of the GAC filter. The GAC filter operation was simulated by rapid small scale column tests (RSSCT), which allow the evaluation of the GAC breakthrough curve in a shorter time with respect to a full plant and pilot plant trials. On the basis of the experimental results, the ion exchange process was very efficient in dissolved organics removal (60–70% UV254 removal). Moreover, the results indicated that the application of ion exchange resins as pre-treatment in a conventional drinking water treatment train could increase the filter life-time in the subsequent GAC adsorption phase (about 200%) resulting in potentially important cost benefits for the overall treatment process.

Removal of organic macromolecules with ion exchange resins prior to the ion chromatographic analysis of taurine in infant formula and milk

The application of ion exchange resins to the separation of taurine from lipids and protein was investigated using four different ion exchange resin beds. Specifically, we have used strong anion (strong anion exchange resin, weak anion exchange resin, amphoteric resin, and two layers (strong anion exchanger/strong cation exchanger) resin bed. The concentrations of taurine, protein and lipids were monitored in all solutions during the separation steps. The newly devised procedure allows analysis of taurine in infant formula with sensitivity of 1.12 mg L−1 and enrichment of the analyte enables analysis of taurine in ultra-high temperature processed (UHT) milk with a sensitivity of 0.22 mg L−1. The concentrations found for infant formula and cow milk were within the range of 31.9–42.0 mg L−1 and 0.82–0.99 mg L−1, respectively. For goat milk concentration of 57.9 mg L−1 was found. Recovery of taurine in UHT milk was 96.4 ± 0.2% calculated at a significance level of 0.05.