Application Of Dieldrin Research Articles

Synergistic increase in cell lethality by dieldrin and H2O2 in rat thymocytes: Effect of dieldrin on the cells exposed to oxidative stress

Dieldrin, one of persistent pesticides, is highly resistant to biotic and abiotic degradation. It is accumulated in organisms. Recent studies suggest that dieldrin exerts a potent cytotoxic action on cells exposed to oxidative stress. In this study, the effect of dieldrin on rat thymocytes exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress was examined. Dieldrin at 5μM and H2O2 at 300μM slightly increased cell lethality from a control value of 5.4±0.5% (mean±standard deviation of four experiments) to 7.8±1.3% and 9.0±0.3%, respectively. Simultaneous application of dieldrin and H2O2 significantly increased cell lethality to 46.2±1.8%. The synergistic increase in cell lethality was dependent on dieldrin concentration (0.3–5μM) but not on H2O2 concentration (30–300μM). Dieldrin accelerated H2O2-induced cell death, which was estimated with the help of annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide. Presence of either dieldrin or H2O2 decreased the cellular content of nonprotein thiol and increased intracellular Zn2+ concentration. The combination of dieldrin and H2O2 further pronounced these effects. TPEN, a chelator of intracellular Zn2+, significantly attenuated the synergistic increase in cell lethality induced by dieldrin and H2O2. It is, therefore, suggested that dieldrin augments the cytotoxicity of H2O2 in a Zn2+-dependent manner.

Sodium channels and GABA A receptor-channel complex as targets of environmental toxicants

Voltage-activated sodium channels and GABA A receptor-chloride channel complex are among the most important target sites of various environmental neurotoxicants. Pyrethroids keep the sodium channels open for prolonged periods of time leading to hyperexcitation of the entire nervous system. In rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons and dorsal root ganglion neurons, only about 1% of sodium channel population needed to be modified by the pyrethroid tetramethrin to increase the depolarizing after-potential to the level of the threshold membrane potential for generation of repetitive after-discharges. This concept of toxicity amplification is applicable to other chemicals that go through a threshold phenomenon to exert their effects. The potency of pyrethroids on neuronal sodium channels increased with lowering the temperature with a Q10 value of 0.2. The selective pyrethroid toxicity between mammals and insects can be quantitatively explained on the basis of the differences in 5 factors, i.e. the intrinsic sodium channel sensitivity, the sodium channel modification due to temperature difference, the reversibility of sodium channel, the detoxication of pyrethroids, and body size. These 5 factors are multiplied to approximately 2000 which is in the same order of magnitude as that of the difference in LD 50. Dieldrin had a dual action on the GABA A receptor-chloride channel complex of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. The initial transient potentiation of GABA-induced currents after application of dieldrin was followed by a suppression. Dieldrininduced potentiation of current was observed only when the γy 2 subunit was present in embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) transfected with GABA receptor subunits. Dieldrin-induced suppression was observed in the presence and absence of the γ 2 subunit. The dieldrin suppression of GABA-induced currents is deemed directly responsible for hyperactive symptoms of poisoning in animals.

Circadian Rhythm Changes in Toxicity of the Insecticide Dieldrin on Larvae of the Migratory Locust Locusta migratoria migratorioides

Circadian changes in toxicity of the insecticide dieldrin were documented in the larvae (fifth stage) of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides. Insects were housed under light (L): dark (D) = 12:12, with L from 0800 to 2000 h. Topical applications of dieldrin at fixed clock hours, with doses ranging from 0.1 to 8 micrograms/gm body weight, were carried out in a series of experiments on male and female larvae. Twenty-four h after dosing, mortality was recorded to quantify the median lethal dose (LD50) values with reference to time of treatment. Experiments were performed during February, early and late June, and August. Larvae were more susceptible to dieldrin when dosed during the night rather than during the day [analysis of variance (ANOVA); p less than 0.05]. Moreover, female larvae were less susceptible to dieldrin than were male larvae (ANOVA; p less than 0.05). Cosinor analysis revealed circadian rhythms in susceptibility-resistance to the insecticide in all experiments except no. 2. Toxicity was found to be greatest during the nighttime. Cosinor analysis of pooled data of the four experiments documented circadian rhythmicity to toxicity of dieldrin in female but not in male larvae. Regardless of sex, the timing of least susceptibility (greatest resistance and highest LD50 value) to the insecticide, dieldrin, was around 1500.

Review of tsetse control measures taken in the Lambwe Valley in 1980-1984.

During an outbreak of Rhodesian sleeping sickness in the Lambwe Valley in 1980 initial tsetse control measures consisted of applications of dieldrin to the periphery of the Ruma National Park. This activity had a marked effect on the prevalence of sleeping sickness. Concern about the use of dieldrin caused the cessation of this programme and justified an aerial spray programme using endosulfan. Although the Lambwe Valley did not appear to be a good candidate for aerial spray, the endosulfan had a marked effect on tsetse fly levels and on the prevalence of sleeping sickness. Sleeping sickness cases were detected in decreasing numbers for eight months following the endosulfan programme, but the subsequent five months yielded no cases of sleeping sickness in the area. Some flies persisted, however, and they had regained high levels in about a year. As the prevalence of sleeping sickness increased another aerial spray programme was initiated in 1983, using pyrethrum as insecticide. The pyrethrum aerial spray programme did not make significant reductions in the Glossina pallidipes population or in the prevalence of sleeping sickness. A subsequent ground control programme using insecticides (dieldrin and cypermethrin) and bush clearing, conducted primarily within the National Park, has subsequently limited the prevalence of sleeping sickness to low levels.

The effects of helicopter applied adulticides for riverine Tsetse control onSimuliumpopulations in a West African savanna habitat. III. conclusions: The possible role of adulticiding in onchocerciasis control in West Africa

Abstract The partial success of applications of dieldrin, deltamethrin and endosulfan for tsetse control in also reducing populations of Simulium spp. in a riverine Guinea savanna habitat in Upper Volta has been established. However, there is insufficient information available concerning the resting sites of adult Simulium to determine the best location of spray swaths to achieve the maximum effect. Further trials based on knowledge of the biology of adult Simulium could improve the success of the technique for blackfly control. It is suggested that localised adulticiding in onchocerciasis control schemes could be effective, particularly where a high level of reinvasion causes unacceptable levels of disease transmission for short periods of the year.

Three years' observation on side effects of helicopter applications of insecticides used to exterminate Glossina A species in Nigeria

In three successive years from 1974 onwards observations were made on the possible side effects of helicopter applications of dieldrin and endosulfan in a number of Northern Guinea savanna zone habitats in Nigeria. In one of the areas a comparison could be made with discriminative handspray applications of endosulfan and DDT. An account is given of the acute effects on non-target species. Before, and at various intervals after, spraying a population census was made of a number of selected bird species. Certain species of fringe forest birds such as various flycatcher species appeared to be very vulnerable and either were not recorded any more or became extremely rare in the areas treated. It appears that the groundspray procedures used in Nigeria are more discriminative—and therefore less likely to cause irreversible damage—than helicopter applications at comparable dose-rate.

Excitatory and depressant effects of dieldrin and aldrin-transdiol in the spinal cord of the toad ( Xenopus laevis)

An investigation was made into the action of the insecticide dieldrin and one of its metabolites, aldrin-transdiol, on the isolated spinal cord of the toad, Xenopus laevis. Conventional electrophysiological techniques were used for stimulating and recording of dorsal and ventral spinal roots. An augmentation of polysynaptic reflex activity along with a marked reduction of orthodromic postsynaptic inhibition could be demonstrated in preparations isolated from dieldrin-poisoned animals. However, application of dieldrin to the isolated spinal cord failed to produce any significant effect. Application of aldrin-transdiol, on the other hand, caused a potentiation of spinal reflex activity and an increase in spontaneous activity of ventral and dorsal roots. Aldrin-transdiol also produced a marked reduction of spinal inhibitory mechanisms. The excitatory effects of aldrin-transdiol were followed by a strong depressant action on spinal excitability.

Plague vector studies. IV. A comparison of insecticide application techniques for flea control on ground squirrels.

An evaluation of the long term residual life of Dieldrin based on the flea index indicated that from the second month through the twelfth month post-treatment the flea index was less than 0.4 fleas per squirrel in 3 of the treated fields, while the control index ranged from 60.5 to 419.5 fleas per host. From the third to the sixth day post-treatment the flea mortality was higher in study areas treated by direct burrow application of Dieldrin (96.3% and 98.0%) than in those study areas where application was by the surface or area method (92.6% and 95.8%). Burrow treatment resulted in a more rapid knockdown of fleas than did surface treatment. These data are based on 89,028 fleas collected from 1423 California Ground Squirrels; the 3 species present of fleas were Diamanus montanus, Hoplopsyllus anomalus , and Echidnophaga gallinacea.

The neurotoxic action of dieldrin and its derivatives in the cockroach

The effects of dieldrin and its metabolites and derivatives on the nervous function of the cockroach have been studied by means of electrophysiological techniques. In the cockroach poisoned with topical application of dieldrin to the abdomen, the synaptic transmission across the metathoracic ganglion was greatly prolonged, whereas the transmission across the last abdominal ganglion was not appreciably affected. When applied directly onto the exposed metathoracic ganglion, dieldrin exerted its effect in prolonging the synaptic after-discharge only after a long latency (about 60 min). Photodieldrin, photoaldrin and a transdiol-like compound (a metabolite) exerted the same effect more rapidly. Trans-dihydroxydihydroaldrin (aldrin-transdiol, another metabolite) was most rapid and potent in exerting the effect, and stimulated the synapse within 5 to 10 min after application. All of these compounds also stimulated the sensory neurons in the leg to produce repetitive trains of impulses, and the potency as expressed by the reciprocal of the latency was lowest in dieldrin and highest in aldrin-transdiol. The possibility of aldrin-transdiol as one of the active forms of dieldrin in the cockroach is discussed.

Vapor Density of Soil‐Applied Dieldrin as Related to Soil‐Water Content, Temperature, and Dieldrin Concentration

AbstractVapor densities of dieldrin (principal constituent HEOD‐hexachloro‐epoxyoctahydro‐endo, exo‐dimethanonaphthalene) in dieldrin‐soil mixtures increased with temperature and dieldrin concentration but were not affected by soil‐water content until the water content decreased below that equivalent of one molecular layer of water. Vapor densities dropped to very low values when the water content fell below this level, but increased again as water was added to the dry soil, indicating that the drying effect is reversible. When more than a monomolecular layer of water was present in the soil, vapor density increased with increasing soil dieldrin (HEOD) concentration until a saturation vapor density equal to that of HEOD without soil [54, 202, and 676 ng HEOD/liter at 20, 30, and 40C, respectively (9)] was reached at approximately 25 ppm HEOD. This implies that surface applications of dieldrin and probably other similar chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides will volatilize as rapidly from mineral soils as from the pure materials until the concentration at the surface falls to relatively low levels.The data indicate that loss of water, per se, is not required for significant rates of volatilization to occur from soils or other surfaces on which water can successfully compete for adsorption sites.

The Application of Dieldrin to Wool

The Application of Dieldrin to Wool

Residues in milk and body fat of cattle grazed on pastures treated with dieldrin

Residues of dieldrin in the milk and body fat of cattle grazed on pastures sprayed or dusted with 1 lb dieldrin an acre were determined. Cattle were grazed on treated pastures immediately or three weeks after dieldrin was applied. Grazing was either continuous or restricted to two hours a day. Samples of milk for analysis of dieldrin were taken at weekly intervals for 3-4 months after treatment of pastures. Composite samples from the renal, omental, and subcutaneous fat of cattle were analyzed for dieldrin 9-13 weeks after the commencement of grazing on treated pastures. Dieldrin in milk and body fat was analyzed by modifying the colorimetric method of Cueto. Samples were saponified with ethanol and potassium hydroxide, the unsaponified matter extracted into petroleum ether and the whole sample chromatographed on an alumina column. Colour estimations were made with a recording spectrophotometer and the absorbances obtained, converted to �g dieldrin. The method detected at least 20 �g pure dieldrin. Dieldrin was found in milk and body fat regardless of the grazing practice or the formulation of dieldrin used. Residues were low when cattle were restricted to two hours grazing a day beginning three weeks after the application of dieldrin and were lower with dieldrin applied as a dust than as a spray.

Correction - Residues in milk and body fat of cattle grazed on pastures treated with dieldrin

Residues of dieldrin in the milk and body fat of cattle grazed on pastures sprayed or dusted with 1 lb dieldrin an acre were determined. Cattle were grazed on treated pastures immediately or three weeks after dieldrin was applied. Grazing was either continuous or restricted to two hours a day. Samples of milk for analysis of dieldrin were taken at weekly intervals for 3-4 months after treatment of pastures. Composite samples from the renal, omental, and subcutaneous fat of cattle were analyzed for dieldrin 9-13 weeks after the commencement of grazing on treated pastures. Dieldrin in milk and body fat was analyzed by modifying the colorimetric method of Cueto. Samples were saponified with ethanol and potassium hydroxide, the unsaponified matter extracted into petroleum ether and the whole sample chromatographed on an alumina column. Colour estimations were made with a recording spectrophotometer and the absorbances obtained, converted to �g dieldrin. The method detected at least 20 �g pure dieldrin. Dieldrin was found in milk and body fat regardless of the grazing practice or the formulation of dieldrin used. Residues were low when cattle were restricted to two hours grazing a day beginning three weeks after the application of dieldrin and were lower with dieldrin applied as a dust than as a spray.

Field observations on the control of blossom beetles (Meligethes aeneus F.) and cabbage‐seed weevils (Ceuthorhynchus assimilis Payk.) on mustard‐seed crops in East Anglia

SUMMARYField trials on the control of blossom beetles (Meligethes aeneus F.), and cabbageseed weevils (Ceuthorhynchus assimilis Payk.) were carried out in East Anglia during 1958 and 1959, and twenty‐six commercial crops of Trowse mustard (Brassica juncea Coss) were surveyed during the summer of 1959. The development of a Trowse mustard plant, and damage by adult and larval blossom beetles are described. Methods for assessing the damage done by both blossom beetles and seed weevils are discussed, and a preliminary attempt has been made to differentiate the effects of the two pests on the yields of seed.It has been confirmed that DDT is unsatisfactory for the control of seed weevils; two carefully timed applications of dieldrin will probably give an economic control of both blossom beetles and seed weevils. Spraying usually gave increased yields of seed, sufficient to cover the cost of treatment, but a single spray was not persistent enough to give a good control of the damage by adult and larval blossom beetles, and at the same time to control the damage by seed weevil larvae. A single spray applied during May, when the population of adult blossom beetles was rising, did not prevent later adults or larvae from causing damage. A single spray applied shortly before flowering began allowed the early immigrant adults to cause damage but gave some control of the larvae. The infestation of pods by seed weevil larvae was best controlled by a spray during the early‐flowering period. Because of the risk of harming bees and other beneficial insects it is unlikely that a spray during the blossom period could at present be recommended as a routine for all mustard crops.

Plum Curculio Control Experiments in 1955–581

Cage tests showed the good residual value of Guthion® ( O,O - dimethyl s -( 4-oxo-3 H -1,2,3-benzotriazine-3-methyl) phosphorodithioate) and Sevin® (l-naphthl N -methyl carbamate) and good short-lived effectiveness of Trithion® ( S-(p -chlorophenylthio)methyl O,O -diethyl phosphorodithioate) against the plum curculio ( Conotrachelus nenuphar (Hbst.)) on peaches. In field tests the recommended regular schedule of five applications of 2 pounds of 15% parathion, wettable powder per 100 gullons controlled light to inoderate infestations. Most effective was a split schedule of three applications of dieldrin, 1 pound of wettable powder containing 50% of the active ingredients, followed by two of parathion, 2 pounds of wettable powder containing 15% of the active ingredient, per 100 gallons. Guthion was about as effective as parathion, and Sevin and Perthane® (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis ( p -ethylphenyl)ethane) were promising. Malathion, Diazinoni® ( O,O -diethyl O -(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl) phosphorodithioate), and heptachlor were less effective than parathion, and Dipterex® ( O,O -dimethyl 2,2,2-trichloro-l-hydroxyethylphosphonate), Chlorthion® ( O -(3-chloro-4-nitrophenyl) O,O -dimethyl phosphorothioate), aldrin, and Strobane® (a mixture of chlorinated terpenes with about 66% chlorine) were less effective. Dieldrin at ¼ pound per 100 gallons was less effective than at 1 pound, but at either strength it should not be used later than 2 weeks after the shuck-off application. Harvest residues of Guthion and Sevin were well below the approved tolerances on peaches, and those for Perthane were 1.3 to 2.1 p.p.m. Lime did not interfere with the effectiveness of parathion and malathion. The petal-fall application was found of value.

Some Effects of a Field Application of Dieldrin on Wildlife

Some Effects of a Field Application of Dieldrin on Wildlife

Granulated Insecticides for the Control of Seed Weevils on Crimson Clover1

Field experiments conducted at three locations in Georgia in 1956 and 1957 involved broadcast applications of granulated formulations of several insecticides for the control of Hypera meles (F.) and Hypera nigrirostris (F.). Results of the tests in 1956 showed that aldrin dieldrin, or heptachlor reduced weevil populations significantly. Clover seed yields were consistently higher in plots receiving heptachlor or dieldrin. Tests in 1957 compared two application dates and several rates of application of dieldrin and heptachlor. The results showed that all rates of each insecticide controlled the weevils regardless of the date of application. Control of the weevils resulted in increased seed yields.

デイルドリンのセンチニクバエ幼虫に対する効力特にその後作用について : 薬剤によるハエ幼虫駆除に関する研究第 8 報

The effects of dieldrin emulsion to Sarcophaga peregrina were studied by treating them in larval stage, comparing with that of lindane emulsion. The mortalities of larvae after 24, 48 hours, and those in the total larval stage and in larval and pupal stages, were obtained by treating the 3 rd instar larvae through the rice-husks immersion method, thus obtaining the retarded lethal effect of the chemicals. The lethal efficacy of concentration-mortality regression equation was lower in dieldrin than in that of lindane. The ratio of LC-50 of dieldrin to that of lindance were 1.6 for the larval mortality after 24 hours, 1.9 for after 48 hours, 2.0 for the mortality in total larval stage, and 9.7 for that in larval and pupal stages, so that it was concluded that the retarded lethal effect of dieldrin was higher than that of lindane. It was also recognized that the application of dieldrin or lindane to the larvae would tend to promote their emerging time, though the degree of the promotion was not so remarkable. The number of the flies emerged in the night time was greater than in the daytime, both in the treated and in the untreated by the chemical.