Application Of Factorial Experimental Design Research Articles

Application of factorial experimental design to optimize radiation‐synthesized and biodegradable super water absorbent based on cassava starch and acrylic acid

AbstractSuper water absorbent (SWA) for agricultural applications must be optimized to withstand diminishing consequences in real soil system. A 33 × 12 full factorial design and soil water retention experiments were explored to optimize agricultural SWA made from acrylic acid (AA) and cassava starch. Four synthesis parameters such as degree of neutralization (DN), AA concentration, cassava starch concentration, and absorbed dose affecting the gel properties of SWA were investigated in the experimental design. The results showed that AA concentration and DN has strong interaction effects toward the degree of swelling (DS), gel fraction (GF), and gel strength (GS) of SWA. The soil water retention of SWA reduces with time due to microbial degradation and multivalent cations present in the soil. The optimum formulation is 20% AA 10% Starch 30% DN 10 kGy has predicted values (176 ± 68 g/g DS, 93 ± 5% GF, and 137 ± 23 kPa GS) close to the experimental values (132 ± 0.2 g/g DS, 91 ± 0.2% GF, and 141 ± 88 kPa GS). The chosen optimized formulation is 20% AA 7.5% starch 30% DN 20 kGy with 46% biodegradability after 218 days and stable soil water retention compared to commercial SWAs.

Szerkezeti elemek tönkremeneteli analízise

A cikk célja, hogy bemutassuk a faktoriális kísérlettervezés alkalmazását a vizsgált szerkezeti elemek élettartamának meghatározására irányuló kísérleteknél. Feltárjuk, hogy hogyan tudjuk a kísérlettervezés metodikáját felhasználva megvizsgálni a mikrokapcsolók élettartamát. Ez a módszer lehetővé teszi, hogy egy időben vegyük figyelembe egyszerre több faktor hatását is. A teljes faktoriális kísérletterv szabályait követve meghatározzuk a faktorok összes lehetséges szintjének kombinációját, megvizsgáljuk, hogy melyik faktor milyen mértékben módosítja az optimalizációs paraméter értékét, amely információk alapján a kísérletsorozat megtervezhető.

Application of factorial experimental design on the optical absorption from glucose–insulin samples in mid-infrared spectroscopy

Abstract An important challenge to be addressed in the search for an optically based, non-invasive blood glucose quantification method, is related to the spectral interference between glucose and insulin in the mid-infrared region. This work proposes the use of a factorial experimental design in order to understand the optical overlapping of these compounds. The results show how in the 1100–950 cm−1 range, glucose has a greater contribution than insulin to the absorption spectrum, without a significant effect from their interaction. These results and the use of the proposed technique could bring in interesting insights for biomedical applications.

Development of correlations for predicting hydrodesulfurization of straight-run gasoil by factorial model

The application of factorial experimental design is reported in order to evaluate the effect of operating conditions on hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activity evaluated at micro-reaction scale. Reaction temperature, liquid hourly space-velocity (LHSV), amount of catalyst loaded to the reactor, reactor mode of operation (down-flow and up-flow), and catalytic bed dilution with inert material were studied as operating variables. Percentage of sulfur removal was selected as response variable. Experimental results were analyzed by considering main effects of variables and their interactions, as well as analysis of variance, regression analysis, and analysis of residuals. For the case studies, the variables that have greater effect on the HDS activity are the temperature and LHSV, followed by the catalyst amount and the dilution of the catalytic bed. Experimental HDS activity tests of straight-run gasoil (SRGO) were performed in down-flow mode (case study A), up-flow mode (case study B), and up-flow mode with dilution of catalytic bed (case study C). The maximum HDS obtained was 98.30%, 97.49%, and 95.60%, respectively. The regression models developed in this work allows for the prediction of HDS activity of SRGO at certain conditions, with correlation coefficient higher than 0.98 and error less than 0.7%. The proposed methodology can be extended to other situations aiming at defining optimal operating conditions to achieve desired levels of sulfur content in the product.

Overcoming obstacles in the implementation of factorial design for assay optimization.

Factorial experimental design (FED) is a powerful approach for efficient optimization of robust in vitro assays-it enables cost and time savings while also improving the quality of assays. Although it is a well-known technique, there can be considerable barriers to overcome to fully exploit it within an industrial or academic organization. The article describes a tactical roll out of FED to a scientist group through: training which demystifies the technical components and concentrates on principles and examples; a user-friendly Excel-based tool for deconvoluting plate data; output which focuses on graphical display of data over complex statistics. The use of FED historically has generally been in conjunction with automated technology; however we have demonstrated a much broader impact of FED on the assay development process. The standardized approaches we have rolled out have helped to integrate FED as a fundamental part of assay development best practice because it can be used independently of the automation and vendor-supplied software. The techniques are applicable to different types of assay, both enzyme and cell, and can be used flexibly in manual and automated processes. This article describes the application of FED for a cellular assay. The challenges of selling FED concepts and rolling out to a wide bioscience community together with recommendations for good working practices and effective implementation are discussed. The accessible nature of these approaches means FED can be used by industrial as well as academic users.

The Application of Factorial Experimental Design in Capsule Coating for Potential Colon Targeting of an Antiamebic Drug

Aim: The application of factorial experimental design to evaluate the effect of particle size, capsule surface coating and binder concentration on the in vitro controlled release profile of metronidazole from encapsulated granules.Methodology: Metronidazole granules were prepared by the wet granulation technique and encapsulated in hard gelatin capsule shells. Eudragit® L-100 and Landolphia owariensis latex served as primary and secondary coatings respectively on 50 or 75% of capsule surface. The three formulation factors (% capsule surface coating, matrix former concentration and particle size) were subjected to a 2x3x4 factorial design experiment using the software (JMP 4.0.4, SAS Inc. USA). Gradient drug release studies were conducted in three media; firstly in media of pH 1.2 for 2 h, pH 6.8 for 3 h and finally pH 7.4 until exhaustion of drug release. The drug release data were subjected to kinetic treatment to establish operational release kinetics such as zero order, first order, Higuchi, Hixon Crowell and Kitazawa, while the power law enabled the prediction of mechanism of drug release.Results: Results showed that % capsule surface coated with Landolphia owariensis latex and particle size significantly (p<0.05) contributed to time of drug release (T7.4) at pH 7.4. In tandem with this, maximum amount of drug released (D7.4) at pH 7.4 was significantly (p<0.05) affected by particle size alone. A few batches were characterized by anomalous transport while over 80% were associated with super case 11 type of release.Conclusion: We therefore conclude that, factorial experimental design identified Landolphia owariensis latex coating and particle size of granules as being chiefly responsible for drug release variations.

Batch phenol biodegradation study and application of factorial experimental design

A bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATTC27853), was investigated for its ability to grow and to degrade phenol as sole carbon source, in aerobic batch culture. The parameters which affect the substrate biodegradation such as the adaptation of bacteria to phenol, the temperature, and the nature of the bacteria were investigated. The results show that for a range of temperature of 30 to 40°C, the best degradation of phenol for a concentration of 100mg/l was observed at 30°C. The regeneration of the bacterium which allows the reactivation of its enzymatic activity, shows that the degradation of 100 mg/ l of substrate at 30° C required approximately 50 hours with revivified bacteria, while it only starts after 72 hours for those no revivified. Adapted to increasing concentrations, allows the bacteria to degrade a substrate concentration of about 400mg/ l in less than 350 hours. A second part was consisted in the determination of a substrate degradation model using the factorial experiment design, as a function of temperature (30-40°C) and of the size of the inoculums (260.88 - 521.76mg/ l). The results were analyzed statistically using the Student’s t-test, analysis of variance, and F-test. The value of R 2 (0.99872) and adjusted R 2 (0.9962) close to 1.0, verifies the good correlation between the observed and the predicted values, and provides the excellent relation ship between the independent variables (factors) and the response (the time of the phenol degradation). F-value found above 200, indicates that the considered model is statistically significant.

Application of factorial experimental design to the study of the suspension polymerization of β‐cyclodextrin and epichlorohydrin

AbstractThe suspension polymerization of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) with epichlorohydrin (EP) has been studied using a fractionated factorial design with two levels and six variables (β‐CD:EP molar ratio, NaOH concentration, temperature, stirring speed, delay time before paraffin addition, and β‐CD concentration). Different variables, such as the amount of β‐CD in the product, particle size, degree of swelling, and sorption capacity, have been analyzed as the responses for the synthesized polymers. The experimental design approach permitted to select the optimal conditions of synthesis depending on the desired features of the product. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3393–3402, 2006

Experimental design and statistical evaluation of a full-scale gasification project

Sasol in South Africa gasifies approximately 30 million tons of bituminous coal per year to synthesis gas, which is converted to fuels and chemicals via the Fischer–Tropsch process. Three years ago, Sasol embarked upon a unique project to optimise the gas production of the Sasol–Lurgi fixed bed dry bottom coal gasification process. Optimisation of the gasification process was carried out by utilising the method of factorial experimental design on the process variables of interest obtained from a specifically equipped full-scale test gasifier. A response surface model in the process variables was fitted for each of the performance variables. The models developed were validated and proved to be valid when considering different data sets. This paper discusses the application of factorial experimental design and the combination of process variables and mixture components in optimising a production process.

Application of factorial experimental design to study the influence of polymerization conditions on the yield of polyaniline powder

AbstractInfluences of chemical oxidation polymerization conditions on the yields of polyaniline powder were investigated. These chemical oxidation polymerization conditions included polymerization time, concentration of HNO3, mol ratio of ammonium persulfate/aniline (APS/AN), and polymerization temperature. If polymerization time, concentration of HNO3, mol ratio of APS/AN, and polymerization temperature were 60 min, 1.0 M, 1.0, and 0°C, respectively, then the yield of emeraldine base form polyaniline powder was around 78.1%. The yield of polyaniline powder increased significantly with the polymerization time, concentration of HNO3, and the mol ratio of APS/AN. A 23 factorial experimental design was applied to study the main, two‐factor interaction, and three‐factor interaction effects of polymerization time, concentration of HNO3, and mol ratio of APS/AN on the yield of polyaniline powder. According to the definition, the sequence of the main effects on the yield of polyaniline powder, in ascending order, is concentration of HNO3 < mol ratio of APS/AN < polymerization time. The sequence of the two‐factor interaction effects on the yield of polyaniline, in ascending order, is concentration of HNO3 vs. mol ratio of APS/AN < polymerization time vs. concentration of HNO3 < polymerization time vs. mol ratio of APS/AN. Meanwhile, the prediction equation by definition is: Ŷ = 0.287+0.145X1+0.091X2+0.121X3+0.023X1X2+0.111X1X3+0.002X2X3+0.003X1X2X3. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1571–1580, 2002

The application of factorial experimental design to the processing of polypropylene fibres

This paper outlines the application of factorial experimental design to the processing of polypropylene (PP) fibres. Two examples are given. The first covers the effect of melt-extrusion conditions on the overall orientation of the PP macromolecular chains in as-spun fibres. The second covers the effect of drawing conditions on crystallographic order and chain orientation in the first-stage drawing of as-spun PP fibres.

Application of factorial experimental design to demonstrate the influence of processing conditions on the fusion of poly(vinyl chloride)/chlorinated polyethylene/oxidized polyethylene blends

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)/oxidized polyethylene (OPE) blends were prepared in a Haake torque rheometer at various temperatures, rotor speeds, and totalized torques. A 2 3 factorial experimental design was applied to study the main two-factor interaction, and three-factor interaction effects of temperature, rotor speed, and totalized torque on the heat of fusion of PVC/CPE/OPE blends, which were examined using differential scanning calorimetry. The sequence of the main effects on the heat of fusion of PVC/CPE/OPE blends, in ascending order, is temperature < rotor speed < totalized torque. The sequence of the two-factor interaction effects on the heat of fusion of PVC/CPE/OPE blends, in ascending order, is temperature vs rotor speed < temperature vs totalized torque < rotor speed vs totalized torque. The three-factor interaction effect is not significantly related to the heat of fusion of PVC/CPE/OPE blends.

Motor practice and neurophysiological adaptation in the cerebellum: a positron tomography study

We have used positron tomography (PET) to demonstrate that some parts of the motor system exhibit physiological adaptation during the repeated performance of a simple motor task, but others do not. In contrast to the primary sensori-motor cortex, the cerebellum exhibits a decrease in physiological activation (increases in regional blood flow during performance) with practice. A new application of factorial experimental design to PET activation studies was used to make these measurements in four normal males. This design allowed adaptation to be examined by testing for an interaction between regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) increases brought about by a motor task and the number of trials (time). These findings are interpreted as the neurophysiological correlates of synaptic changes in the cerebellum associated with motor learning in man.

Application of factorial experimental design in a study of metal friction

Application of factorial experimental design in a study of metal friction