Application Of Fertilizer Doses Research Articles

Effect of doses fertilizer and harvest interval on the intensity of leaf spot diseases, production and quality of citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus L.) essential oils in ultisols soil

Until now, Indonesia is still a world exporter of essential oils, including citronella oil. So that the role of farming communities in the development of Indonesia's essential oil industry is very helpful. For this reason, a study was carried out on response of fertilization and harvest interval on the intensity of leaf spot diseases of citronella grass, and productivity in ultisols soil which was carried out from October 2020 to September 2022. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design in factorial with 9 treatments, as the first factor is 3 levels of an organic fertilizer (NPK); P1 = 25 g clumps −1, P2 = 37.5 g clumps −1 and P3 = 50 g clumps −1. The second factor is the harvest interval with three levels which is 4 = harvest interval once every 4 months, 3 = harvest interval every 3 months and 2 = harvest interval once every 2 months, repeated three times. Each treatment plot consisted of 24 clumps with a plant spacing of 1 × 1 × 1 m. Varieties used is Serai wangi 1. Parameters observed were intensity of leaf spot diseases, vegetative growth, livestock production, oil production, quality analysis and R/C ratio. The results showed that there was an effect of fertilizer doses and harvest intervals on the development of leaf spot disease. It was seen that at the application of fertilizer doses of 37.5 g clumps −1 with harvest intervals once every three months showed the lowest disease attacks, namely on Cuvularia sp and Pestalotia sp (5.98%, 5.42% and 7.98 %, 7.44 %). In addition, the development of vegetative growth is also influenced by the application of fertilizer doses and harvest intervals on the parameters of canopy width, plant height, leaf length, leaf width and number of tillers. The best fertilizer dose is 37.50 g clump −1 successively (175.40 cm, 172.29 cm, 113.62 cm, 2.36 cm and 119.59 stems), with harvest intervals every 3 months (179.40 cm, 187.29 cm, 119.44 cm, 2.45 cm and 120.00 stems), as well as fresh leaves production tons/ha/year and oil production kg/ha/year the best is the application of fertilizer doses of 37.50 g clumps−1 with harvest intervals once every 3 months (67.81 tons−ha-year and 578.61 kg−ha- year,with, 67.40 tons–ha-th and 517.60 kg–ha-th). For oil quality, numerically, the application of fertilizer at a dose of 37.50 g of clump −1 with harvest intervals every 3 months is still high. The proper R/C ratio for farming occurs in the 2 nd year by administering a fertilizer dose of 37.50 g clump−1 and harvesting intervals once every 3 months with an increase of 116.67%. So, the citronella grass variety Serai wangi 1 can be developed on ultisol soil types by applying an organic fertilizer (NPK).

The The Effect of Nutrients (N and P) and Hormone (IAA) Application on the Growth of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Plagiotrope Cuttings

To support the successful propagation of cocoa plagiotrope cuttings, nutrients (N and P) and hormone (IAA) are applied to increase plant growth. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the provision of nutrients (N and P) and hormone (IAA) on the growth of cocoa plagiotrope cuttings. The experiment was carried out factorial with the basic pattern of Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and was repetitively replications by three times. The first factor was the dose of urea (N) and SP-36 (P) which consisted of 3 levels, such as P0 (0 g/polybag urea and 0 g/polybag SP-36), P1 (3,5 g/polybag urea and 2,5 g/polybag SP-36), and P2 (7 g/polybag urea and 5 g/polybag SP-36). The second factor was the concentration of IAA which consisted of 5 levels, such as I0 (0 ppm), I1 (50 ppm), I2 (100 ppm), I3 (150 ppm), and I4 (200 ppm). The results showed (1) the interaction between the application of the nutrients (N and P) and hormone (IAA) had no significant effect on all observed variables except the number of leaves, where the best treatment combination was the application of fertilizer doses of 0 g/polybag urea + 0 g/polybag SP-36 and IAA concentration of 100 ppm (P0I2) (2) application of the nutrients (N and P) with dose of P1 increased seedling growth on all observed variables except the number of leaves, shoot diameter, and shoot length (3) application of IAA with concentration of I1 increased seedlings growth, that is the number of primary roots/cuttings and shoot length.

Effect of fertigation on growth and yield on Chilli hybrid Arka Meghana

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of fertigation on chilli F1 Hybrid Arka Meghana during kharif of 2017 and 2018, with ten treatments, including different doses, sources of fertilizers and its frequency of application, in randomized block design with three replications. The pooled analysis revealed that application of fertilizer dose (125:100:125 kg N: P2O5: K2O ha-1) through fertigation on bi-weekly basis resulted in higher plant height (76.3 cm) at 80 days after transplanting, which was on par with the same dose and source applied at weekly interval (74.0 cm). These two treatments recorded higher fruit length (12.63 and 12.27 cm), number of fruits per plant (153.33 and 169.67) and dry weight of 10 fruits (9.00 and 8.63 g), respectively. All the fertigation treatments recorded higher yields over the conventional soil application of fertilizers to the tune of 14.84 to 61.55%. Among the fertigation treatments, application of 100% of fertilizer dose using water soluble fertilizers at bi-weekly interval resulted in significantly higher yield (32.44 t ha-1) compared to all treatments except the treatment where the weekly application of same dose of fertilizer through the same sources (31.81 t ha-1) and 75% of 125:100:125 kg N: P2O5: K2O ha-1 was applied weekly or bi-weekly intervals (29.23 and 30.01 t ha-1). Biweekly and weekly application of 100% fertilizer dose of 125:100:125 kg N: P2O5: K2O ha-1 through fertigation could yield maximum net income (Rs. 400151 and Rs. 387551 ha-1) with B: C (1.61 and 1.56). However, fertilizer applied to soil resulted in minimum net income of Rs.183054 ha-1 and B: C (0.84).

Issues of forming yields and improving the quality of green fodder based on winter barley

The effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of green fodder based on winter barley was studied to identify optimal cultivation methods. The research was carried out in 2018–2020 on low-humus heavy-clay drained leached chernozems of Adygea. Double disking at 12–16 cm was used on five backgrounds of fertilizer application: 1. Control sample (0.0 kg/ha a.s.). 2. Background N24Р104 (128 kg/ha a.s.). 3. Background + N30 (158 kg/ha a.s.). 4. Background + N45 (173 kg/ha a.s.). 5. Background + N60 (188 kg/ha a.s.). The formation of productivity took place under conditions of nutritional deficiency. Nitrogen yield was 128.3–303.7; phosphorus yield- 43.7–48.9; potassium yield – 100.9–335.1 kg/ha. It was established that The average yield was established to vary from 3.9 to 15.2 t/ha. The effectiveness of fertilizers was noted. Reliable increases in yield were obtained (1.2–10.5 t/ha, NSR05 1.4–2.4 t/ha). A significant degree of dependence of the crude protein content was revealed (r 0.5; R2 0.29; increase in 14.5–21.2%), a strong correlation of digestible protein (r 0.719; R2 0.517; 12.4–18.2%) and crude fiber (r 0.96; R2 0.92; 23.6–34.8%) from increasing fertilizer standards. It was established that application of fertilizer dose of 188 kg/ha a.is. (N24P104 + N60), using a resource-saving method of soil cultivation, made it possible to obtain the highest level of yield for the varieties of Romance – 15.2 t/ha, Dobrynya – 14.7 t/ha, Kondrat – 14.2 t/ha, Carioca – 7.4 t/ha. This cultivation method was the most optimal and expedient economically and energetically. The payback of 1 kilo of a.s. of fertilizers with grass mixture yield was the highest: 56.5; 45.2; 50.4; 20.2 kg, with increase: 15930; 12750; 22 140; 5700 rub. Reduced energy intensity of the varieties of Dobrynya 2.35 – 1.7; Kondrat 3.11 – 1.84; Romance 3.10 – 1.74 GJ/t, indicated the effectiveness of cultivation techniques.

Evaluation of Rice Varieties Under Different Crop Management Options in Rainfed and Drought Prone Ecology of Jharkhand

Rice is the life and livelihood of Indians and the fact is more appropriate to the eastern part of the country. Rainfed and drought prone upland rice contributes a significant part of the total rice cultivation not only in India but also at the global level. However, the productivity is very low as compared to other rice-ecosystems. Hybrids were released from many institutions having several advantages and limitations. Comparative evaluation of rice hybrids and high yielding varieties (HYVs) under transplanting and direct seeding conditions is necessary to obtain a comparative picture. A field trial was conducted for three consecutive years to compare HYVs and popular hybrids under integrated crop management in drought prone rainfed ecology. Results of the experiment revealed that higher number of tillers were noted under wet-direct seeding, whereas increased application of fertilizer dose did not influence tillering under both direct seeding (DSR) and transplanting methods of crop establishment. Number of panicles per unit area also showed similar trend as tiller number and it was found that number of panicles were more in DSR as compared to transplanted rice. Grain yield between the transplanted and DSR is comparable, however, reduction in yield was higher in case of hybrids when switched from transplanted to DSR as compared to HYVs. Hence, it can be concluded that, in the drought prone rainfed areas HYVs should be preferred for cultivation over hybrids under DSR as there is diminishing scope of transplanted rice cultivation.

Environmental protection aspects of corn mineral fertilizing on drained organic soils

Based on the results of the research, the orientation of the processes of forming the optimal nutrient regime on drained organic soils under corn for grain was determined by establishing scientifcally based doses of mineral fertilizers, depending on the methods that take into account the characteristics of these soils and methodological approaches to determine the doses of mineral fertilizers in the conditions of feld stationary experiment on drained organic soils of the floodplain of the Supii River. It was established that the application of mineral fertilizers leads to the strengthening of mineralization processes, which rises with increasing doses of fertilizers, which, in turn, leads to the accumulation of nutrients that affect the yield of cultivated crops and their migration into drainage waters. The increase in the content of nitrogen (N-NO3, N-НН4) and phosphorus (P2O5) compounds in drained organic soil are caused by both organic matter mineralization and mixing of vivianite and freshwater shells layers with peat soil, which causes an intensive oxidation process in the combined with CaСО 3 compounds, and as a result, organic matter decomposes into a partially humic complex of organic and mineral substances. Available for corn consumption nutrients further accumulate in the soil. The highest yield of corn per grain (8.34 t/ha) was obtained with the application of fertilizer doses based on the data of long-term studies (P45K120 with the addition of 2.0 l/ha of the combined preparation with the growth stimulator "Organic Balance"). The introduction of such doses of mineral fertilizers provides the greatest increase in yield per unit of applied fertilizers, and their leaching into drainage waters did not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations of water management objects for economic and cultural and domestic use. The use of justifed doses of fertilizers in corn crops ensures the highest yield with cost-effective costs per unit of production. It also takes into account the environmental aspects of mineral fertilizers, which prevent excessive leaching of biogenic substances into drainage waters, and, as a result, reduces the pollution of river waters. Key words: macrofertilizers, growth stimulator, calculation methods, fertilizers, organic soils, corn, ecology, productivity.

Improvement of frost tolerance in tomato by foliar application of potassium sulphate

The study aimed to determine the mean low-temperature exotherms (LTE) of the shoot tip of the Ömür F1, Cuma F1, Safir F1, VT-1770, Elibol F1, and Adelya F1 tomato cultivars and Yerli-14 and Yerli-24 local tomato genotypes. Moreover, this investigation intended to specify the most effective dose of potassium sulfate with its efficacy time by applying four different doses of potassium sulfate (K2SO4) foliar fertilizer on the most and least tolerant cultivar. The mean LTE of the shoot tip of seedlings was determined by using differential thermal analysis (DTA). In the second part of the study, 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% dosage of K2SO4 foliar fertilizer were applied on the least and most tolerant cultivars with the intent of identifying the most effective dose increasing frost tolerance. It was also stated how long the ideal fertilizer dosage would be effective. DTA method may be effectively used in the determination of frost tolerance in tomatoes. VT-1770 was found the most tolerant cultivar while Safir F1 was the least tolerant. In the study, 1% fertilizer dose was found the most effective dose among the 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% studied doses of K2SO4 foliar fertilizer after applying on Safir F1 and VT-1770 tomato seedlings. The dose of 1% K2SO4 fertilizer offered considerable frost resistance after 24 and 72 h later while slightly losing its efficacy after 120 h later as compared to each other after 1% application of fertilizer dose applied on Safir F1 and VT-1770 tomato seedlings. Present study revealed that the foliar application of K could be applied to enhancing frost tolerance in tomatoes.

Effect of Fertigation Using Different Rates and Sources of Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Under Open Field Condition

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of fertigation on the performance of cucumber variety ‘Vani’ at ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru during summer of 2015 and 2016. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications and consisted of ten treatments, which included different doses, sources of fertilizers and its frequency of application. The pooled analysis of two years data revealed that the application of fertilizer dose (75:56:75 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha-1) through fertigation using water soluble fertilizers on bi-weekly basis resulted in higher values for vine length (217.50 cm), leaves vine-1 (83.50), mean leaf area (167.67 cm2) and mean dry leaf weight (0.532 g) at 50 days after transplanting, which remained on par with the same dose and source applied at weekly interval. These two treatments i.e T3 and T7 recorded higher values for the number of fruits vine-1 (14.20 and 14.00), fruit length (19.75 and 20.75 cm), fruit girth (16.97 and 16.12 cm) and fruit weight (313.17 and 306.05 g). All the fertigation treatments recorded higher yields over the conventional soil application of fertilizers to the tune of 10.75 to 45.60 per cent. Among the fertigation treatments, application of 100 per cent of fertilizer dose using water soluble fertilizers at weekly interval resulted in significantly higher yield (69.50 t ha-1) compared to all treatments except the treatment where the bi-weekly application of the same dose of fertilizer through the same sources (69.20 t ha-1) was done. Application of 100 per cent fertilizer dose using water soluble fertilizers at weekly interval is the most efficient treatment for achieving economical cucumber fruit yield, economic return and saving water and mineral fertilizers.

Effect of land configuration and integrated nutrient management on growth, quality and yield of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) var. Prajwal

Present investigation was carried out to standardize the land configuration and nutrients for better quality and yield of tuberose (Polianthes tuberose L) spikes on heavy black soil of Navsari (Gujarat) during 2011-12 to 2013-14. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design having four levels of land configuration (main plot) and three levels of nutrients (sub plot).The results indicated that planting of tuberose bulbs in 3 rows on raised bed (90 cm width) recorded significantly early sprouting (21.73 days) with maximum sprouting percentage (98.28), plant height (65.10 cm), leaves/plant (76.79), leaf area (105.24 cm2), florets/spike (43.52), rachis length (32.38 cm), spike length (102.46cm), spike duration (16.00 days), vase life (13.55 days), spikes/plant (2.45), spikes/ha (188850.31), bulbs/plant (13.09), bulbs/ha (1030790) and bulblets/plant (29.11). In nutrient management, application of fertilizer dose (300:200:100NPK kg/ha/year) along with FYM @ 15 t/ha/year recorded early sprouting (23.15 days) with maximum sprouting percentage (96.04), plant height (63.44 cm), leaves/plant (71.16), leaf area (99.56 cm2), florets/spike (39.93), rachis length (30.99 cm), spike length (97.94 cm), spike duration (14.18 days) and vase life (12.07 days), spikes/plant (2.23), spikes/ha (195577.74), bulbs/ plant (10.63), bulbs/ha (928560.00) and bulblets/plant (28.83). Raised bed planting had favourable effect on growth and yield of tuberose as compared to ridge and furrow and flat bed planting.

Effect of nutrient management on productivity and economics of soybean

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2015 on silty clay loam soil at MPKV, Rahuri (MS), to study the varying nutrient management levels on productivity and economics of different soybean varieties. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with 15 combinations of three varieties (KDS-344, JS-9305 and KS-103) and five nutrient management levels ( GRDF, 75% GRDF + 0.5% foliar spray of grade IInd at 30 and 45 DAS, 100% GRDF + 0.5% foliar spray of grade IInd at 30 and 45 DAS, N4: 125% GRDF + 0.5% foliar spray of grade IInd at 30 and 45 DAS and 50:75:30 N, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1 + 5 tons FYM ha-1. The variety KDS-344 and application of nutrient management dose 125% GRDF + 0.5 Grade IInd foliar spray at 30 and 45 DAS recorded significantly the highest growth and yield attributes viz., plant height (cm), number of branches, number root of nodules, number of pod plant-1 and weight of seeds plant-1 (g). The variety KDS-344 recorded highest grain and stover (3.66 and 4.64 t /ha) yield and highest economic indices like cost of cultivation (40,623), net monetary returns (87355) and net returns per rupee invested (3.17). The grain yield (4.34 t/ha) and stover yield (4.53 t/ha) of soybean was significantly higher by application of fertilizer dose of 125% GRDF + 0.5% Grade IInd foliar spray at 30 and 45 DAS than rest of treatments, but it was also at par with 75% GRDF + 0.5 Grade IInd foliar spray at 30 and 45 DAS and 100% GRDF + 0.5% Grade IInd foliar spray at 30 and 45 DAS. Similarly, variety KDS-344 and application of nutrient levels of 75 % GRDF + 0.5 % Grade IInd foliar spray at 30 and 45 DAS recorded the highest net returns (82756) and net returns per rupee invested (3.24) in soybean due to reduce in cost of cultivation (36931) and nutrient losses.

Effect of nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of Kharif groundnut

Agronomic investigation was carried out to study the influence of nutrient management on growth yield and quality of Kharif groundnut. The results revealed that, the balanced nutrition through STCR equation proved its superiority by recording significantly maximum growth and yield attributes during both years. Application of fertilizer as per STCR (25 q ha -1 ) equation recorded maximum and significantly higher dry pod yield (23.08 and 24.49 q ha -1 ) than recommended dose of fertilized during both years. This indicates that, the application of fertilizer dose as per soil test crop response (STCR) equation achieved the yield target of 25 q ha -1 in Kharif groundnut with less than 10 per cent variation (-5.8 %). The maximum oil content (50.04 and 50.22%) was recorded under application of fertilizer dose as per soil test and maximum protein content (25.61 and 25.67%) was observed in fertilizer dose as per STCR equation and at par with fertilizer dose as per soil test during both the years. Application of fertilizer as per STCR equation to Kharif groundnut registered significantly higher total uptake of nitrogen (124.48, 126.58 kg ha -1 ), phosphorus, (25.93 and 25.97 kg ha -1 ) and potassium (77.53 and 78.92 kg ha -1 ) than rest of treatments.

Nitrogen Content of Hungarian Soils and Nitrogen Fertilization

For crop production and agricultural production, the most important natural resource is the soil that can optionally renew. Paralelly with this, soil plays a major role in the geological and biological cycle of elements. As a result of the big (geological) and small (biological) element cycles, the elements and combines neccessary for organisms can accumulate in the soil creating suitable living conditions for plants and other organisms. Soil is a heterogenous system both horizontally and vertically, and soil constituents show great variety in all the three dimensions, in addition, most of the parameters can also change between two examination dates. When talking about the factors influencing plant production, one should take into account this variation and heterogenity in time and space. When making fertilization recommendations, these factors should all be considered. In any consultation system, most of the mistakes and errors made are due to the unsatisfying soil testing and the negligence of soil heterogenity. In the practice of fertilization the biggest mistake is the improper soil sampling, then comes the methodical mistake of soil testing, which is followed by the inaccuracy of instrumental analysis and the subjectivity of result evaluation, but the latter two are negligible compared to the others. Under normal, i.e. production conditions, the quantity and distribution of nutrients in the soil are greatly dependent upon the applied technology, the amount and form of the applied natural and artificial fertilizers and the quality of fertilization.Fertilization recommendations are needed because in the layer which is accessible for plant roots only a part of the nutrient content is available for plants in a specific production cycle. An illustration of this is that though the upper 1 m layer of an average chernozem soil contains more than 5000 kg N, 12000 kg K2O and 1500 kg P2O5 (form of expression mostly used in Hungary), the application of fertilizer doses which are just fractions of these quantities is essential. This is due to the fact that the available amount of the total nutrient content depends from the quality of soil, the environmental factors (the physical and chemical qualities of the soil) and the specific nutrient’s qualities (solubility, adsorption). Knowledge of these processes and the examination of the factors influencing the actual nutrient content are vital for working out a fertilization practice, which does not put more strain on the environment than neccessary.
 All of the above mentioned should be considered when applying inputs in the fields. In a well-functioning practice that considers the economic and environmental conditions (unfortunately the present production and economic conditions do not enable an appropriate level and degree), three nutrients are supplemented generally (and were supplemented in the last decades): nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium.Studying the nutrient balance of the Hungarian field production’s last hundred years, we can draw some interesting conclusions.The nutrient balance became positive for nitrogen and potassium in the second half of the 1960’s, while for phosphorus it was positive from the first half of the 1960’s and this period lasted until the end of the 1980’s.Neither before the 1960’s, nor since the 1990’s has the amount of nutrients supplemented in a specific year reached the amount of the nutrient uptake of the same year.