Application Of Green Chemistry Principles Research Articles

Application of Green Chemistry Principles in University Polymer Chemistry Laboratory Teaching

Application of Green Chemistry Principles in University Polymer Chemistry Laboratory Teaching

Eco-friendly HPLC method by using response surface design to measure a combination of three antidiabetic drugs

Abstract In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the application of green chemistry principles in analytical chemistry. One of the key factors affecting the environmental sustainability of analytical methods is the choice of solvent. In this particular study, a two-factor, three-level response surface design was employed to develop an environmentally friendly chromatographic technique for a mixture of metformin, glimepiride, and pioglitazone. Ethanol, which is known to be harmless to the environment, was chosen as the organic modifier in the mobile phase. The separation of the mixture was achieved using a phosphate buffer solution (pH 3) mixed with ethanol (30:70 v/v). The linearity of the developed method covered a concentration of metformin of 10–120 µg·mL−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998, glimepiride of 0.1–20 µg·mL−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997, and pioglitazone of 1–50 µg·mL−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. To evaluate the environmental friendliness of the developed method, two assessment tools were employed: The Analytical GREEnness metric and Green Analytical Procedure Index. The results revealed that the developed method performed exceptionally well in terms of its eco-friendliness. Furthermore, the developed method was compared to other reported methods in terms of both accuracy and environmental sustainability. The results demonstrated that the developed method serves as an excellent alternative to well-established techniques for the separation and quantification of the analyzed mixture. Overall, this study highlights the importance of integrating green chemistry principles into analytical chemistry practices.

Green Chemistry as a Driver for Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry

AbstractThe application of green chemistry principles is foundational in the route section and route development for active pharmaceutical ingredients at Amgen. In this perspective we present several examples where the application of concepts like atom economy, solvent minimization, reagent optimization, synthetic convergence, reduced energy use, real‐time analysis and strong safety focus have contributed to the development of processes that are significantly greener and more environmentally friendly that the corresponding starting points. The selected examples span different levels of molecular complexity, and many of the presented examples have been reduced to practice on significant scale.

Students attitude towards green chemistry and its application

Green chemistry is one of efforts to minimize the dangerous during preparation, reaction and the product of its reaction in daily life, then the application of green chemistry will be important especially among chemistry students. This study aims at analysing students’ attitude towards green chemistry and its application in everyday life. Questionnaires distributed to 190 respondents. The questionnaires gathered information on students’ opinion on green chemistry and its application in everyday life. The result indicated that most of students agree with the application of green chemistry principles, but on several principles it is known that some respondents still think it is impossible or do not want to apply it in chemistry experiments or everyday life. It can be implied that lecturers should be pay attention more to some emphasis if they want to introduce the application of green chemistry principles in teaching and learning activities.

Design and synthesis of florylpicoxamid, a fungicide derived from renewable raw materials

The holistic application of Green Chemistry principles in the design and synthesis of the new broad-spectrum fungicide, florylpicoxamid, is described.

A rapid and green method for expedient multicomponent synthesis of N-substituted decahydroacridine-1,8-diones as potential antimicrobial agents

An efficient, green, high yielding, and quick method for the synthesis of N-substituted decahydroacridine-1,8-diones was achieved by multicomponent reaction between various aromatic aldehydes (1a–q), dimedone (2), and various aromatic amines (2a–d) using ChCl:Urea deep eutectic solvent as a recyclable organocatalyst and medium. The reaction conditions are relatively mild and do not require additional metals, acid catalysts, or organic solvents. The mild reaction conditions, experimental simplicity, straightforward purification procedures, excellent yields with short reaction times, as well as the application of green chemistry principles, are the advantages of this methodology. This simple ammonium deep eutectic solvent, easily synthesized from choline chloride and urea, is relatively inexpensive and biodegradable, making it applicable for industrial use. The deep eutectic solvent was easily separated and reused without loss of activity, and thus provides a good alternative. The synthesized 10-(substituted phenyl)-9-(substitutedphenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-3,4,6,7,9,10-hexahydroacridine-1,8 (2H,5H)-diones (4a–l) were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against four bacterial Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and three fungal strains (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus). Among them, the 9-(N,N-Dimethylphenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-10-(3-pyridyl)-3,4,6,7,9,10-hexahydroacridine-1,8(2H,5H)-dione (4f), 10-(4-Bromophenyl)-9-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-3,4,6,7,9,10-hexahydroacridine-1,8(2H,5H)-dione (4i) and 9-(4-Nitrophenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-10-phenyl-3,4,6,7,9,10-hexahydroacridine-1,8(2H,5H)-dione (4k) show good antimicrobial activity.

Fabrication of porous chitin membrane using ionic liquid and subsequent characterization and modelling studies

The application of green chemistry principles for the processing of biopolymers is a steadily increasing field of research. Chitin membranes were successfully prepared by using the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]) as solvent media. The resulting materials were thoroughly characterized, revealing that freeze drying produced membranes that were highly porous. The drying methods and the concentration of chitin used defined many of the membrane properties, such as mechanical strength, porosity, and water absorbency. From these data, an empirical model was generated which could be used to correlate the different membrane properties. The model could be used to predict the properties of the chitin membrane made with different wt% of chitin-IL solutions, and the predicted values aligned with the experimental results. This allowed for prediction of the properties of the chitin membrane (e.g., tensile strength) and gives the ability to tune the properties of the biomaterial. The methods and structures described here provide a starting point for the design and fabrication of a family of polysaccharide-based sustainable materials with potentially broad applicability.

Graduate Student Designed and Delivered: An Upper-Level Online Course for Undergraduates in Green Chemistry and Sustainability

Green chemistry and sustainability have garnered more awareness in the chemical industry in recent years, but green chemistry classes are still not commonplace for either the undergraduate or graduate student curriculum. Additionally, many departments are seeking avenues to reach greater numbers and types of learners through online courses. To address both needs, a small group of chemistry graduate students set out to design a 3-credit-hour upper-level online green chemistry course targeted at students most likely to apply green chemistry concepts in their future careers. The goals for the course included education in the basics of green chemistry (history, metrics, methodologies) along with opportunities to apply what they have learned and communicate it to a general audience. This process of developing modules and assessments for the discovery and application of green chemistry principles has enabled a supplementary education for the graduate students as well. Herein, the specific motivations of the gra...

Opportunities for Teaching Sustainable Development through the Chemistry Component of CAPS Physical Sciences

The realisation that education may, in part, have contributed to non-sustainable environmental practices warrants rethinking about what learners experience at school. One approach could involve the promotion of education for sustainable development (ESD). This study analysed the opportunities to integrate ESD presented by the chemistry component of the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) for physical sciences in South Africa. Environmental issues were used as an entry point for the analysis. The ESD conceptual framework for the study includes five pillars, i.e. social, economic, environmental, citizen skills and pedagogies pillars. An interpretive document analysis approach, using content analysis methods, constituted the study design. The document analysis revealed that the transformative nature of the general aims of the South African National Curriculum Statement is sympathetic to the inclusion of ESD. The contemporary environmental issues contained in the chemistry component of the syllabus present opportunities for integrating the social, citizen skills, pedagogical and, to a lesser extent, economic pillars of sustainable development into teaching and learning. One salient opportunity to promote ESD integrates the environmental and pedagogical pillars of sustainable development education through the application of green chemistry principles in practical work. It could not be established how instilling values and behaviours for sustainable development to achieve citizen skills could be incorporated into assessment practices. The study makes some recommendations and raises implications for further research.

Application of Ionic Liquid as a Green Solvent for Polyphenolics Content Extraction of Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth Herb

Objective: The aims of the study was to explore the application effect of ionic liquid as a green solvent in the polyphenolics content extraction from Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth herbs using 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide ([BMIM]Br) and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl). Methods: The polyphenolics content extraction was performed by using the ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction (IL-MAE) method with some extraction parameters, including extraction time, microwave power, ratio liquid-solid, and ionic liquid concentration. The yields of total polyphenolic content were examined using a microplate reader 96 well method, and the extraction mechanism was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: The results showed that the effect of ionic liquid on the yield of total polyphenolics content, including 18.287 μg GAE/g (0.7 mol/l [BMIM]Cl concentration, 14 ml/l liquid-solid ratio, and 270 Watts microwave power for 10 minutes), and 15.734 μg GAE/g (0.7 mol/l [BMIM] Br concentration, 14 ml/l liquid-solid ratio, and 270 Watts microwave power for 15 minutes), whereas the SEM demonstrated the extraction mechanism with significant physical changes in matrix sample after treatment using different solvents. Conclusion: Application of green chemistry principles using an ionic liquid as a green solvent for the polyphenolic extraction of P. pellucida herbs to be rapid, easy, and efficient. Key words: Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth, total polyphenolic content, ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction, 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride.

Teaching Green Chemistry with Epoxidized Soybean Oil

The synthesis of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) provides students a vantage point on the application of green chemistry principles in a series of experiments. Qualitative tests review the reactions of alkenes, whereas spectroscopic analyses provide insight in monitoring functional group transformations.

Simplified Application of Material Efficiency Green Metrics to Synthesis Plans: Pedagogical Case Studies Selected from Organic Syntheses

This paper presents a simplified approach for the application of material efficiency metrics to linear and convergent synthesis plans encountered in organic synthesis courses. Computations are facilitated and automated using intuitively designed Microsoft Excel spreadsheets without invoking abstract mathematical formulas. The merits of this approach include (a) direct application of green chemistry principles to synthesis planning; (b) strongly linking green metrics calculations and synthesis strategy; (c) pinpoint identification of strengths and weaknesses of any synthesis plan’s material efficiency performance using effective visual aids; (d) in-depth quantitative and qualitative critiquing of synthesis plan performance and strategy; and (e) giving opportunities to students to offer insightful suggestions to improve or “green up” published procedures based on their growing personal database of chemical reactions as they continue their education in chemistry. An extensive database of over 600 examples ta...

An environmentally benign antimicrobial nanoparticle based on a silver-infused lignin core.

Silver nanoparticles have antibacterial properties, but their use has been a cause for concern because they persist in the environment. Here, we show that lignin nanoparticles infused with silver ions and coated with a cationic polyelectrolyte layer form a biodegradable and green alternative to silver nanoparticles. The polyelectrolyte layer promotes the adhesion of the particles to bacterial cell membranes and, together with silver ions, can kill a broad spectrum of bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and quaternary-amine-resistant Ralstonia sp. Ion depletion studies have shown that the bioactivity of these nanoparticles is time-limited because of the desorption of silver ions. High-throughput bioactivity screening did not reveal increased toxicity of the particles when compared to an equivalent mass of metallic silver nanoparticles or silver nitrate solution. Our results demonstrate that the application of green chemistry principles may allow the synthesis of nanoparticles with biodegradable cores that have higher antimicrobial activity and smaller environmental impact than metallic silver nanoparticles.

Knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of secondary school students on renewable feedstocks/biomass: the case of Greece

Green Chemistry is a new approach of chemistry that aims to satisfy the global concerns and demand for sustainability. Green Chemistry is guided by twelve very specific principles of chemical practice. Among them, the seventh one promotes the use of renewable raw materials and feedstock, such as biomass. The widespread application of Green Chemistry principles in everyday life can be achieved by incorporating its paradigm into simple experiments and activities at regular school courses. Thus, an exploration of the students’ background is required. The aim of this study is to provide baseline data on Greek student’s knowledge, beliefs and attitudes related to the seventh Green Chemistry principle namely the use of renewable feedstocks, in order to facilitate introduction of appropriate provision in the school curricula and practice in Greece. Our results indicate that there is a serious knowledge gap among secondary school students regarding the main biomass formation mechanism and the connection of biomass to the global food supply in addition to the almost complete lack of knowledge of the main Green Chemistry principles. Regarding their attitudes, students are positive towards the use of biomass and express a very strong will to be environmentally informed. A logical conclusion of our research is that the development of relevant material that will focus on the application of Green Chemistry principles in everyday life in combination with a training of a core group of educators could be considered as the first steps towards the introduction of Green Chemistry principles in the secondary education system of Greece.

The use of ionic liquids in the processing of chitosan/silk hydrogels for biomedical applications

Natural polymers are adequate renewable resources for the processability of well-defined architectures for several applications. Combinations of polysaccharides and proteins may mimic the naturally occurring environment of certain tissues. The main goal of this work renders the application of green chemistry principles, namely the use of ionic liquids (ILs) and biorenewable sources, such as chitosan (CHT) and silk fibroin (SF), to process new hydrogel-based constructs. Although the solubilization of both materials in ILs has been studied individually, this work reports, for the first time, the role of ILs as solvent, for the production of hydrogels from blends of chitosan and silk fibroin (CSF). These systems offer the advantage of being homogeneous and presenting easy and short dissolution time of both biomacromolecules. Moreover, the use of chitosan obtained from α- and β-chitin allowed the production of blended hydrogels with distinct physical–chemical properties. In vitro assays demonstrated that these hydrogels supported the adhesion and growth of primary human dermal fibroblasts. Taken these properties together, the CSF hydrogels might be promising biomaterials to be explored for skin tissue engineering approaches.

Green Aspects of Techniques for the Determination of Currently Used Pesticides in Environmental Samples

Pesticides are among the most dangerous environmental pollutants because of their stability, mobility and long-term effects on living organisms. Their presence in the environment is a particular danger. It is therefore crucial to monitor pesticide residues using all available analytical methods. The analysis of environmental samples for the presence of pesticides is very difficult: the processes involved in sample preparation are labor-intensive and time-consuming. To date, it has been standard practice to use large quantities of organic solvents in the sample preparation process; but as these solvents are themselves hazardous, solvent-less and solvent-minimized techniques are becoming popular. The application of Green Chemistry principles to sample preparation is primarily leading to the miniaturization of procedures and the use of solvent-less techniques, and these are discussed in the paper.

Supercritical CO 2 impregnation of lactulose on chitosan: A comparison between scaffolds and microspheres form

Nowadays, the application of green chemistry principles in the production of new polymeric materials is receiving an increasing attention. In the present work, we have investigated the impregnation of chitosan with lactulose using supercritical fluids under various operating conditions, in order to improve the solubility of this natural polymer at neutral or basic pH. A comparison between chitosan scaffolds and microspheres is also presented; both chitosans were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The degree of impregnation was evaluated by quantitative gas chromatography (GC-FID) analysis and interactions chitosan–lactulose by ninhydrin method. The supercritical carbon dioxide impregnation proved to be feasible for both chitosan forms. The highest impregnation yield (8.6%) was obtained for chitosan scaffolds using the following impregnation parameters: continuous process, 60 min contact time, 14% (v/v) of co-solvent ethanol:water (95:5), depressurization rate equal to 3.3 bar/min, 100 bar of pressure and 100 °C. Under these conditions, Maillard reaction also occurred.

Green processing of porous chitin structures for biomedical applications combining ionic liquids and supercritical fluid technology

The application of green chemistry principles in the processing of materials for advanced technologies is a steadily increasing field of research. In this work porous chitin-based materials were developed by combining the processing of chitin using ionic liquids (ILs) as a green solvent together with the use of supercritical fluid technology (SCF) as clean technology. Chitin was dissolved in 1-butyl-3-imidazolium acetate, followed by regeneration of the polymer in ethanol in specific moulds. The IL was removed using Soxhlet extraction and successive steps of extraction with SCF using carbon dioxide/ethanol ratios of 50/50 and 70/30. The developed porous chitin-based structures (ChIL) can be classified as mesoporous materials, with very low density and high porosity. The cytotoxicity of ChIL extracts was investigated using L929 fibroblast-like cells, and the results demonstrated that the produced materials have extremely low cytotoxicity levels. Therefore, the findings suggest that the porous chitin structures may be potential candidates for a number of biomedical applications, including tissue engineering.

Microwave-assisted synthesis using ionic liquids

The research and application of green chemistry principles have led to the development of cleaner processes. In this sense, during the present century an ever-growing number of studies have been published describing the use of ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents, catalysts, or templates to develop more environmentally friendly and efficient chemical transformations for their use in both academia and industry. The conjugation of ILs and microwave irradiation as a non-conventional heating source has shown evident advantages when compared to conventional synthetic procedures for the generation of fast, efficient, and environmental friendly synthetic methodologies. This review focuses on the advances in the use of ILs in organic, polymers and materials syntheses under MW irradiation conditions.

Cocrystal Controlled Solid-State Synthesis. A Green Chemistry Experiment for Undergraduate Organic Chemistry

Green chemistry has become an important area of concern for all chemists from practitioners in the pharmaceutical industry to professors and the students they teach and is now being incorporated into lectures of general and organic chemistry courses. However, there are relatively few green chemistry experiments that are easily incorporated into these undergraduate courses and clearly demonstrate the application of green chemistry principles. Experiments are described that can be adapted to a typical undergraduate organic chemistry course easily and are inexpensive, relatively safe, require no solvent (or extremely small quantities of solvent), have high atom economy, make use of non-toxic or low toxicity compounds, and generate negligible quantities of waste. The experiments can be accomplished through the use of a new technique known as cocrystal controlled solid-state synthesis, C3S3. The method not only represents an area of current high activity in the scientific research community but also exposes students to the actual practice and application of green chemistry.