Application Of 24-epibrassinolide Research Articles

A multifaceted crosstalk between brassinosteroid and gibberellin regulates the resistance of cucumber to Phytophthora melonis.

Cucumber plants are highly susceptible to the hemibiotroph oomycete Phytophthora melonis. However, the mechanism of resistance to cucumber blight remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that cucumber plants with impairment in the biosynthesis of brassinosteroids (BRs) or gibberellins (GAs) were more susceptible to P. melonis. By contrast, increasing levels of endogenous BRs or exogenously application of 24-epibrassinolide enhanced the resistance of cucumber plants against P. melonis. Furthermore, we found that both knockout and overexpression of the BR biosynthesis gene CYP85A1 reduced the endogenous GA3 content compared with that of wild-type plants under the condition of inoculation with P. melonis, and the enhancement of disease resistance conferred by BR was inhibited in plants with silencing of the GA biosynthetic gene GA20ox1 or KAO. Together, these findings suggest that GA homeostasis is an essential factor mediating BRs-induced disease resistance. Moreover, BZR6, a key regulator of BR signaling, was found to physically interact with GA20ox1, thereby suppressing its transcription. Silencing of BZR6 promoted endogenous GA biosynthesis and compromised GA-mediated resistance. These findings reveal multifaceted crosstalk between BR and GA in response to pathogen infection, which can provide a new approach for genetically controlling P. melonis damage in cucumber production.

Comparative and interactive response of salicylic acid, 24–epibrassinolide or sodium nitroprusside against cadmium stress in Linum usitatissimum

AbstractConcerns regarding the effects of heavy metals (HMs) on agricultural productivity have grown over time. Because HM stress disrupts a number of the plants' physiological-biochemical and metabolic processes, it severely limits production. Phytohormones can effectively improve plants resistance to HM stress. This work was done to examine the comparative effectiveness of salicylic acid (SA), 24–epibrassinolide (EBL) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on photosynthetic attributes, growth, & antioxidant enzymes activity in Linum usitatissimum cv. RLC–6 (flax) subjected to cadmium (Cd) stress during vegetative growth stages. Cd considerably decreases the length, biomass, leaf diameter, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic traits; and further triggered ROS and MDA content in plant. Moreover, exogenous application of SA, EBL and SNP individually and in combination improved the antioxidant enzymatic machinery by increasing the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and catalase (CAT) and decrease the superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, scavenges ROS and MDA accumulation. Furthermore, submission of phytohormones also caused proline to accumulate and the activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and nitrate reductase (NR) to be activated which were impaired due to Cd stress. Among the phytohormones, the most effective method for dropping the damaging impacts of Cd and promoting plant growth and development was EBL. However, combined application of all three phytohormones (SA + EBL + SNP) proved to be the best. Thus, it can be concluded that, these augmented activity of antioxidants and proline elicited by application of phytohormones, would have continued to be able to give Linum usitatissimum exposed to Cd stress resistance.

Enhanced Seedling Growth and Physiological Performances of Melia azedarach L. by Foliar Application of 24-Epibrassinolide under Salt Stress

Salinity is a serious environmental problem following a worsening trend. This study investigates the role of 24-epibrassinolide(EBR) in regulating plant growth and physiological performances, particularly in alleviating the negative effects of salt stress. Melia azedarach L. seedlings from two seed sources, Sheyang (SY) and Xiashu (XS), were exposed to sea salt and treated with different concentrations of EBR within a 60-day period. The results demonstrate that appropriate EBR application improved the seedlings’ stress tolerance by promoting growth and physiological systems. In terms of the relative increment, it showed that a difference of 1.45% and 1.13% in the SY and XS groups was the positive effect of the highest EBR treatment concentration. As for diameter growth, the difference observed was 2.51% and 1.80% for the SY and XS groups, respectively. In all physiological measurements, including the content of photosynthetic pigments, water relations, membrane stability, osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes, significant changes generally observed between salt stress alone and the highest EBR treatment concentration. A better performance was observed in the SY seed source, which is of a coastal nature. These findings contribute to our understanding of Melia azedarach’s adaptation to changing environments and provide potential for further molecular studies as well as valuable insights for forestry, agricultural and ecological research.

Exogenous Application of 24-Epibrassinolide Confers Saline Stress and Improves Photosynthetic Capacity, Antioxidant Defense, Mineral Uptake, and Yield in Maize.

Salinity is one of the major environmental stresses threatening crop production, the natural ecosystem, global food security, and the socioeconomic health of humans. Thus, the development of eco-friendly strategies to mitigate saline stress and/or enhance crop tolerance is an important issue worldwide. Therefore, this study was conducted during the summer of 2022 to investigate the potential of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) for mitigating saline stress and improving photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant defense systems, mineral uptake, and yield in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under a controlled hydroponic system. Three saline stress levels-S1 (control/no added NaCl), S2 (60 mM NaCl), and S3 (120 mM NaCl)-were continuously applied with nutrient solution, whereas exogenous EBL (i.e., control, 0.1 µM and 0.2 µM) was applied as exogenous application three times (i.e., 40, 55, 70 days after sowing). The experiment was designed as a split-plot in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in which saline stress was the main factor and EBL treatment was the sub-factor. Results showed that saline stress significantly affected plant growth, physiological performance, biochemistry, antioxidant activity, and yield attributes. However, the exogenous application of EBL at 0.2 µM significantly mitigated the salt stress and thus improved plant performance even under 120 mM NaCl saline stress. For instance, as compared to untreated plants (control), 0.2 µM EBL application improved plant height (+18%), biomass (+19%), SPAD (+32%), Fv/Fm (+28%), rate of photosynthesis (+11%), carboxylation efficiency (+6%), superoxide dismutase (SOD +14%), catalase (CAT +18%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX +20%), K+ (+24%), 100-grain weight (+11%), and grain yield (+47%) of maize grown under salt stress. Additionally, it resulted in a 23% reduction in Na+ accumulation in leaves and a 25% reduction in for Na+/K+ ratio under saline stress as compared to control. Furthermore, the Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted the significance of exogenous EBL as saline stress mitigator in maize. Overall, our results indicated the protective effects of EBL application to the alleviation of saline stress in crop plants. However, further exploration of its mechanism of action and crop-specific response is suggested prior to commercial use in agriculture.

The Exogenous Application of 24-Epibrassinolide (24-EBL) Increases the Cd and Pb Resilience in Zea mays (L.) by Regulating the Growth and Physiological Mechanism.

Heavy metals (HMs) at a concentration above the thresholdlevel act as environmental pollutants and very often threaten theagricultural productivity globally. Finding affordable and environmentally sustainable deliverables to address this issue is therefore a top focus. Phytohormones alleviate the HMs-induced toxicity and positively influence the plant growth. Considering the importance of phytohormones, the present study aimed to assess the effect of 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL; 10 µM) as seed soaking treatment on growth performance of Zea mays (L.) contaminated separately with increasing concentrations (50-400 mg.kg-1) of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). With increasing metal concentrations, growth and plant biometric criteria were reduced. For instance, Cd at 400 mg.kg-1 soil reduced the germination efficiency (56%), root (77%) and shoot (69%) dry weight, total chlorophyll (64%), and carotenoid content (45%). Contrarily, both HMs caused increase in stress biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes in seedling. However, exogenous administration of 24-EBL significantly enhanced the growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments, proline, MDA, and antioxidant enzyme activity while reducing the harmful effects of HMs stress on Z. mays. For instance, 24-EBL (10 µM) improved the germination percentage, root biomass, chl a, chl b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content by 16, 21, 17, 34, 18, and 15%, respectively, in 50 mg.Pb.kg-1 soil-treated Z. mays plants. Furthermore, the amounts of proline, MDA, and antioxidant enzymes in foliage of Z. mays were interestingly and dramatically lowered by 24-EBL application. Uptake of metals in plant organs was significantly reduced when 24-EBL was applied to Pb- and Cd-treated Z. mays. The recent findings help us better understand how 24-EBL regulates growth and development of Z. mays as well as how it boosts HMs' resilience, which could increase the possibility of employing 24-EBL to increase Z. mays productivity. Thus, the present findings confirmed the potentiality of pre-soaking the seed in 24-EBL solution that neutralizes the toxic effects of heavy metals in Z. mays plants. Therefore, it is suggested that applying phytohormones including 24-EBL in removal of heavy metal stress in plants is the best possible solution in sustainable agriculture.

PpBZR1, a BES/BZR transcription factor, enhances cold stress tolerance by suppressing sucrose degradation in peach fruit

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are phytohormones that play numerous roles in a plant's response to environmental stress. While BES/BZR transcription factors are essential components in BR signaling, their role in regulating postharvest fruit responses to cold stress is largely unknown. In this study, the application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) to peaches alleviated chilling injury (CI) during postharvest cold storage. We further characterized a key BES/BZR gene, PpBZR1, which regulates peach cold resistance. Transient expression PpBZR1 in peaches showed that PpBZR1 inhibits PpVIN2 expression and VIN activity, resulting in an elevated level of sucrose, which protects fruit from CI. Arabidopsis thaliana expressing PpBZR1 that had a high germination and seedling survival rate at low temperatures, which may be due to higher level of sucrose and lower oxidative damage. Mechanistically, we confirmed that PpBZR1 directly binds to the PpVIN2 promoter and functions as a negative regulator for sucrose metabolism. In addition, PpCBF1/5/6 were induced by EBR treatment and AtCBFs were upregulated in PpBZR1 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Combined with previous findings, we hypothesize that PpBZR1 regulates PpVIN2 and may also be mediated by CBF. In conclusion, PpBZR1 expression is induced by EBR treatment during cold storage, which futher inhibite sucrose degradation gene PpVIN2 transcription via direct binding its promoter and indirectly regulating PpVIN2, resulting in slower sucrose degradation and higher chilling tolerance of peach.

Frequency of application of 24-epibrassinolide on plant growth, physiology and postharvest fruit quality of Cantaloupe grown at elevated temperature

ABSTRACT Reduction of yield in tropical greenhouses is an issue with Cucumis melo L. var. cantaloupensis. A natural occurring hormone, 24-epibrassinolide (EBR), regulates cellular activities and physiological processes of plants and signaling. To determine effects of EBR application, cantaloupe cvs. Himalai-99 and Glamour (factor 1) were treated with 0.1 mg∙L−1 EBR applied over four frequencies (factor 2) as; F1: no EBR (control), F2: at 15 DAT (days after transplant), F3: at 15 + 30 DAT, and F4: at 15 + 30 + 45 DAT at 47 ± 3°C (5°C higher than the ambient greenhouse) in a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates. Postharvest fruit quality was monitored at room temperature (26°C) in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance, mean separation with least significant difference and associations between parameters with Pearson correlation. Application of EBR at 15 + 30 DAT (F3) increased plant dry weight, leaf area, specific leaf area, root length, root surface area, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and chlorophyll content. It increased the quantum efficiency of photosystem II, peroxidase and catalase activities by 50%, stomatal length and width by 75% and decreased malondialdehyde and proline content by 56%. Pre-harvest foliar application of EBR at 15 + 30 DAT reduced postharvest weight loss and ethylene emission rate by two fold and reduced ascorbic acid and antioxidant depletion rates during storage. The EBR application at 15 + 30 DAT produced the best plant and fruit quality performances, while the application of EBR at fruit development stage (45 DAT) caused reduced fruit quality.

Improved production and quality of peppers irrigated with regenerated water by the application of 24-epibrassinolide

Water shortage for crop irrigation is reducing agricultural production worldwide and the use of sewage treatment plant (STP) water to irrigate horticultural fields is a solution to avoid the use of drinkable water in agriculture. In this study, two different genotypes of pepper (Red Cherry Small and Italian green) were irrigated with STP water, as an alternative to potable water. Moreover, the foliar application of a molecule with biostimulant properties (24-epibrassinolide; EBR) was tested as a strategy to ameliorate the production and quality of fruits. Both genotypes differed on their tolerance to the suffered oxidative stress due to their different salinity tolerance, but fruit commercial weight was reduced by 49% on the salt sensitive and by 37% on the salt tolerant. Moreover, ascorbic acid was also decreased by 37% after STP water irrigation in the Red Cherry Small peppers. However, EBR applications alleviated STP watering stress effects improving pepper plants fruit production and quality parameters, such as ascorbic acid and capsaicinoids. These results have important economic and environmental relevance to overcome present and future water deficiencies in the agricultural sector derived from climate change, guaranteeing the maintenance of production in peppers irrigated with STP water for a more sustainable agriculture following relevant circular economy actions.

Overexpression of brassinosteroid synthesis gene DWARF promotes resistance to Botrytis cinerea by inhibiting gibberellin synthesis in Solanum lycopersicum L.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of steroid hormones that play essential roles in plant growth and development. However, the roles of BRs in plant defense to pathogens are mainly studied in Arabidopsis, and there are few studies reporting the effects of BRs on plant resistance to Botrytis cinerea, an important pathogen in horticulture. Here, we found that high levels of BRs increased B. cinerea resistance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Enhancing the expression of DWARF (DWF), a rate-limiting gene in BRs synthesis, in tomato resulted in a decrease in lesion area in detached leaf assay, and attenuated the leaf damages in the intact plants assay, as compared to wild type. Application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) at a saturation level also induced the B. cinerea resistance, with the upregulation of protease inhibitor encoding genes. Silencing of BAK1, which encodes the coreceptor of BR receptor BRI1 and the critical regulator of innate immunity, could not suppress BR-induced B. cinerea resistance. Interestingly, the bioactive gibberellins (GAs) were strongly decreased, while the expression of GAI, the tomato homologue of DELLA which suppresses GA signaling, was increased in DWF-OE plants. Silencing of GAI strongly compromised BR-induced B. cinerea resistance. The results indicated that increasing the BRs levels by either overexpression of DWF or application of high dose of EBL enhanced tomato resistance to B. cinerea. BRs levels exceeding the optimum may inhibit GA synthesis and signaling, and thus enhance the defense response.

High temperature defense pathways mediate lodicule expansion and spikelet opening in maize tassels.

High temperature (HT) at flowering hinders pollen shedding, but the mechanisms underlying stress-induced spikelet closure are poorly understood in maize. In this study, yield components, spikelet opening, and lodicule morphology/protein profiling upon HT stress during flowering were examined in two contrasting maize inbred lines, Chang 7-2 and Qi 319. HT induced spikelet closure and reduced pollen shed weight (PSW) and seed set in both lines, but Qi 319 had a 7-fold lower PSW than Chang 7-2, and was thus more susceptible to HT. In Qi 319, a smaller lodicule size reduced the spikelet opening rate and angle, and relatively more vascular bundles hastened lodicule shrinking compared with Chang 7-2. Lodicules were collected for proteomics analysis. In lodicules of HT-stressed plants, proteins involved in stress signals, cell wall, cell constructure, carbohydrate metabolism, and phytohormone signaling were associated with stress tolerance. HT down-regulated the expression of ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein domain2, SNAP receptor complex member11, and sterol methyltransferase2 in Qi 319 but not in Chang 7-2, which was in good agreement with the observed changes in protein abundance. Exogenous epibrassinolide increased the spikelet opening angle and extended the duration of spikelet opening. These results suggest that dysfunction of the actin cytoskeleton and membrane remodeling induced by HT probably limits lodicule expansion. In addition, a reduction in the vascular bundles in the lodicules and application of epibrassinolide might confer spikelet tolerance to HT stress.

Effects of Exogenous Application of 24-Epibrassinolide on Photosynthesis Parameters, Grain Yield, and Protein of Dragon’s Head (Lallemantia iberica) Under Drought Stress Conditions

Effects of Exogenous Application of 24-Epibrassinolide on Photosynthesis Parameters, Grain Yield, and Protein of Dragon’s Head (Lallemantia iberica) Under Drought Stress Conditions

24-epibrassinolide improves cadmium tolerance and lateral root growth associated with regulating endogenous auxin and ethylene in Kentucky bluegrass

The application of phytohormones is a viable technique to increase the efficiency of phytoremediation in heavy metal-contaminated soils. The objective of this study was to determine how the application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR), a brassinosteroid analog, could regulate root growth and tolerance to cadmium (Cd) stress in Kentucky bluegrass. As a result, the number of lateral root primordia and total root length in the Cd-treated seedlings decreased by 33.1 % and 56.5 %, respectively. After the application of EBR, Cd accumulation in roots and leaves, and the negative effect of Cd on root growth were reduced under Cd stress. Additionally, the expression of the brassinosteroid signaling gene PpBRI1 was significantly upregulated by exogenous EBR. Moreover, exogenous EBR upregulated the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes, thereby reduced oxidative stress in roots. Finally, targeted hormonomics analysis highlighted the utility of the application of EBR to alleviate the effect of Cd on the reduction in auxin (IAA) content and the increase in ethylene (ACC) content. These were known to be associated with the upregulation in the expression of auxin biosynthesis gene PpYUCCA1 and downregulation in the expression of ethylene biosynthesis gene PpACO1 in the roots treated with Cd stress. Overall, the application of EBR alleviated Cd-induced oxidative stress in addition to improving root elongation and lateral root growth crosstalk with auxin and ethylene in Kentucky bluegrass subjected to Cd stress. This study further highlights the potential role of brassinosteroids in improving the efficiency of phytoremediation for Cd-contaminated soils.

Accumulation of Galactinol and ABA Is Involved in Exogenous EBR-Induced Drought Tolerance in Tea Plants.

Drought stress severely limits growth and causes losses in the yield of tea plants. Exogenous application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) positively regulates drought responses in various plants. However, whether EBR could contribute to drought resistance in tea plants and the underlying mechanisms has not been investigated. Here, we found that EBR application is beneficial for the drought tolerance of tea plants. The transcriptome results revealed that EBR could contribute to tea plant drought resistance by promoting galactinol and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis gene expression. The content of galactinol was elevated by EBR and EBR-responsive CsDof1.1 positively regulated the expression of the galactinol synthase genes CsGolS2-1 and CsGolS2-2 to contribute to the accumulation of galactinol by directly binding to their promoters. Moreover, exogenous EBR was found to elevate the expression of genes related to ABA signal transduction and stomatal closure regulation, which resulted in the promotion of stomatal closure. In addition, EBR-responsive CsMYC2-2 is involved in ABA accumulation by binding to the promoters CsNCED1 and CsNCED2 to activate their expression. In summary, findings in this study provide knowledge into the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of EBR-induced drought resistance in tea plants.

Physiological and Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Mechanism by Which Exogenous 24-Epibrassinolide Application Enhances Drought Resistance in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).

Drought stress is a key factor limiting the growth and tuber yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Brassinosteroids (BRs) have been shown to alleviate drought stress in several plant species; however, little is known about the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which BRs enhance drought resistance in potatoes. Here, we characterized changes in the physiology and transcriptome of the tetraploid potato variety ‘Xuanshu-2′ in response to drought stress after 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) pretreatment. The abscisic acid (ABA) content, photosynthetic capacity, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were increased; the intercellular CO2 concentration, relative conductivity, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, proline, and soluble sugar content were decreased after EBR pretreatment compared with plants under drought stress. Transcriptome analysis revealed 1330 differently expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the response to drought stress after EBR pretreatment. DEGs were enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, circadian rhythm, flavonoid biosynthesis, and carotenoid biosynthesis. DEGs associated with the BR signaling and biosynthesis pathways, as well as ABA metabolic pathways were identified. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which BRs enhance the drought resistance of potatoes.

Impact of 24-epibrassinolide, spermine, and silicon on plant growth, antioxidant defense systems, and osmolyte accumulation of maize under water stress

The effect of triad application of the phytohormone 24-epibrassinolide (EBL), the polyamine spermine (Spm), and the element silicon (Si) has not yet been considered on plant growth and behavior in water-stressed conditions. We aimed to evaluate the impact of single/dual/triad application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL), spermine (Spm), and silicon (Si) on the growth, photosynthetic metabolites, and antioxidant enzymes in the maize plant exposed to water stress. This study was conducted as a potential drought resistance system and plants' maintenance against oxidative damage. In this regard, one maize hybrid (Paya) was grown under well-watered and water-deficit conditions (interrupted irrigation at the flowering and the filling seed stages) with and without foliar spraying of EBL, Spm, and/or Si. Drought conditions remarkably reduced growth, productivity, water-related content (RWC), and chlorophyll content. However, the dual and triad applications of EBL (0.1 mg L−1), Spm (25 mg L−1), and Si (7 mg L−1) significantly improved the above parameters. Water stress considerably augmented the levels of H2O2 and MDA. Their content in stress-subjected plants was significantly reduced by triad application. In water-stressed circumstances and after foliar treatments, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase as well as the amounts of total soluble proteins, phenolic compounds, proline, and glycine betaine all improved. Overall, triad application increased the plant's drought resistance and diminished ROS accumulation by raising the scavenging via the enhanced activity of the antioxidant enzymes.

Brassinosteroid application increases tomato tolerance to salinity by changing the effects of stress on membrane integrity and gas exchange

Salinity is one of the environmental stresses that most cause losses in agricultural systems, including tomato production. Brassinosteroids, such as epibrassinolide (EBL), have multiple actions in essential processes in plants. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the contributions of EBL to the growth, physiology, and production of tomato plants under salinity. The experiment was conducted in a factorial scheme, with five levels of water salinity (0.5 [the control], 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 dS m-1) and two concentrations of EBL (0 and 10-6 M). Salt stress reduced tomato growth, relative water content, membrane integrity, gas exchange, and fruit production. However, the exogenous application of EBL attenuated the adverse effects, partially improving these characteristics at all salinity levels. EBL reduced electrolyte leakage and increased membrane integrity and relative water content in control and stressed plants. Additionally, it increased the content of photosynthetic pigments, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and photosynthesis, which led to higher leaf dry mass production, fruit transverse diameter, and production per plant. Therefore, our results confirmed that foliar application of EBL improved the characteristics of stressed and non-stressed tomato plants.

The Mechanisms Underlying Salt Resistance Mediated by Exogenous Application of 24-Epibrassinolide in Peanut.

Peanut is one of the most important oil crops in the world, the growth and productivity of which are severely affected by salt stress. 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) plays an important role in stress resistances. However, the roles of exogenous EBL on the salt tolerance of peanut remain unclear. In this study, peanut seedlings treated with 150 mM NaCl and with or without EBL spray were performed to investigate the roles of EBL on salt resistance. Under 150 mM NaCl conditions, foliar application of 0.1 µM EBL increased the activity of catalase and thereby could eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Similarly, EBL application promoted the accumulation of proline and soluble sugar, thus maintaining osmotic balance. Furthermore, foliar EBL spray enhanced the total chlorophyll content and high photosynthesis capacity. Transcriptome analysis showed that under NaCl stress, EBL treatment up-regulated expression levels of genes encoding peroxisomal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide carrier (PMP34), probable sucrose-phosphate synthase 2 (SPS2) beta-fructofuranosidase (BFRUCT1) and Na+/H+ antiporters (NHX7 and NHX8), while down-regulated proline dehydrogenase 2 (PRODH). These findings provide valuable resources for salt resistance study in peanut and lay the foundation for using BR to enhance salt tolerance during peanut production.

Physiological and proteomic analyses reveals that brassinosteroids application improves the chilling stress tolerance of pepper seedlings

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are important in plant resistance to chilling stress. However, limited information is available regarding the specific mechanisms involved at proteomic level. We utilized the iTRAQ proteomic approach, physiological assays and information obtained from cellular ultrastructure to clarify the underlying molecular mechanism of BRs to alleviate chilling stress in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) improved photosynthesis and improved cell structure by presenting a distinct mesophyll cell and chloroplast with well-developed thylakoid membranes in the leaves of pepper seedlings. We identified 346 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 217 up-regulated proteins and 129 down-regulated proteins in plants under chilling (Chill) and Chill + EBR treated plants. Most of the DEPs were related to multiple pathways, including photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, protein biosynthesis, amino acid synthesis, redox and stress defence (ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase). Up-regulated DEPs were associated with the photosynthetic electron transfer chain, oxidative phosphorylation, GSH metabolism pathway, Calvin cycle and signaling pathway. The physiochemical analysis showed that EBR treatment improved the tolerance of pepper seedlings to chilling stress.

Plant Growth and Fruit Quality Response of Strawberry is Improved After Exogenous Application of 24-Epibrassinolide

Plant Growth and Fruit Quality Response of Strawberry is Improved After Exogenous Application of 24-Epibrassinolide

Effect of Foliar Application of 24-Epibrassinolide on Water Use Efficiency and Morpho-Physiological Characteristics of Lilium LA Hybrid under Deficit Irrigation

Effect of Foliar Application of 24-Epibrassinolide on Water Use Efficiency and Morpho-Physiological Characteristics of Lilium LA Hybrid under Deficit Irrigation