Application Of Electron Beam Irradiation Research Articles

Application of electron beam irradiation and mild thermal treatment of Bacillus cereus spores in Chinese braised beef cuisine

ABSTRACT The individual and combined effects of electron beam (EB) irradiation and thermal treatments were investigated on Chinese braised beef samples inoculated with Bacillus cereus spores. Log reductions of 1.19, 2.10, and 3.62 log CFU/g were recorded for B. cereus spores after 6, 9, and 12 kGy lone EB doses, respectively. An 85°C thermal treatment at 20 min (H) reduced the spores population by 1.03 log CFU/g. The combination of the thermal and EB irradiation treatments (HEB) of HEB-6 and HEB-9 achieved 1.69 and 2.89 log CFU/g reductions, respectively. The B. cereus spores population was depleted to below the detection limit following HEB-12 treatment. No significant pH change was observed in the treatments except for HEB-12. The hurdle treatment of HEB-12 caused marked changes in color, aroma, and overall acceptability. Although HEB irradiation improved microbial safety, careful selection of approved EB doses can effectively enhance food safety and maintain reasonable quality standards.

Application of Electron Beam Irradiation for the Removal of Dye from Textile Effluents: A Review

Application of Electron Beam Irradiation for the Removal of Dye from Textile Effluents: A Review

Electron beam irradiation pretreatment for efficient extraction of pectin from spaghetti squash peel: Structural, functional, and biological properties

The effects of electron beam irradiation (EBI) pretreatment on the extraction, structure, functional, and biological properties of pectin from spaghetti squash peel were investigated. The spaghetti squash peel powder was pretreated by EBI with different doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 kGy), and then pectin samples were successfully prepared in combination with acid extraction. At low doses (25 and 50 kGy), EBI had little effect on the basic structure of pectin, which was manifested by the high molecular weight, degree of esterification and viscosity of the extracted pectin. Additionally, pectin obtained at middle doses (75 and 100 kGy) exhibited high homogalacturonan (HG) domain and excellent thermal stability, while pectin extracted at high doses (125 and 150 kGy) manifested high rhamnogalacturonan Ⅰ (RG-Ⅰ) content, low molecular weight, and superior antioxidant and probiotic properties in vitro. Reasonable modulation of irradiation doses could obtain the desired pectins with different structures and properties. These findings provides valuable insights regarding the role of EBI pretreatment in the extraction and quality improvement of pectin and further promotes the appropriate application of EBI in the food industry.

Application of electron beam irradiation for selenium nanoparticles production using gum Arabic as stabilizer

In this work, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) stabilized by gum arabic (GA), a highly water soluble natural polysaccharides, were succesfully synthesized by irradiation using electron beam accelerator. The obtained gum arabic coated nanoparticles (SeNPs/GA) were characterized by various analytical techniques including UV–Vis, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The stability of SeNPs/GA over time at two different storage conditions was also determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The SeNPs/GA powder was also prepared by freeze drying. Results showed that the SeNPs/GA were spherical with an average size of 27.3 ± 4.8 nm and were crystalline with hexagonal structure. Furthermore, the resultant SeNPs/GA solution was fairly stable up to 6 months when storing at 5 °C.The SeNPs/GA powder was of high purity containing only Se and GA components. These results indicated that SeNPs/GA synthesized by electron beam irradiation could be potential selenium source for various applications.

Electron beam irradiation applied for the detoxification and degradation of single ciprofloxacin aqueous solution and multiclass pharmaceutical quaternary mixture

The application of electron beam irradiation for detoxification and degradation of single antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CPF) and in a mixture with multiclass pharmaceuticals in aqueous solutions was carried out. Ecotoxicity assays indicated that the green algae were most sensitive to antibiotic and also that the presence of several pharmaceutical increased the toxicity. After the irradiation treatment, degradation results of single antibiotic indicated reduction of 95.86 % at 1.0 kGy. Total organic carbon decreased up to 38 % at 5.0 kGy. At lower doses (1.0 kGy), no effect in toxicity was evidenced, however, increase in toxicity for Vibrio fischeri was observed after 2.5 kGy. For Daphnia similis exposure, an increase in toxicity was noted for all applied doses. In contrast, for the green algae R. subcapitata toxicity reduction varied from 62.3 to 81.9 % at the evaluated doses. Toxicity assays to microbes E. coli and S. aureus reduced antibacterial activity of CPF after irradiation treatment. Regarding the irradiated quaternary mixture at 2.5 kGy, reduction up to 96 % was achieved for the ciprofloxacin, metformin and acetylsalicylic acid, and 81 % removal was achieved for fluoxetine. Acute assays with V. fischeri indicated no increase in toxicity, while some increase was noted for D. similis (acute effects). Nevertheless, chronic assays data indicated low toxicity reduction (14 %) with D. similis, and complete detoxification was shown for the green algae after the irradiation. In addition, decrease in antimicrobial activity was noted after the treatment. Furthermore, the in-silico model was not enough accurate for the prediction of CIP toxicity. These findings showed that electron beam irradiation can be applied for reducing the impacts of antibiotics in aquatic ecosystem. Measuring toxicity on living-organism from different trophic levels are useful tools to evaluate the interaction of mixtures and also to assess toxicity of the generated byproducts.

A TMT-based proteomic approach for investigating the effect of electron beam irradiation on the textural profiles of Litopenaeus vannamei during chilled storage

To elucidate the effect of electron beam irradiation (EBI) on the textural quality of Litopenaeus vannamei, the tandem-mass-tag labeled proteomic method was conducted to illustrate the protein changes in shrimp muscle. The results suggested that shrimp irradiated with 5 kGy exhibited optimum textural traits of hardness, springiness, and chewiness. In total, 486 proteins were identified as differentially abundance proteins (DAPs) in multiple comparison groups. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that most of DAPs participated in cellular process, binding, and catalytic. etc. Various signaling pathways, such as RNA transport and oxidative phosphorylation, were notably enriched by DAPs. The correlation analysis indicated that some DAPs such as Myosin-XVIIIa, projectin, and beta-thymosin 3 were remarkably correlated with the textural properties, which could be proposed as potential biomarkers to assess the irradiation-induced textural variation in shrimp. This study provided an insightful understanding at the protein level to improve the application of EBI to shrimp preservation.

The generation of carbon/oxygen double defects in FeP/CoP-N-C enhanced by β particles for photic driving degradation of levofloxacin

Carbon-based materials have been widely studied for their special electronic structure and excellent catalytic performance. In this work, polypyrrole carbon-based precursors were prepared by the polymerization of pyrrole and phytic acid with the high coordination ability of Fe and Co. Then, an FeP/CoP-N-C-X catalyst with a three-dimensional net][work structure was obtained by high-temperature calcination, which was used for the degradation of levofloxacin (LEV). The obtained results showed that FeP/CoP-N-C-700 could completely remove LEV within 40 min. XPS, Raman spectroscopy and EPR spectroscopy demonstrated the existence of a typical carbon/oxygen double-defect structure in FeP/CoP-N-C-700. XPS results shows that the percentage of oxygen defects in the O element of FeP/CoP-N-C-700 was 73.05 %. DFT calculation results shows that the d-band center of FeP/CoP-N-C-700 with carbon/oxygen double defect was −1.35 eV, while that of FeP/CoP-N-C-700 without carbon/oxygen double defect was −1.78 eV. These results indicates that the carbon/oxygen double defects could change the distribution of local electrons in FeP/CoP-N-C-700, which made it exhibit higher n-type conductivity and charge separation efficiency. After each five photocatalytic cycles, FeP/CoP-N-C-700 was treated by electron beam irradiation, and the removal rate of LEV increased from 81.2 % to 96.32 %. XPS, Raman spectroscopy and EPR spectroscopy demonstrate that carbon/oxygen double defects in FeP/CoP-N-C-700 can be regenerated by electron beam irradiation, which could greatly improve the service life of the catalyst. Furthermore, LC-MS results indicates that FeP/CoP-N-C-700 preferentially dissociates the piperazinyl group in levofloxacin and exhibits a single degradation pathway for it. This work not only provides a new idea for the regeneration of materials and the improvement of cycle performance, but also provides a new strategy for the application of electron beam irradiation in the field of photocatalysis.

Electron-Beam Irradiation Induced Regulation of Surface Defects in Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Films.

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) have been intensively studied due to their fascinating optoelectronic performance. Electron microscopy and related characterization techniques are powerful to figure out their structure-property relationships at the nanoscale. However, electron beam irradiation usually causes damage to these beam-sensitive materials and thus deteriorates the associated devices. Taking a widely used CH3NH3PbI3 film as an example, here, we carry out a comprehensive study on how electron beam irradiation affects its properties. Interestingly, our results reveal that photoluminescence (PL) intensity of the film can be significantly improved along with blue-shift of emission peak at a specific electron beam dose interval. This improvement stems from the reduction of trap density at the CH3NH3PbI3 surface. The knock-on effect helps expose a fresh surface assisted by the surface defect-induced lowering of displacement threshold energy. Meanwhile, the radiolysis process consistently degrades the crystal structure and weaken the PL emission with the increase of electron beam dose. Consequently, the final PL emission comes from a balance between knock-on and radiolysis effects. Taking advantage of the defect regulation, we successfully demonstrate a patterned CH3NH3PbI3 film with controllable PL emission and a photodetector with enhanced photocurrent. This work will trigger the application of electron beam irradiation as a powerful tool for perovskite materials processing in micro-LEDs and other optoelectronic applications.

A scalable electron beam irradiation platform applied for allotropic carbon transformation

The design of solid-state materials whose properties and functions can be manipulated in a controlled manner by the application of electron beam irradiation is important in modern materials chemistry and physics. In this paper, we present a progress in the development of scalable electron beam irradiation platform to obtain innovative materials for technological and industrial applications, since one of the problems to be solved in this research area is the scalability of these new nanomaterials induced by electron beam irradiation (EBI). In particular, we focus on carbon structures due to its excellent and exciting properties applied in the technological area in the last years, where we show for the first time a new strategy for carbon allotropic transformation through the portable EBI. This new platform is particularly effective, fast, versatile, clean and easy-to-use, facilitating the preparation of many types of nanomaterials that cannot be obtained by conventional chemical and physical methods. The EBI on flat graphite pellets resulted in a covering of it surface with rod-like particles composed of different allotropic forms of carbon. Furthermore, the developed system allowed the implantation of the Fe as a catalytic material through steel sputtering of the high voltage acceleration anode during the EBI process. It was observed by HRTEM analyses that the rod-like particles are preferentially composed of highly oriented graphite in its bottom, polycrystalline graphite in its middle and magnetite nanoparticles in its top.

Effect of electron beam irradiation on the structural characteristics and functional properties of rice proteins.

A study of the structural and functional changes of rice proteins (RPs) induced by electron beam irradiation (EBI) at 5 kGy, 10 kGy, 20 kGy, and 30 kGy was performed. The microcosmic surface structures of the RPs were changed and fragmented due to irradiation damage occurring on the RP surfaces. The changes in the UV visible spectra, intrinsic fluorescence spectra, surface hydrophobicity and SH and SS group contents indicated that the RPs unfolded after EBI treatment. In addition, the degree of conformational change was increased with increasing EBI treatment doses. FTIR analysis showed that the secondary structure redistributed, showing decreases in α-helices and concomitant increases in β-sheets, β-turns and random coils. The functional properties, emulsifying abilities, water adsorption capacities and oil adsorption capacities of the irradiated RPs improved dose-dependently, with maximums occurring at 30 kGy. The foaming properties were also enhanced by EBI; however, this effect was not dose-dependent. In contrast, all of the samples irradiated by electron beams presented lower emulsion stability than the control (0 kGy). These results provide a theoretical basis for the application of EBI in improving protein properties in the future.

Inactivation mechanisms of electron beam irradiation on Listeria innocua through the integrity of cell membrane, genomic DNA and protein structures

SummaryAs a non‐thermal sterilisation technology, electron beam irradiation (EBI) has attracted great interest for microbial inactivation in food preservation. This study aims to investigate the effects of EBI on membrane permeability, physiological status, morphological structure, genome integrity and protein structures of Listeria innocua irradiated at doses of 0.75, 1.50, 2.25, 3.00, 3.75 and 5.00 kGy. The results showed that EBI noticeably reduced the total microbial counts of L. innocua by more than 7 log CFU mL−1 with 5.00 kGy treatment. The cell membrane permeability increased, resulting in the leakage of intracellular substances and changes in cell physiological status, which was proven by the cell staining and electron microscopy (EM) observations. Moreover, the integrity of genomic DNA and protein secondary structure, but not the protein primary structure were also disrupted. These findings provide the intrinsic mechanisms for the inactivation of L. innocua affected by EBI, which could serve as a theoretical basis for a better application of EBI in food sterilisation.

Application of electron beam irradiation for improving the microbial quality of processed laver products and luminescence detection of irradiated lavers

The laver (Porphyra spp.) is normally processed in three kinds of products: dried laver (DL), roasted laver (RL), and seasoned roasted laver (SL). This work evaluated the effects of electron beam (E-beam) irradiation at different doses (0, 1, 4, 7, and 10 kGy) on microbiological and physicochemical qualities and detection characteristics of irradiated samples by luminescence analysis. E-beam irradiation resulted in dose-dependent microbial reductions, showing that 1 kGy destroyed initial coliforms (< 2.35 log CFU/g) to undetectable levels (< 10 CFU/g), while 7 kGy (approved dose for seaweed in Korea Food Code) reduced total aerobic bacteria (3.72–6.33 log CFU/g) and yeasts and molds (2.05–4.98 log CFU/g) by about 2 log cycles. Chlorophyll content remained unaffected in irradiated samples as compared to control; however, carotenoids content and Hunter’s b values (degree of yellowness) showed a tendency to decrease in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). However, E-beam irradiation less than 7 kGy did not significantly affect sensory properties of the processed laver products. Irradiated laver products (DL, RL, and SL) could be screened and detected by analyzing photostimulated luminescence and thermoluminescence, respectively, from the non-irradiated ones. The overall results indicated that E-beam irradiation is effective for ensuring the improved microbial quality (< 4 log CFU/g) for the exporting processed laver products without apparent quality changes.

Dispersion and roles of montmorillonite on structural, flammability, thermal and mechanical behaviours of electron beam irradiated flame retarded nanocomposite

In this work, the effects of montmorillonite (MMT) dispersion and electron beam irradiation on intercalation and flammability-thermal behaviours of alumina trihydrate (ATH) added low density polyethylene and ethylene vinyl acetate (LDPE–EVA) blends were investigated. MMT and ATH added LDPE–EVA blends were compounded using Brabender mixer and compression moulded into sheets. The samples sheets were electron beam irradiated in the dosage range of 0 to 250kGy. The dispersion and intercalation of nano-MMT in LDPE–EVA matrix were investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The d-spacing measurements revealed that the addition of nano-MMT has effectively intercalated into polymer matrix and this has enhanced the compatibility of ATH particles and LDPE–EVA matrix. Limiting oxygen index test (LOI) revealed that the incorporation of MMT into ATH added LDPE–EVA blends as improved the flame retardancy up to 26.5 LOI%. Besides, the application of electron beam irradiation were also improved the flame retardancy of the blends by increasing the LOI% for about 2% compared to non-irradiated samples. The application of irradiation dosage up to 250kGy has rapidly improved the thermal stability of blends by delaying decomposition temperature and also promoting formation of char. The increasing of MMT loading level and irradiation dosage has effectively enhanced tensile strength and Young’s modulus by intercalating polymer matrix into interlayer galleries of MMT particles. Beside, the formation of crosslinking networks in polymer matrix also could further enhance the tensile strength and Young’s modulus. The intercalation effect of MMT particles and formation of crosslinking networks in polymer matrix could improve the thermal and mechanical properties. Consequently, this study has demonstrated that addition of MMT and electron beam irradiation into ATH added LDPE–EVA blends could produce better flammability, thermal and physical properties of ATH added LDPE–EVA blends.

Influence of electron beam irradiation on the mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene/polyamide6 blends

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the effects of electron beam irradiation on the mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene/polyamide6 blends (45/55) with talc 20% (w/w) as filler, SEBS‐g‐MAH 5% (w/w) as compatibilizer, and 10 phr triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC). TAIC is a polyfunctional monomer and acts as a crosslinking agent. Although the tensile and flexural moduli and strengths of the PP/PA6 blends with talc, SEBS‐g‐MAH, and TAIC were increased by the application of electron beam irradiation, the impact strength was decreased. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements showed that the melting temperatures and the degree of crystallinity decreased for all PP/PA6 blends as the electron beam irradiation dose increased, because of the number of structural defects in each crystalline phase. From dynamic mechanical analyzer results, a storage modulus curve in the plateau region was observed only in the PP/PA6 blends with talc, SEBS‐g‐MAH, and TAIC. The modulus increased with increasing electron beam irradiation dose, indicating that the three‐dimensional network developed gradually in the more amorphous PA6. Consequently, the most significant improvement to heat distortion under high load (1.8 MPa) was observed at 200 kGy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4318–4326, 2013

Application of electron-beam irradiation on the production of salted and seasoned short-necked clam, Tapes Pilippinarum, for safe distribution

Salted and seasoned short-necked clam ( Tapes Philippinarum; SNC) and its major ingredients, red hot pepper powder, ginger, garlic and onion were irradiated at 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 kGy, respectively, and the microbiological and sensory quality were evaluated. The water activities of SNC and red pepper powder were 0.91 and 0.56, respectively, and others were higher than 0.97. The initial microbial populations of SNC were approximately 3.99, 4.38 and 2.22 log CFU/g for total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold, and coliform bacteria. The highest contamination of total aerobic bacteria was detected from ground ginger among ingredients at 5.51 log CFU/g. Electron-beam irradiation (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 kGy) significantly reduced the initial microbial level of SNC and its ingredients not only immediately after irradiation, but also during storage at 10 °C for 4 weeks ( p<0.05). There was no adverse change of sensory score except for the color of onion irradiated at 5 kGy, which results in a lower score than control. From the results electron-beam irradiation is a useful tool to enhance the storage stability and safe distribution of SNC.

Crosslinking in metallocene ethylene-co-5,7-dimethylocta-1,6-diene copolymers initiated by electron-beam irradiation

The synthesis of ethylene-co-5,7-dimethylocta-1,6-diene copolymers (CEDMO) with different molar DMO contents has been performed to incorporate double bonds in the lateral and make easier the development of crosslinkings in the resulting polymer material after application of electron-beam irradiation. The gel content as well as a comprehensive evaluation of the changes in the crystalline characteristics have been carried out. Both features are strongly dependent on DMO composition and irradiation doses. Variation in the mechanical response of the different specimens has been checked by microhardness measurements.

Use of electron beam irradiation to improve the microbiological safety of Hippophae rhamnoides

Sea buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides) is increasingly used in food supplements due to its dietary and medicinal compounds with a beneficial role in human diet and health. As many other medicinal plants, sea buckthorn can be contaminated with microorganisms which exerts an important impact on the overall quality of the products. Irradiation is an effective method for food preservation because it is able to destroy pathogenic microorganisms keeping the organoleptic and nutritional characteristics of the foods. The objective of the present study was to investigate the application of electron beam irradiation in order to improve the microbiological safety of sea buckthorn. The experimental results indicated that the electron beam treatment might be a good method to remove undesirable microorganisms from sea buckthorn without significant changes in its active principles.

Radiation methods for upgrading and refining of feedstock for oil chemistry

Application of electron beam irradiation for transformation of heavy and/or viscous hydrocarbons into light and well flowing substances and enhancement of composition of hydrocarbon mixtures.

Application of electron beam irradiation combined to conventional treatment to treat industrial effluents

Abstract A preliminary study to combine electron beam irradiation process with biological treatment was carried out. Experiments were conducted using samples from a governmental wastewater treatment plant (WTP) that receives about 20% of industrial wastewater, with the objective of destroying the refractory organic pollutants and to obtain a better performance of this plant. Samples from five different steps of WTP were collected and irradiated in the electron beam accelerator in a batch system with 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 kGy doses. The main results showed a removal of 99% of all organic compound analysed in the industrial receiver unit (IRU) effluent and in the coarse bar screen (CBS) effluent with a 20 kGy dose, and for the medium bar screen (MBS) and primary sedimentation (PS) effluent a 10 kGy dose was sufficient. In the case of final effluent (FE), a dose of 5 kGy removed the remaining organic compounds and dyes present after biological treatment.

電子線照射利用（４） 電子線照射による環境汚染物質の処理

電子線照射利用（４） 電子線照射による環境汚染物質の処理