Ground Penetrating Radar Applications Research Articles

Imaging of Structural Timber Based on In Situ Radar and Ultrasonic Wave Measurements: A Review of the State-of-the-Art.

With the rapidly growing interest in using structural timber, a need exists to inspect and assess these structures using non-destructive testing (NDT). This review article summarizes NDT methods for wood inspection. After an overview of the most important NDT methods currently used, a detailed review of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Ultrasonic Testing (UST) is presented. These two techniques can be applied in situ and produce useful visual representations for quantitative assessments and damage detection. With its commercial availability and portability, GPR can help rapidly identify critical features such as moisture, voids, and metal connectors in wood structures. UST, which effectively detects deep cracks, delaminations, and variations in ultrasonic wave velocity related to moisture content, complements GPR's capabilities. The non-destructive nature of both techniques preserves the structural integrity of timber, enabling thorough assessments without compromising integrity and durability. Techniques such as the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) and Total Focusing Method (TFM) allow for reconstructing images that an inspector can readily interpret for quantitative assessment. The development of new sensors, instruments, and analysis techniques has continued to improve the application of GPR and UST on wood. However, due to the hon-homogeneous anisotropic properties of this complex material, challenges remain to quantify defects and characterize inclusions reliably and accurately. By integrating advanced imaging algorithms that consider the material's complex properties, combining measurements with simulations, and employing machine learning techniques, the implementation and application of GPR and UST imaging and damage detection for wood structures can be further advanced.

An Integrated Geophysical Investigation for Detecting Seepage-prone Zones in the Basement of a Building

The underground basement of a building is highly affected by anomalous seepage problems. Detection of seepage-prone regions through and around buildings becomes a need in other to sustain their stability. It is of great importance as well to have targeted remedies. However, traditional methods for examining these areas are often destructive and expensive, compelling the use of non-destructive geophysical techniques. This work aims to utilize and demonstrate the hands-on application of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and self-potential (SP) methods as an innovative combination to study seepage-prone zones in the basement of a building. Simulated responses of various seepage zones have been generated based on several significant factors. For better visualization, all 2D radargrams of a block were combined to produce a 3D model using GPR Slice software to distinguish various features at different depths. Higher positive SP values show the presence of high moisture or seepage-prone regions. Conclusively, the combined geophysical method of GPR and SP is trustworthy for conducting a quick and effective inspection of seepage-prone regions and probable source points for detailed characterization of the basement of a building. Keywords: GPR, SP, Geophysical methods, Seepage, Basement.

Review of Ground Penetrating Radar Applications for Bridge Infrastructures

Infrastructure bridges play a crucial role in fostering economic and social development. However, the adverse effects of natural hazard and weather degradation, coupled with escalating rates of traffic, pose a significant threat. The resultant strain on the structure can lead to undue stress, elevating the risk of a critical asset failure. Hence, non-destructive testing (NDT) has become indispensable in the surveillance of bridge infrastructure. Its primary objectives include ensuring safety, optimizing structural integrity, minimizing repair costs, and extending the lifespan of bridges. NDT techniques can be applied to both existing and newly constructed bridge structures. However, it is crucial to recognize that each NDT method comes with its own set of advantages and limitations tailored to specific tasks. No single method can provide an effective and unequivocal diagnosis on its own. Among the various NDT methods, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has emerged as one of the most widely employed techniques for monitoring bridges. In fact, recent technical regulations now mandate the use of GPR for bridge monitoring and characterization, underscoring its significance in ensuring the structural health and longevity of these critical infrastructures. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) stands out as one of the most highly recommended non-destructive methods, offering an efficient and timely assessment of the structural conditions of infrastructure. Recognizing the pivotal role of non-destructive testing (NDT) in this context, this paper aims to elucidate recent scientific endeavors related to the application of GPR in bridge engineering structures. The exploration will commence with a focus on studies conducted both at the model level within laboratory settings and on real cases. Subsequently, the discussion will extend to encompass the characterization and monitoring of the bridge’s main elements: slab, beam, and pillar. By delving into these scientific experiences, this paper intends to provide valuable insights into the efficacy and applicability of GPR in assessing and ensuring the structural integrity of bridges. This paper provides a concise survey of the existing literature on the application of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) in the assessment of bridges and viaducts constructed with masonry and reinforced concrete, taking into account papers of journal articles and proceedings available on open databases. Various approaches employed in both laboratory and field settings will be explored and juxtaposed. Additionally, this paper delves into discussions on novel processing and visualization approaches, shedding light on advancements in techniques for interpreting GPR data in the context of bridge and viaduct evaluations.

Application of ground-penetrating radar for shallow subsurface investigation at the coastal area of lhok village, lhoong, aceh besar regency, aceh

This research aims to identify subsurface layers in the coastal area of Lhok Village, Lhoong, Aceh Besar Regency, Aceh. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) was the primary method to extract information concerning concealed geological structures beneath the Earth's surface, including in coastal areas. GPR is a non-destructive geophysical technique that utilizes electromagnetic waves to explore and map subsurface layers. However, data collection involved field surveys utilizing GPR equipment directed at the ground's surface. During the survey, radar data was processed and analysed to pinpoint various subsurface level. The obtained information contributes to a deeper understanding of the region's geological characteristics and subsurface layers. Additionally, it aids in assessing geological risks, facilitating construction planning, and conserving natural resources in the area. Here, the outcomes of this study may also serve as a foundation for further research in geology and geophysics within the Aceh Coastal region.

Research on the Application of Ground Penetrating Radar in Advanced Geological Prediction of Deep Buried Tunnels

With the development of the social economy and the emergence of a large number of tunneling projects, the importance of over-advance geological forecasting in the safe construction of tunnels has become increasingly obvious, and it has also attracted a lot of attention from the academic community. In this paper, the measured radar data are analyzed to verify the feasibility of ground-penetrating radar in the overtopping geological prediction of deep-buried tunnels and the validity of data characteristics. By analyzing the overtopping geological data of ground-penetrating radar and verifying the results by excavation, the following conclusions can be obtained: in the process of overtopping geological forecasting, ground-penetrating radar has the characteristics of simplicity, convenience, and high accuracy, and the method can make anomalies in advance for the abnormalities in front of the tunnel's palm face, and it can provide accurate and reliable geological information to ensure that the tunnel project can be constructed safely.

High‐frequency wide‐angle reflection and refraction method for structural engineering ground‐penetrating radar surveys

AbstractElectromagnetic wave velocity in ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) constant offset data can be estimated via the diffraction hyperbola fitting method. This method is applicable when radargrams contain diffraction events (hyperbolic patterns) caused by scatters in the host smaller or equal to the dominant wavelength. An alternative method for velocity estimation, if no intrusive information is available for a direct correlation, requires the collection of multi‐offset data. The method is quite common for broad geophysical applications; however, it seems not to be fully utilized for engineering applications, such as slabs/walls where thickness estimation and depth of the embedded features are critical requirements for structural assessments. This method would also overcome the limitations in velocity calibration in environments with no hyperbolic signal signatures. The aim of this study is to explore multi‐offset high‐frequency GPR applications, specifically the wide‐angle reflection and refraction method, for structural engineering, to understand whether it is feasible, possible limitations, and advantages. Numerical models reproducing reinforced concrete elements and a cavity wall were analysed to understand the wave behaviour and predict the response prior to testing on real cases. The main purpose is to explore how reinforcing bars can affect the velocity spectra derived from semblance analysis and what the response would be in a case of multi‐layered structure with increasing velocity with depth (cavity wall). The comparison with real cases showed that, despite some intrinsic limitations, high‐frequency multi‐offset approach could be part of standard workflow for all those surveys where no other velocity estimation method is feasible.

Toward the optimisation of the Kalman Filter approach in ground penetrating radar application for detection and locating buried utilities

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) stands as a pivotal non-destructive tool for identifying and assessing buried utilities. However, the noisy GPR radargram data requires extensive expert interpretation, making it time-consuming and subjective. While various signal processing techniques, like time-zero correction and background subtraction, help mitigate noise, mathematical estimators like the Kalman Filter (KF) and particle filter present advanced solutions. Notably, KF, known for its efficiency and computational benefits, excels in denoising and decluttering GPR radargrams. This research introduces an innovative KF-based optimisation algorithm tailored to minimise user input and pinpoint buried utilities and anomalies. Leveraging the distinctive KF parameter, Normalised Innovation Squared (NIS), the algorithm aims for enhanced target detection. A genetic algorithm-driven multi-objective optimisation model evaluates the method's efficacy, focusing on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and mean of innovations. Cost functions considered encompass noise covariances and optimal Fourier analysis frequency. Preliminary results showed a 23.13% rise in the area under the ROC with optimised parameters (91.4%) compared to user-selected ones (68.27%). This method not only reduces GPR data noise but also augments the detection of buried utilities. Traditional chi-squared hypothesis testing was replaced with an NIS signal function analysis, facilitating more refined anomaly detection. Collectively, this study offers a transformative approach to GPR data post-processing, emphasising efficiency and reduced user dependency.

Application of the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electromagnetic (EM34-3) Geophysical Tools and Sedimentology for the Evaluation of the Subsurface of Sites Earmarked for Aquaculture Ponds in the Amazon Region of Northern Brazil

The present study evaluated the application of Ground Penetrating Radar and Electromagnetic Induction geophysical tools combined with sedimentology for the description of the subsurface of sites destined for the installation of ponds for an extensive freshwater fish farming system. Two areas with similar topographic characteristics (flat land near bodies of water) were investigated in the Amazon region of northern Brazil: Area 1—the future site of an aquaculture research center, and Area 2—an established fish farming operation. These tools performed well in the evaluation of the suitability of the terrain for the installation of aquaculture ponds. The application of these tools can, thus, be recommended for aquaculture projects, given that it provides advanced knowledge on the characteristics of the local soils, which is extremely important to guarantee the sustainability of any aquaculture operation. These data can help minimize the environmental impacts of the process, while maximizing the economic returns to the installation of an aquaculture operation.

Application of Ground-Penetrating Radar with the Logging Data Constraint in the Detection of Fractured Rock Mass in Dazu Rock Carvings, Chongqing, China

Geologic interpretation results from conventional ground-penetrating radar (GPR) detection methods tend to have a certain degree of uncertainty. In order to improve the reliability of ground-penetrating radars in the detection of rock mass fissures in grottoes, this study proposes a ground-penetrating radar detection method with the logging data constraint, which is applied to detect the fractured rock mass in the Baodingshan Scenic Area of Dazu Rock Carvings, Chongqing, China. First, conventional logging and borehole televiewer data were compared and verified, yielding detailed lithological and wellbore fissure information. Next, electromagnetic wave velocity was calibrated using GPR profile and the depth of the stratigraphic interface determined by borehole data. Utilizing this calibrated velocity, we are able to accurately calculate the depth values of anomalies in GPR interpretation profiles. Subsequently, we compared the preliminary GPR interpretation profile with the borehole televiewer images. After eliminating false anomalies caused by interference, we obtained more reliable location information for detection targets such as fissures, fracture zones, and weak interlayers. The results of fissure detection in the Dazu Rock Carvings indicate that the detection results of ground-penetrating radar are verified and supplemented under the constraints of stratigraphic and well-wall fissure information obtained by logging. This effectively mitigates the influence of multiplicity and false anomalies of GPR detection on interpretation results. GPR with the logging data constraint enhances the accuracy of the fissure detection results, providing novel technical means for the protection and restoration of grotto relics.

Directional and High-Gain Ultra-Wideband Bow-Tie Antenna for Ground-Penetrating Radar Applications

Bow-tie antennas are utilized extensively in ground-penetrating radar (GPR) systems. In order to achieve sufficient penetration depth and resolution, the bow-tie antennas for GPR applications require low operating frequency, high gain, and excellent broadband. A novel ultra-wideband (UWB) bow-tie antenna with gain enhancement for GPR applications is proposed in this paper. First, a UWB bow-tie antenna with resistive loading is designed. The metal reflector and metamaterial loading make the bow-tie antenna directional, and loading the same metamaterial on the front side of the antenna further improves directional gain. After testing, the lowest frequency of the fabricated antenna is 317 MHz, the relative bandwidth is 98.6%, the peak gain in the frequency range is 9.3 dBi, and the size is only 0.38 λ at the lowest frequency. The proposed compact antenna takes both gain and bandwidth into consideration. Finally, in order to further verify the effectiveness of the proposed antenna in the GPR system, a stepped frequency continuous wave ground-penetrating radar (SFCW-GPR) system was built. The experimental results show that the designed antenna is suitable for the GPR system of deep penetration and high-resolution detection, which is beneficial to the imaging of underground structures.

Composite Dielectric Model for Cement Concrete Considering Water Saturation

Water has a significant impact on the dielectric constant of materials. As a multiphase composite material, the effect of water content must be taken into account when modeling the composite dielectric of cement concrete. Cement concrete traditionally has been thought of as a three-phase mixed material consisting of mortar, aggregate (limestone), and pores (air). Water was used as a constituent material of cement concrete in this paper, and its content was described in terms of water saturation. By abstracting the components of cement concrete into independent medium units and arranging them according to certain rules, the four-phase mixing model of cement concrete can be established. To investigate the effect of water, the dielectric constant of cement concrete was measured using a network analyzer at various water saturation levels. The experimental results show that water significantly can enhance the dielectric constant of cement concrete, and this effect is related to porosity: the higher the water saturation, the faster the dielectric constant increases. According to the established concrete four-phase mixed model, combined with the parallel plate capacitor theory, a composite dielectric model considering water saturation was developed which can improve the prediction accuracy under different water saturation conditions and provide a foundation for the application of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in the quality inspection of cement concrete pavement.

Ground-Penetrating Radar and Electromagnetic Induction: Challenges and Opportunities in Agriculture

Information on the spatiotemporal variability of soil properties and states within the agricultural landscape is vital to identify management zones supporting precision agriculture (PA). Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques have been applied to assess soil properties, states, processes, and their spatiotemporal variability. This paper reviews the fundamental operating principles of GPR and EMI, their applications in soil studies, advantages and disadvantages, and knowledge gaps leading to the identification of the difficulties in integrating these two techniques to complement each other in soil data studies. Compared to the traditional methods, GPR and EMI have advantages, such as the ability to take non-destructive repeated measurements, high resolution, being labor-saving, and having more extensive spatial coverage with geo-referenced data within agricultural landscapes. GPR has been widely used to estimate soil water content (SWC) and water dynamics, while EMI has broader applications such as estimating SWC, soil salinity, bulk density, etc. Additionally, GPR can map soil horizons, the groundwater table, and other anomalies. The prospects of GPR and EMI applications in soil studies need to focus on the potential integration of GPR and EMI to overcome the intrinsic limitations of each technique and enhance their applications to support PA. Future advancements in PA can be strengthened by estimating many soil properties, states, and hydrological processes simultaneously to delineate management zones and calculate optimal inputs in the agricultural landscape.

English

An ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is designed, which is fed by a coplanar waveguide along with Dielectric ResonatorAntenna (DRA) is discussed. The patch of ultra-high-frequency antenna structure comprises many full circles and half circles, rearranging the two focal point orientation and dimension of radius such that the antenna works in ultra-wideband frequency range and a rectangular slot in the middle of the antenna patch to change the orientation of current distribution. The antenna is resonating at 8.9GHz with a reflection coefficient (S11) of -15.39dB, Gain is negative at resonating frequency, and Polarization at resonating frequency is linear. The proposed antenna is designed by mounting Cylindrical Dielectric Resonating Antenna (CDRA) on the rectangular slot made on the patch. By mounting a cylindrical DRA structure on the patch, the antenna is resonating at 3.6 GHz with a reflection coefficient (S11) value - 22.54dB, achieving a Gain of 3.44dB at resonating frequency. The Polarization achieved by placing cylindrical DRA is circular Polarization which is more useful in Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) applications. The proposed antenna is practically designed, and performance characteristics are measured and verified with simulation results.

A Novel Compact Ultra-Wideband Frequency-Selective Surface-Based Antenna for Gain Enhancement Applications

This article presents a compact ultra-wideband (UWB) circular monopole antenna with a frequency-selective surface (FSS) for gain enhancement. The proposed antenna has a circular patch with circular cuts at the edges and is excited by a microstrip feed. The bottom plane is truncated and further modified by two triangular cuts at the sides and one rectangular cut in the middle to improve the radiation characteristics of the UWB antenna. The antenna is designed on an FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm, a relative permittivity of 4.3, and planner dimensions of 30 mm × 30 mm. To improve the proposed antenna’s gain, an FSS is designed that consists of periodic unit cells of metal printed on the upper layer of an FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 0.11λ × 0.11λ at the lowest operating frequency of 3.3 GHz. The FSS shows a very low transmission coefficient and linearly reducing reflection phase with increasing frequency over a frequency range of 3.3–10.8 GHz. The gain of the proposed antenna is increased from 3 dB to 8.1 dB at 9 GHz by placing the antenna on the FSS. Moreover, the prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated, and the experimental results are measured, which show close agreements with simulated results. The FSS-based antenna has directional radiation patterns, making it a potential candidate for ground-penetrating radar and UWB applications.

Creation of the first UXO detection test site in Slovakia at the Rohožník military training range

In the development of geophysical methods for unexploded ordnance detection, a very important role is played by UXO test sites, where known ordnance and other explosive/nonexplosive items are buried in the ground at defined positions. At such sites, various detection methods can be compared, developed and tested. Based on a cooperation between the Department of Applied Geophysics (Comenius University), Institute of Forensic Science (Slovak Ministry of Interior) and Rohožník military training range a project was performed, which was focused on the creation of the first UXO detection test site in Slovakia. It was restricted to one type of ordnance – inert tank projectiles with diameter of 100 mm. These were buried in the ground at different depths and with different orientations. Data acquisition mapping the test site was performed from the ground surface, using total field intensity magnetometers, vertical difference magnetometers and ground penetrating radar (GPR). Data acquired from all methods were processed, interpreted and archived for future reference. Most of the items were readily detected by each of the detection sensors used but the deepest items at the least favourable orientation exceeded the detection limit of the magnetometers trialled with total field performing better than the vertical gradiometers. For the application of GPR, this site was found to have favourable soil conductivity conditions permitting even the deepest items to be detected when favourably oriented. Vertical orientation presenting the smallest reflective cross-section was least favourable with some shallow items escaping detection. The most accurate depth estimations for detectable items were obtained from GPR data presented as 2D non-migrated vertical sections. Geophysical data sets acquired at seeded test sites such as the one now established at the Rohožník military training range can provide important base-line data for comparison from which development of new detection and data interpretation technologies can be evaluated.

A Critical Review and Bibliometric Analysis on Applications of Ground Penetrating Radar in Science Based on Web of Science Database

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is an established technology with a wide range of applications for civil engineering, geological research, archaeological studies, and hydrological practices. In this regard, this study applies bibliometric and scientometric assessment to provide a systematic review of the literature on GPR-related research. This study reports the publication trends, sources of publications and subject categories, cooperation of countries, productivity of authors, citations of publications, and clusters of keywords in GPR-related research. The Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) and the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), which can be accessed through the Web of Science Core Collection, are used as references. The findings report that the number of publications is 6880 between 2001 and 2021. The number of annual publications has increased significantly, from 139 in 2001 to 576 in 2021. The studies are published in 894 journals, and the annual number of active journals increased from 68 in 2001 to 215 in 2021. Throughout the study, the number of subject categories involved in GPR-related research fluctuated, ranging from 38 in 2001 to 68 in 2021. The research studies originated from 118 countries on 6 continents, where the United States and the People’s Republic of China led the research articles. The top five most common keywords are ground-penetrating radar, non-destructive testing, geophysics, electrical resistivity tomography, and radar. After investigating the clusters of keywords, it is determined that civil engineering, geological research, archaeological studies, and hydrological practices are the four main research fields incorporating GPR utilization. This study offers academics and practitioners an in-depth review of the latest research in GPR research as well as a multidisciplinary reference for future studies.

Estimating local surface glacier mass balance from migration of the 1918 Katla eruption tephra layer on Sléttjökull, southern Iceland

Abstract We use the apparent horizontal shift of an englacial tephra layer outcrop to calculate local glacier mass balance on Sléttjökull, a lobe of Mýrdalsjökull in Southern Iceland. For this approach, the dipping angle of the englacial tephra layer in the glacier upstream of the outcrop and the flow velocity of the ice need to be known. An earlier investigation was expanded by the application of ground-penetrating radar, detecting the depth of the tephra along tracks with a total length of 10 km. Interpolation between the tracks enables us to derive the dipping angle of the layer along several flow lines. Together with glacier surface velocities, determined from feature tracking, we are able to estimate the local surface mass balance from the horizontal displacement of the tephra outcrop using freely available satellite imagery without additional fieldwork. The earlier local balance series was extended to the period 2014/15 to 2019/20. Although the results for the individual profiles differ slightly from each other, they show the same temporal pattern and clear variations from year to year. The results are compared to traditional mass-balance data from Hofsjökull. The two series show a good agreement in their interannual variability.

Theoretical Derivation of and Experimental Investigations into the Dielectric Properties Modeling of Concrete

Investigations into the dielectric properties of concrete form the basis for concrete quality testing and condition monitoring of internal structures when using ground penetrating radar (GPR). The formula used to describe the quantitative relationship between the dielectric properties of composite materials and the dielectric constant and volumetric ratio of each component is known as a dielectric model. In this study, a new dielectric model was deduced from circuit theory on the basis of structural abstraction to calculate the dielectric permittivities of concrete. To validate the applicability and accuracy of the proposed model, because concrete consists of matrix (cement mortar), aggregates (limestone), and air, the dielectric traits of concrete and its components were acquired using an open-ended coaxial probe. Compared with the Brown model, complex refractive index method (CRIM) model, Looyenga model, and Rayleigh model (i.e., the classical models), the results showed that among overall predictions of concrete dielectric constants, the proposed model has the greatest accuracy, because the theoretical results matched the test results more closely. This indicates that the proposed model can better interpret the dielectric properties of concrete, which lays the groundwork for future research into the application of GPR to the nondestructive testing and evaluation of concrete pavement.

A dual-band antireflection metasurface for air-ground impedance matching in ground penetrating radar

In ground-penetrating radar (GPR) detection, the impedance mismatch between air and the material under tested (MUT) creates a strong reflection at the air-ground interface. It substantially restricts the GPR’s detecting depth by reducing the electromagnetic energy fed into the ground. This paper describes a dual-band antireflection metasurface for an air-ground impedance matching layer (IML) with central frequencies of 1.0 GHz and 2.5 GHz. Its dual-band feature relies on two distinct inner and outer closed resonant ring topologies. The destructive interference theory instructs the design and optimization of the proposed IML. Through simulation and experiment, the dual-band IML can adequately eliminate reflection at the air-ground interface and enhance transmission from the air to the MUT for GPR applications. Real-world GPR experiments demonstrate that a hazy basement interface is clearer when IML is positioned at the ground’s surface. Owing to the passive and electrically thin properties of IML, the proposed approach offers a feasible impedance matching solution for GPR and through-wall radar detection. Moreover, it also has application potential in multi-band GPR and can be extended to microwave and millimeter-wave imaging systems.

The Mapping of Road Pavement Structure around the Seismically Active Regions by Using Ground Penetrating Radar

The Banda Aceh-Sigli Road has become the central infrastructure in connecting the capital city of Aceh province with other districts. In some places, the road construction was in rice fields dominated by high sedimentation areas. The Aceh also has the Great Sumatran Fault, which has caused many earthquakes and damaged public infrastructure, including roads. The density of the soil structure as an infrastructure buffer needs to be observed before road damage can endanger the community. This study aimed to apply Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) as a non-destructive method that detects subsurface conditions based on permittivity parameters. The method is measured using the IDS Georadar Opera Duo instrument, which operates with a frequency of 250 MHz and 750 MHz for a penetration depth of 4 m, which is measured on eight intersecting tracks, where two profiles have a length of 110 m measured in the direction of the road segment and five tracks with a length of 11 m is measured by a cross. GresWin2 software is used for optimal analysis and modeling of 2D radargram. The radargram model describes a subsurface structure consisting of three layers, where the first layer with a depth of 0 – 0.25 m is asphalt, and the second and d layer with a depth of 0.25 – 0.75 m was identified as the base course layer. In comparison, the third layer is interpreted as a sub base course layer at a depth of 0.75 - 4 m below. The analysis results also show a linearly damaged road structure with high propagation speed and large wave amplitude. Therefore, based on data processing, it can be concluded that the application of GPR is a non-destructive, fast, and economical method for evaluating road structures.