Application Of Diffusion Theory Research Articles

Deriving Snow Depth From ICESat-2 Lidar Multiple Scattering Measurements: Uncertainty Analyses

The application of diffusion theory and Monte Carlo lidar radiative transfer simulations presented in Part I of this series of study suggests that snow depth can be derived from the first-, second- and third-order moments of the lidar backscattering pathlength distribution. These methods are now applied to the satellite ICESat-2 lidar measurements over the Arctic sea ice and land surfaces of Northern Hemisphere. Over the Arctic sea ice, the ICESat-2 retrieved snow depths agree well with co-located IceBridge snow radar measured values with a root-mean-square (RMS) difference of 7.8 cm or 29.2% of the mean snow depth. The terrestrial snow depths derived from ICESat-2 show drastic spatial variation of the snowpack along ICESat-2 ground tracks over the Northern Hemisphere, which are consistent with the University of Arizona (UA) and Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) gridded daily snow products. The RMS difference in snow depths between ICESat-2 and UA gridded daily snow products is 14 cm, or 28% of the mean UA snow depth. To better understand these results, we also discuss the possible sources of errors in ICESat-2 derived snow depths, including surface roughness within the laser footprint, atmospheric forward scattering, solar background noise, and detector dark current. Simulation results indicate that the snow depth errors would be less than 5 cm if the standard deviation of pulse spreading due to surface roughness is within 50 cm. Our results demonstrate that the ICESat-2 lidar measurements can be used to reliably derive snow depth, which is a critical geophysical parameter for cryosphere studies including sea ice thickness estimation and also provides important constraints in the modeling of terrestrial hydrological processes.

Mapping Changes in Attitudes towards Gays and Lesbians in Europe: An Application of Diffusion Theory

Abstract Despite the introduction of laws granting family rights for lesbians and gays (LG) in many countries, negative attitudes towards homosexuality persist among various segments of the population, even in countries that have fully legitimized same-sex relationships. This mismatch raises questions about the processes through which societies achieve positive attitudes towards gays and lesbians. This article applies diffusion theory to nearly 20 years of European Social Survey data for 27 countries to provide an in-depth examination of the evolution of attitudes towards gays and lesbians. Using data on same-sex legislation and cluster analysis, we construct a classification of countries distinguishing among those that are more versus less ahead in the process of granting family rights for LG couples, which is then applied to societal growth curve models to account for historical changes in attitudes among different social groups. Our results show a stronger increase in positive attitudes towards homosexuality among higher educated, secular, and non-conservative individuals in countries with greater same-sex rights. These findings suggest that laws granting family rights to LG people represent a necessary but not sufficient condition for the diffusion of positive attitudes towards homosexuality, pointing to a considerable lag between the macro and the micro-level.

Emerging Factors Shaping Identity of Indigenous Urbanism Concurrently Adopting Modernity in Qatar: The Application of Diffusion Theory

Las formas, los disenos y los simbolos son los componentes del entorno construido, que transfieren la informacion del lugar y la identidad a los usuarios. Esta investigacion tuvo como objetivo explorar los factores emergentes que dan forma a la identidad de los distritos urbanos locales al tiempo que adopta la cultura y la modernidad global. Para lograr este objetivo, la investigacion ha llevado a cabo dos fases dentro de las cuales se incluyen algunos pasos. La primera fase fue explorar diferentes zonas urbanas. Incluye un analisis detallado de los diferentes estilos y elementos arquitectonicos que han difundido la identidad de los principales constituyentes de las zonas urbanas. Debido a la dificultad de encuestar a toda la region de Doha, esta investigacion se ha centrado en cuatro megaproyectos con diferentes caracteristicas en las gobernaciones de Doha; Pearl Qatar (que representa la arquitectura islamica), Souq Waqif (que representa la arquitectura tradicional), el proyecto Msheireb (como la combinacion de la arquitectura tradicional y moderna) y West Bay (como referencia para el enfoque global). La fase uno tiene dos pasos; Observacion de campo y estudio de campo. La segunda fase fue explorar los nuevos elementos difundidos para la identidad del entorno construido con la concentracion en los sitios seleccionados en Doha. La fase dos tiene dos pasos; Encuesta fotografica y entrevistas. Para probar la premisa propuesta, esta fase se prolongo en la geografia humana utilizando la teoria de difusion de Torsten Hagerstrand. Los resultados de esta investigacion ayudan a los arquitectos y disenadores urbanos a mejorar la conciencia de los usuarios sobre su entorno natural y a proporcionar una mejor percepcion de la identidad en los distritos urbanos locales y la arquitectura vernacula, basandose en el instinto y la vision estrategica derivada de la cultura global y la arquitectura social moderna.

A grounded model of technology adoption capabilities: care coordination and health IT

The general objective of this feasibility study is to demonstrate the plausibility of developing organisational capabilities-based framework and demonstrate that the right mix of theories and methodologies have been considered. The small field study was conducted at Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) with the Care Management Plus (CMP) Team. CMP is an evidence-based HIT application for older adults and chronically ill patients with multiple conditions and the innovation includes software, clinic processes and training. Use of qualitative research-based case study, with application of diffusion theory and dynamic capabilities using the unified modelling language (UML) notation are demonstrated in this field study. In the following sections, data collection, analysis, results, conclusions and limitations of research along with propositions for future research are discussed.

Applying Diffusion Theory: Adoption of Media Literacy Programs in Schools

Recent research indicates that all 50 states have school curricula frameworks that contain one or more elements that call for some form of media literacy education. Such findings indicate that media literacy is slowly becoming an integral part of school curricula. However, full adoption of media literacy programs has yet to occur. Instructional technologists are effectively using Everett Rogers' theory of innovation diffusion in hopes of increasing the implementation and utilization of innovative instructional products and practices. The application of diffusion theory to instructional technology is useful for examining how media literacy proponents can apply the diffusion of innovations theory to increase the adoption of media literacy programs in schools.

Applying Diffusion Theory to Chain Restaurants

Abstract The Diffusion of Innovations (diffusion) field is a well-established area for academic research across a range of social science disciplines. One of diffusion's key applications is to help predict the adoption rates of new products and technologies in new markets. To date, however, the application of the diffusion field, generally to hospitality and tourism, including the prediction of adoption rates, has been limited. This paper presents a conceptual framework for predicting the success of chain restaurants entering international markets, using diffusion's key principles. Following an overview of diffusion, including theoretical issues affecting the application of diffusion in a service sector environment, the paper presents a case study of an application of diffusion theory to the international expansion of a U.S. chain restaurant to Australia.

Enhancing adoption of an alcohol abuse prevention program: An application of diffusion theory

The purpose of this study was to apply diffusion theory (Rogers, 1983) to an alcohol abuse prevention program in order to enhance program adoption. Three of the four stages of diffusion theory (dissemination, adoption, and implementation) are discussed relative to the development and implementation of a program designed to increase awareness of the destructive effects upon children who live with an addicted parent of living with that parent. The program also focused upon resiliency building strategies to use with children in order to mitigate the harmful effects of addiction in the home. Empirical data are presented concerning the dissemination, adoption and implementation phases of the program.

Influence of glucose concentration on light scattering in tissue-simulating phantoms

The presence of glucose dissolved in an aqueous solution increases the refractive index of the solution and therefore has an influence on the scattering properties of any particles suspended within it. We present experimental data on the effect of glucose concentration on the scattering coefficient of a suspension of spherical polystyrene particles. The experimental results are in good agreement with Mie theory. The effect of glucose on light transport in highly scattering, tissue-simulating phantoms is demonstrated both experimentally and theoretically by application of diffusion theory. The possible application of this effect for noninvasive glucose monitoring of diabetic patients is discussed.

Gas Composition Shifts in Devonian Shales

Summary Analysis of the gas composition of Devonian shale wells indicates that the composition of produced gas shifts during the production history of the well. Possible mechanisms to explain this behavior are examined in light of field and laboratory data. Application of diffusion theory is made to explain adsorption-like behavior exhibited by some shales.

Marketing and the adoption of microcomputers: An application of diffusion theory

This paper examines the adoption of microcomputers in the marketing community. Diffusion theory is applied to gain clearer insights into why the infusion of this technology has succeeded where other forms of computer technology have lagged. Unique characteristics of microcomputers important to marketers are identified and those features most amenable to marketing settings are explained.

A note on estimating the effect of a limited fetch on micrometeorological evaporation measurements

A formula for the effective fetch of micrometeorological evaporation measurements is derived by application of diffusion theory, using Calder's approximation of a uniform wind field and neutral atmospheric stability. This simplification allows estimation of the likely sampling error, which would result from an upwind step-change in evaporation rate, without change in roughness.

PROTEIN EXTRACTION FROM MEAT AND THE POSTMORTEM PERMEABILITY OF MUSCLE FIBERS

ABSTRACTThe extractability of intracellular proteins of bovine meat in a Ringer solution was determined as a function of the transfer area of regularly cut samples. With the aid of theoretical estimations of the extracted fraction—by application of diffusion theory—it is shown that proteins migrate uniformly in all directions and do not proceed exclusively from the fibers ruptured by the cuts. This result is discussed in connection with the postmortem permeability of tissue and its relevance in the models of freezing injury of meat.

A conditional expectation formula for diffusion processes

In some applications of diffusion theory it is of interest to study the expected time of the first exit from an interval given that a specified boundary will be the first exitpoint. This problem is considered here for a regular Feller process, and applications are given.

A conditional expectation formula for diffusion processes

In some applications of diffusion theory it is of interest to study the expected time of the first exit from an interval given that a specified boundary will be the first exitpoint. This problem is considered here for a regular Feller process, and applications are given.

Diffusion Theory and Planning

for any theory is to understand some segment of reality. If it is beyond man's capability to change this reality, his environment, then at least with his knowledge of it he can better adapt to it. In other cases where man does have some power over the environment, the understanding of it points the way for directed change or planning. If diffusion concerns the spread of a phenomenon through a population over space and through time, then planners would presumably find diffusion valuable to at least two kinds of planning problems: (1) dissemination of knowledge and encouraging use of existing or planned facilities or services and, more generally, (2) inculcating in a population some desired change in attitudefor example with respect to willingness to integrate, or maintenance of property. In this paper we will be concerned with the usefulness of diffusion theory, in its present state, for resolving such problems, and with how diffusion theory can be generalized or improved to make it more clearly useful. The paper is divided into three parts. We first deal with the significant aspects of the application of diffusion theory to past phenomena. Next, we treat the application of diffusion theory to the planning process, and finally, we discuss some potentially valuable generalizations of diffusion theory and their consequences for the usefulness of the theory, particularly to planning. DIFFUSION IN THE DESCRIPTION OF PAST EVENTS

Loss of UO 2 from molybdenum-UO 2 cermets by high-temperature diffusion

The loss of UO 2 from a MoUO 2 cermet upon heating has been investigated. Loss was measured as a function of temperature, time and sample thickness. Despite the inhomogeneous nature of the solid, the results were treated by application of diffusion theory. The diffusion coefficient has been found to vary with temperature as D = 2.40 × 10 −3 exp (−77500/ RT). The technique for treating inhomogeneous systems is discussed. It is concluded that the escape of UO 2 occurs along the grain boundaries of the Mo.

The application of diffusion theory to two population genetic models of Moran

Moran (1958a) (1958b) introduced two population genetic models of a general kind to investigate the combined effects on evolution of four factors,

Heat diffusion from a plane, periodic source

The solution of the heat diffusion equation with a periodic, plane source is applied to problems of the diurnal and annual range of surface temperature, and its lag on insolation. The application of diffusion theory to practical problems is much simplified by the introduction of the concept of a heat capacity for a surface source. Heat capacity may be calculated from the thermal characteristics of the diffusing substance, and the nature of the periodic source. Heat capacities so determined give diurnal surface temperature ranges fo the order revealed in nature. It is possible to account for the way in which the annual temperature range changes with latitude. The annual temperature range computed on diffusion theory alone is about 250% in excess of observed values, but the discrepancy may be accounted for by the interlatitudinal exchange of heat. The indications are that in average circumstances the air absorbs 50%–100% more heat from a plane source than the soil.