Application Of Different Additives Research Articles

An assessment of composting conditions, humic matters formation and product maturity in response to different additives: A meta-analysis

Humic matters (HMs), including humic substance (HS), humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA), and germination index (GI), are essential indices of compost maturity and stability. While traditional composting practices can produce poor final products, the application of different additives (such as physical, chemical, and microbial types) is a possible way to hasten the composting process and improve the quality of the compost products. Yet, there is a deficiency of comprehensive and quantitative analysis of how additives affect physicochemical parameters, HMs formation, maturity, and stability of compost products. Here, a meta-analysis was conducted based on 494 paired observations to explore the response pattern of compost physicochemical factors and maturity indices to different additives during composting. The results indicated that applied additives increased the level of HS, HA, GI, total nitrogen (TN), temperature, and pH by 41.3%, 73.4%, 16.6%, 19.4%, 9.63%, and 7.33%, respectively, across all the observations, compared to the control composts. Meanwhile, the level of FA, total organic carbon (TOC), moisture content (MC), and C/N were lower by −37%, −20.8%, −18.9%, and −20.5% than in the control composts. Composting duration contributed to considerable degrees of variation in HMs’ response to different additives (p < 0.05). Also, composting factors (feedstock, additive types, and bulking agents) were effective regulators of the response of HMs to different additives. Accordingly, adjusting the additives, process duration, and composting factors can positively impact the amount of HMs and nutrients in the compost products. Eventually, the outcomes of this study can support the selection, improvement, and application of additives to promote the quality and stability of the compost products.

Crystallization of polylactide-based green composites filled with oil-rich waste fillers

Polylactide is a highly demanded biopolymer, whose industrial application constantly increases. Its disadvantages such as brittleness and slow crystallization rate can be overcome by application of different additives. Because of environmental issues, using natural waste fillers as modifying agents for polylactide is especially interesting. In this study linseed cake, a byproduct of oil extraction from linseed, characterized by oil content of 0.9–39.8 wt.%, was added to polylactide to influence its crystallization behavior. The formation of the crystalline phase was studied by differential scanning calorimetry in isothermal and non-isothermal conditions and analyzed according to methods by Jeziorny, Ozawa, Mo and Avrami. The samples’ microstructures were observed using polarized light microscopy. The crystallization rate and Avrami exponent of samples crystallized in different conditions were evaluated. It was found that addition of 10 wt.% of linseed cake containing at least 17.7 wt.% oil notably changes the crystallization of polylactide, increasing its crystallinity and promoting the growth of crystallites.

Solvent engineering for perovskite solar cells: a review

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted enormous attention owing to their high power conversion efficiency and low cost. In this work, solvent engineering techniques for PSCs are reviewed using co-solvents, anti-solvents, and solvent additives. In the part of co-solvents, binary solvent systems and ternary solvent systems illustrate their respective properties and their application in PSCs. In the part of the anti-solvents, the use of a common anti-solvent such as chlorobenzene or toluene in the solution treatment provides a method for preparing a pinhole-free and dense structure perovskite film. Meanwhile, the continuous exploration of green anti-solvent projects has made it possible to mass-produce mixed-stabilised perovskite films, which is pinhole-free and uniform. In the solvent additives section, the application of different additives can slow down crystal growth and increases the stability of the PSC. Each section outlines the application and potential of solvent engineering technology to improve the performance of PSCs, illustrating potential applications in the future. This work aims to provide some ideas for the improvement of PSC performance and accelerate another leap of solvent engineering technology in the field of PSCs.

In vitro-based doubled haploid production: recent improvements

The doubled haploid system is the fastest way of hybrid variety production and plays an important role in breeding programs and developmental studies. The most commonly used methods of haploid induction, leading to haploid plants in vitro through the plant tissue/cell culture, are named as the in vitro -based (IVB) methods. These methods have been established in many of the important crops, such as barley, pepper, rapeseed, rice, sugar beet, and wheat. There are ongoing researches to optimize and improve the efficiency of these methods by focusing on factors involved in induction and regeneration phases. These factors mainly include plant genotype, the surrounding environment of parental plants, components of culture medium, the developmental stage of initial gametophytic cells, physical treatments (cold pre-treatment, heat shock) of cultured gametophytic cells, and application of different additives and plant growth regulators. Stress treatment is one of the important prerequisites for stimulation of gametophytic cells to switch towards the sporophytic pathway. However, autophagy and programmed cell death, oxidative stress, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the major limiting factors in stress-induced embryogenesis. The positive effect of different additives, such as plant growth regulators, chlormequat, polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine), stress hormones (abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid), DNA demethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors, cellular antioxidants, cell wall remodeling agents (arabinogalactan-proteins), and compatible solutes (proline and chitosan), has been proved on the efficiency of haploid induction through IVB methods. Different mechanisms have been reported through which the aforementioned additives can enhance tolerance to embryo-inducing stresses in plants, and subsequently increase the efficiency of induction phase of IVB methods of haploid induction. Finding the best combination/interaction of inductive stresses and their corresponding chemical enhancers is crucial for successful haploid induction through IVB methods. In the present review, we highlighted recently applied additives to enhance the efficiency of the major IVB methods of haploid induction in different plants. Other potentially applicable additives, those are involved in preventing ROS accumulation, ethylene inhibitors, activating of antioxidant enzyme activity, detoxification capacity, and defense response signal pathway, which could be useful in IVB haploid induction are also discussed. The presented information could be useful to improve the efficiency of developed IVB protocols and/or to develop new protocols in recalcitrant species/genotypes.

Multifunctional Gelcoats for Fiber Reinforced Composites

Achieving special features in polymer composites, such as flame retardancy and thermal and electrical conductivity, often requires the application of different additives, which might negatively affect other properties of the polymer matrix and the composite structure. Furthermore, the application of solid additives in composites produced by liquid transfer moulding can lead to the filtration of the additive by the reinforcement, which causes a non-uniform particle distribution and an uneven performance. An evident solution to address these issues is to apply the additives in a separate layer on the surface of the composite. As in many applications, gelcoats are used to reach appropriate surface quality, a reasonable progression in the composite industry is the development of multifunctional gelcoats. In this article, after a short introduction to gelcoats and their main base materials (unsaturated polyester, epoxy, and others) multifunctional gelcoats are discussed according to their functionality, in particular water resistance, electric conductivity and flame retardancy. Classical and novel gelcoat preparation methods (application by brush and/or roller, spraying, UV-curing, in-mould gelcoating), as well as common defects that occur during gelcoating are discussed. Finally, the testing methods of multifunctional gelcoats are outlined.

Mechanized Tunneling in Soft Soils: Choice of Excavation Mode and Application of Soil-Conditioning Additives in Glacial Deposits

The history of the formation of the alpine region is affected by the activities of the glaciers, which have a strong influence on underground works in this area. Mechanized tunneling must adapt to the presence of sound and altered rock, as well as to inhomogeneous soil layers that range from permeable gravel to soft clay sediments along the same tunnel. This article focuses on past experiences with tunnel-boring machines (TBMs) in Switzerland, and specifically on the aspects of soil conditioning during a passage through inhomogeneous soft soils. Most tunnels in the past were drilled using the slurry mode (SM), in which the application of different additives was mainly limited to difficult zones of high permeability and stoppages for tool change and modification. For drillings with the less common earth pressure balanced mode (EPBM), continuous foam conditioning and the additional use of polymer and bentonite have proven to be successful. The use of conditioning additives led to new challenges during separation of the slurries (for SM) and disposal of the excavated soil (for EPBM). If the disposal of chemically treated soft soil material from the earth pressure balanced (EPB) drive in a manner that is compliant with environmental legislation is considered early on in the design and evaluation of the excavation mode, the EPBM can be beneficial for tunnels bored in glacial deposits.

Sensory evaluation of coob 500 chicken meat after application of different additives in their nutrition

The objective of the experiment was to verify the effect of different feed additives in nutrition of Cobb 500 broiler chickens on the sensory quality of breast and thigh muscle modified by baking at temperature 200 ºC for 60 minutes. The experiment included 250 one-day-old Cobb 500 hybrid chickens, which were divided into 5 groups (n=50): control (I) and experimental groups (E1 with Agolin Poultry at doses of 100 mg.kg-1, E2 with Agolin Tannin Plus at doses of 500 mg.kg-1, E3 with Biostrong 510+FortiBac at doses of 1000 mg.kg-1 and E4 with Agolin Acid at doses of 1000 mg.kg-1). The chickens were fed during 42 days of age by ad libitum system with feed mixtures: BR1 starter feed mixture (until the of 10th day of age), BR2 growth feed mixture (from 11th to 20th day of age), BR3 growth feed mixture (from 21st to 35th days of age) and BR4 final feed mixture (from 36th to 42nd days of age). Feed mixtures were produced with coccidiostats in powder form. Panellists evaluate aroma, juiciness, taste and tenderness on 5 point hedonic scale where 1 (the worst) and 5 (the best) were the extremes of each characteristic. Significant differences were found between control and experimental group E3 in juiciness and tenderness of breast muscles and between control and experimental group E2 in smell of thigh muscles. Sensory evaluation of breast and thigh muscles in Cobb 500 chickens after application of different feed additives indicated that these additives have not worsened the quality of meat. The highest sensory score was obtained in experimental group E4 (with addition of Agolin Acid at the dose of 1000 mg.kg-1).

Intensification of sonochemical degradation of chlorobenzene using additives

This study evaluates the application of different additives viz. H2O2, Fe (II), Fe metal powder, sodium bicarbonate, and t-butanol, for intensifying the sonochemical degradation of chlorobenzene. It has been observed that the degradation of chlorobenzene is controlled by the pyrolysis mechanism, and dominant zone of degradation lies around the region of cavitating bubble. Hydroxyl radicals formed during cavitation were also useful for enhancing the mineralization of intermediates formed during degradation. It has been established that the use of Fe powder, sodium bicarbonate, and t-butanol, which leads to enhancement in the cavitational effects, gives better degradation of chlorobenzene among the different additives investigated in the study, and maximum degradation is observed in the presence of Fe powder. The presence of t-butanol, a conventional radical scavenger, leading to a marginal increase in the extent of degradation confirmed that degradation mechanism is dominated by the pyrolysis effect of cavitation. The higher Henry constant pollutant was easily degraded due to pyrolysis mechanism. A three-step degradation mechanism scheme has been established on the basis of the intermediate products formed in the process such as phenols, chlorophenols, and benzene. Rate of mineralization was also quantified in terms of total organic carbon removal, and it was established that the trends in mineralization are not necessarily the same as parent compound removal confirming that both radical and pyrolysis mechanism are important for overall mineralization.