CPS Applications Research Articles

Cyber-Physical Systems and IoT: Transforming Smart Cities for Sustainable Development

Smart cities CPS/ IoT are impacting sustainable development in modern cities. This research explore how CPS and IoT integration into infrastructure systems in cities can improve sustainability in aspects such as energy, waste, and environment. Finally, taking quantitative data on energy and pollution saving and resource utilization from the smart cities around the world, the paper quantifies the case analysis. The research method entails retrieving data from existing smart city projects and then using statistical tools to evaluate the differences in sustainability targets with and without CPS and IoT integration. The main discoveries indicate that places implementing CPS and IoT technologies have recorded reduction in energy use by up to 25 % and enhanced waste management by up to 30% thus exhibiting a reduced carbon footprint. The originality of this research is based on the application of CPS- IoT in analysing their practical implications for urban sustainability with relevant recommendations for policymakers, urban planners and technologists. This study not only serves as the research for the academic literature but also advises cities into how they would be able to build upon their sustainable initiatives through the adoption of advanced technology. The outcomes underscore the possibility of the strategic application of CPS and IoT to enhance the creation of smarter urban contexts.

Abstract PO5-07-02: AI-assisted interpretation of PD-L1 CPS improves the precision medicine in Triple-negative breast cancer

Abstract Objective: The IMpassion 031 and KEYNOTE-355 clinical trial demonstrated the advantages of atezolizumab and pembrolizumab in the treatment of Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the application of CPS in assessing PD-L1 expression is challenging. Pathologists have great variability in interpretation of PD-L1 CPS, the daily diagnostic workload is too heavy and their diagnostic efficiency is low, and they still have deficiencies in terms of accurate enumeration. It is of necessity to establish an objective and effective method which is highly repeatable. Methods: In this study, we established a deep learning-based artificial intelligence-assisted (AI-assisted) model which using cell detection and region segmentation algorithm. Three rounds of ring studies (RSs) were conducted. 12 pathologists of different level evaluate the CPS of PD-L1 (DAKO 22C3) in TNBC patients by visual assessment and AI-assisted model. Compare the difference, consistency and accuracy of the interpretation. Our research evaluated PD-L1 CPS expression with continuous score. Shapiro-Wilk (S-W) method performs normality test, difference analysis using Friedman M and Bonferroni calibration tests, consistency analysis is studied by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and heat maps and box plots. Results: In the visual assessment, the interpretation results of PD-L1 (DAKO 22C3) CPS in different level pathologists have significant differences (P < 0.05), and the consistency of all the pathologists interpretation results was weak. Due to this strong inconsistency, it may result in a number of patients losing the opportunity to use ICIs for treatment. Moreover, the internal consistency of all pathologists in the visual assessment is moderate, in which the repeatability of junior pathologists is the worst, the ICC value is 0.664 (95%CI: 0.564-0.762). Through AI-assisted interpretation, there is no significant difference between all pathologists (P = 0.425), and the ICC value increased to 0.883 (95%CI:0.836-0.922) which improved the consistency of the interpretation results. In addition, through AI-assisted interpretation, the repeatability and accuracy of the interpretation results has been further upgraded. At the same time, the acceptance of AI results by junior pathologists are high, and 80% of the AI results are accepted. Conclusions: With the help of the AI-assisted diagnostic model, different levels of all the pathologists have achieved excellent consistency and repeatability in the interpretation of PD-L1 (DAKO 22C3) CPS. Moreover, the level of interpretation has been sought the rapid enhancement. It can be seen that AI-assisted diagnostic model provides a good approach to strengthen the consistency and repeatability in clinical practice. Our research also shows that PD-L1 CPS can receive precise interpretation from pathologists, so more patients have the opportunity to use ICIs. Therefore, these patients can benefit from treatment and achieve better survival. The interpretation results and system diagram of PD-L1 CPS by AI-assisted model. The consistency and repeatability of the interpretation results. (A)-(C) The consistency of the PD-L1 CPS interpretation among the different level of pathologists in three ring studies. (D)The repeatability of the interpretation results between 12 pathologists in RS1 and RS2. Accuracies and acceptance rates of different experienced pathologists. (A) Boxplots of scoring accuracies for pathologists in different levels. (B) Acceptance rates of all pathologists in total 50 slides. (C) Percent stacked column chart of different levels of pathologists with AI score acceptance. Citation Format: Jinze Li, Xinran Wang, Yueping Liu. AI-assisted interpretation of PD-L1 CPS improves the precision medicine in Triple-negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO5-07-02.

Facilitating the role of quantity surveyors through integration of cyber-physical systems

Purpose Cyber-physical systems (CPS) enable the synergistic integration of virtual models with the physical environment. This integration is gaining recognition for its potential to enhance construction project information management, thereby contributing to improved cost management in construction. Similarly, quantity surveyor (QS) plays a key role in construction projects by estimating and monitoring construction costs. Consequently, this research aims to explore redefining the role of QSs by integrating CPS. Design/methodology/approach The research adopted an interpretivism stance to collect and analyse data. Two rounds of 21 and 19 semi-structured interviews were conducted, with experts selected through heterogeneous purposive sampling. Code-based content analysis was used to analyse the data using NVivo12. MS Visio data visualisation tool was used to present the findings. Findings It is empirically proven the potential of CPS to facilitate nine key roles of QSs in all stages of the RIBA plan of work through the identification of 15 CPS applications and technologies. Nine key roles of QSs that CPS can facilitate were identified as preliminary estimation, measurement and quantification, contract administration, preparation of BOQ, interim valuation and payments, tender and contract documentation, cost planning, cost control and procurement advice. The study explored how adopting CPS technologies can transform traditional quantity surveying practices and enhance their value within the construction industry. Originality/value The findings add to the body of knowledge by redefining the role of QS through the integration of CPS for the first time and then by highlighting the usages of CPS in the construction industry rather than limiting it to a specific sector of the construction industry, as previous studies have done. This research uncovers several other research arenas on CPS as being the very first research to evaluate CPS to facilitate key roles of QSs. The findings can enhance the awareness and the practical implementation of CPS by intervening to form more partnerships among application developers and industry leaders.

Human-Cyber-Physical Systems for Energy Internet—A Review

As the research of HCPS in EI is ongoing, an increasing number of problems should be addressed, such as the leading role or aid function definition of humans, the coordination of humans with cyber and physical equipment, the state awareness of information handling, etc. Therefore, an increasing number of advanced techniques should be considered and adopted, such as IOT, AI and big data, etc., the main target of which is to improve the timely, digitalized, informationized and intelligent characters of the related tasks. This paper first introduces the applications of CPS in every industry, especially in the power grid and EI (Energy Internet), the introduction of which can be classified as a framework design, support technologies and algorithms, system function, power ancillary service, Energy Internet realization, etc. Then, this paper summarizes the related technologies of Human-Cyber-Physical Systems, which mainly include the areas of system design, theoretical analysis, technique development and application forecasting, which emphasizes its applications in EI. For the development of HCPS, it uses the human-in-the-loop concept and digital transformation as the future research and development directions, the performance of which can be largely promoted through these means. With the aid of HCPS, the optimal system performance of EI can be achieved more robustly, which finally evolves into an integrated and comprehensive modern power grid.

A Symmetric Scheme for Securing Data in Cyber-Physical Systems / IoT Sensor-Based Systems based on AES and SHA256

Cyber-Physical technologies and Internet have modernized and enhanced the lifestyle of people in this present era. Internet of Things (IoT) is also being seen as the new technology that is changing human discernment about daily life. Many cyber physical devices generate a lot of sensitive data, which needs to be secured. All the applications of CPS / IoT fundamentally, need symmetric keys for the encryption / decryption of the sensitive data generated. This paper seeks to propose a symmetric scheme for securing data in a Cyber-Physical system using IoT sensor-based technology, which will be based on AES and SHA256 encryption / decryption method.

Coffee pulp supplement affects antioxidant status and favors anti-aging of skin in healthy subjects.

Coffee and coffee products are known potentially to reduce levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in humans. This investigation evaluates the effects of coffee pulp extract as a functional supplement (in coffee pulp drink, CPD) and a cosmetic ingredient (coffee pulp serum, CPS). The effects of CPD and CPS for anti-oxidation and anti-aging were investigated. Forty subjects were randomly allocated to CPD or placebo drink groups (50ml of a CPD/placebo drink daily for 8weeks for each subject), and another 40 subjects were recruited to CPS or placebo serum groups (about 3ml of a CPS/placebo serum day and night/daily for 4weeks for each subject) in a double-blind study. The CPD and CPS (20%) can increase free radical scavenging activities by 93.3% and 85% (p<0.001) for DPPH, 94.5% and 61.3% (p<0.01) for ABTS·+ , 43.8% and 15.3% (p<0.05) for NO· than placebo. The inhibition of tyrosinase activity was increased by 91.6% and 51.0% (p<0.05) after CPD and CPS application. The CPD comprehensively improved the moisture, brightness, elasticity, spotting, texture, and collagen content of skin for most subjects after 8weeks, relative to the baseline without treatment (p<0.05). After 4weeks of CPS serum consumption, the brightness, elasticity, spotting, UV spots, and collagen content of skin were slightly better than those at week 0 (p<0.05). The daily consumption of coffee pulp extract products can slow the skin aging process and improve skin health.

Security and Privacy in the Emerging Cyber-Physical World: A Survey

With the emergence of low-cost smart and connected IoT devices, the area of cyber-physical security is becoming increasingly important. Past research has demonstrated new threat vectors targeting the transition process between the cyber and physical domains, where the attacker exploits the sensing system as an attack surface for signal injection or extraction of private information. Recently, there have been attempts to characterize an abstracted model for signal injection, but they primarily focus on the path of signal processing. This paper aims to systematize the existing research on security and privacy problems arising from the interaction of cyber world and physical world, with the context of broad CPS applications. The primary goals of the systematization are to (1) reveal the attack patterns and extract a general attack model of existing work, (2) understand possible new attacks, and (3) motivate development of defenses against the emerging cyber-physical threats.

Comparison of unilateral and bilateral polymethylmethacrylate-augmented cannulated pedicle screw fixation for the management of lumbar spondylolisthesis with osteoporosis

BackgroundCannulated pedicle screw (CPS) augmented by polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) can achieve satisfactory clinical efficacy in the treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis with osteoporosis. However, accurate application of CPSs will help to avoid the difficulty of screw revision and reduce the incidence of PMMA-related complications. This study aimed to investigate the mid-term efficacy of CPS compared to unilateral and bilateral applications in this common lumbar degenerative disease.MethodsMay 2011 and May 2018, 50 patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis with osteoporosis who underwent posterior fixation and fusion using traditional pedicle screws or CPSs were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups based on the application: the unilateral PMMA-augmented CPS group (UC, n = 29) and the bilateral PMMA-augmented CPS group (BC, n = 21). Operation time, blood loss, average hospitalization time, PMMA leakage, and other complications were recorded. The visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores were used to evaluate symptom recovery. Radiographic results were compared for intervertebral fusion and screw loosening.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the baseline data of the two groups.The VAS and ODI scores improved significantly after surgery (P < 0.05), with no significant differences between the groups (P > 0.05). The operation time and blood loss in the UC group were significantly lower than those in the BC group (P < 0.05). However, the loss of intervertebral disk height and Taillard index did not differ significantly between the groups. The rates of PMMA leakage in the UC and BC groups were 7.0% and 11.9%, respectively (P < 0.05). Bony fusion was achieved in all groups without screw loosening at the last follow-up. Only one patient experienced superficial infection in both groups, while cerebrospinal fluid leakage was observed in two patients in the BC group.ConclusionsUnilateral application of PMMA-augmented CPS may provide adequate clinical safety and effectiveness in the surgical treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis with osteoporosis.

Embedded real-time systems in cyber-physical applications: a frequency domain analysis methodology

ABSTRACTCyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) use sensors and actuators to interface between an embedded system and the physical world. The time-continuous domain of the physical world should be periodically sampled by real-time tasks in an embedded system to preserve its dynamic properties in the time-discrete domain.Because the task execution pattern may vary during runtime, a jitter in the execution of a real-time task hinders the periodicity of its execution. The effects of jitters in CPSs are difficult to determine when the premises of the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem are not satisfied.This paper proposes using frequency domain analysis to determine the perturbations that a real-time system produces on real-world applications; accordingly, the paper defines both a design and an evaluation criterion for real-time systems in CPS applications. The Fixed Priority discipline is analysed through simulations to conclude that no special design techniques are required when the utilization factors are less than 20%.

Theoretical foundations and applications of cyber-physical systems: a literature review

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the current research on theoretical foundations and applications for CPS from 2017 to 2019 including the applications in library.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is designed in six parts as Introduction, Literature review, Theoretical foundations of CPS, Applications of CPS, CPS’s application in library and Conclusion. The authors review 70 papers and classify them as the above six parts. The authors collected 70 papers from 2017 to 2019 in the academic databases.FindingsThis paper reviews 70 papers regarding theoretical foundations and applications for CPS from 2017 to 2019 in the academic databases aiming to provide scholars and practitioners with a comprehensive overview. The contents of the papers in each research category are summarized from theoretical foundations and applications including the CPS applications in library.Originality/valueA main contribution of this review paper is that it summarizes the current state-of-the-art theoretical foundations and applications for CPS and in libraries systematically.

Scalable Emulated Framework for IoT Devices in Smart Logistics Based Cyber-Physical Systems: Bonded Coverage and Connectivity Analysis

In this research, scalable framework for Smart Logistics based Cyber-Physical System (SLCPS) is emulated for stable coverage and connectivity of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. This work is modern manifestation of three laws of computing. Moore's and Koomey's laws recommend performance gain and energy efficiency whereas Metcalfe's law imply network scalability. Combination of these laws suggests the research proposition that development of scalable and performance efficient IoT networks is inevitable. Although IoT has improved specific logistics modules considerably, but incorporation of IoT in complete supply chain of food and random placement of IoT devices due to which unstable coverage and connectivity occurred are major challenges in logistics. The proposed SLCPS framework is designed firstly, to develop apt IoT protocol stack for logistics. Secondly, for bonded connectivity and coverage, mathematical models are proposed instead of random placement and coverage map is based on binary coverage model. Thirdly, for scalability supply chain of food for smart logistics process is designed in terms of container, storehouse and warehouse comprising of varying number of IoT devices. The architecture of SLCPS framework has three modules i.e. internal IoT network, border router and external network, emulated in Cooja simulator. The contikimac protocol is used for efficient traffic flow and power consumption. Single hop, multiple hops and random IoT devices placement scenarios are used for results comparison and validation. The performance evaluation results, i.e. throughput, network convergence time, packet delivery ratio, average latency, power consumption and timeline investigation validated utilization of proposed framework in terms of enhanced network performance. Significance of proposed SLCPS framework results in cost minimization, reducing communication and computation overhead, resilience to IoT device failures and an interference free network connectivity and coverage. Coverage and connectivity are measure of quality of service in IoT network. Therefore, this research provided bonded coverage and connectivity in smart logistics using mathematical models. In addition, a baseline framework is provided for extended research in CPS and IoT applications.

Faulty-data detection and data quality measure in cyber–physical systems through Weibull distribution

The preeminent challenge when data is compiled from cyber–physical system is the detection and filtering of faulty data. When the storage, processing, and communication of a reasonable amount of data migrate to those mobile and embedded devices, it becomes strenuous to apply conventional powerful algorithms for identifying, eliminating, and tolerating the faulty data because of the resource constraints of these devices. Further, the real-time requirements of CPS applications require CPSs to respond quickly and the aggregation method that is long-established in CPSs makes it challenging to ascertain the value of the original data. Thus, a systematic approach is essential to accomplish the goal of faulty data detection and filtering. In this paper, we present several approaches that we can deploy to detect and filter faulty data efficiently and cost-effectively, to improve the quality of the collected data from a system’s perspective to match the specific requirements of CPSs.

Dynamic reliability modeling of cyber-physical edge computing network

ABSTRACT Recently, large scale cyber physical systems (LS-CPS) leverage network-cores provided by application providers (APs) to carry out analytics. These CPS-APs uses the automated cloud to gather traffic data streams, thereby reducing infrastructure and maintenance costs. However, network reliability and maintainability considering the arrival rate of user application requests presents a major challenge such as Edge-to-Fog and Fog-to-Cloud resource auto-scaling constraints. QoS dynamic reliability, as well as its flexible management, could offer an efficient network for CPS. In this paper, CloudMesh CPS architecture is presented as a promising solution to support services like Input-Output (IO) data stream, traffic engineering, service function optimization and software defined network monitoring in CPS IPv6 data-center core. Dynamic reliability modeling for QoS parameter scaling based on observable history is presented. Hence, QoS proactive auto-scaling algorithm (PASCQA) embedded with a heuristic predictor is introduced in CloudMesh CPS. IO streams are captured by the predictor which analyzes the QoS history for reliable global performance. Finally, the work realized the critical performance aspects of CPS architecture and analyzed the effects of QoS parameter configuration for real-time deployment. The implementation results show that CloudMesh offers satisfactory QoS metrics compared with Fat-tree-1 and Fat-tree-2 for CPS applications.

FLEET: When Time-Bounded Communication Meets High Energy-Efficiency

With the advent of low-cost, embedded sensor-actuator devices, the applications of cyber-physical systems have spread multi-fold in domains like infrastructure, manufacturing, automation, etc. Wireless sensor-actuator networks (WSANs) act as the backbone for applications in these domains. Typical WSAN deployments focus on energy-efficiency (in-turn lifetime) as replacing batteries is labor intensive and expensive. However, many CPS applications require highly-reliable data delivery with strict time bounds. Unfortunately, the classical approach of scheduling/prioritizing flows for bounded time communication is hard to implement with energy-constrained embedded devices. In this work, we present FLEET, a communication primitive that guarantees timely data delivery with 1) low latency by scheduling a maximum number of end-to-end flows within a short time span; 2) highly energy-efficient networking; and 3) reliable data delivery. Using a smart parallelization technique, FLEET achieves simultaneous transmissions while guaranteeing data delivery. This reduces the average duty-cycle of the nodes and makes it more energy-efficient than many state-of-the-art protocols. By combining multiple routing strategies, FLEET not only simplifies the schedulability problem but also accommodates more flows within a time span reducing delay considerably. Overall, with respect to the state of the art, FLEET offers a delay and duty cycling reduction by 2.2 and 2.8 times, respectively.

Security Algorithm Design and Development for Cyber-Physical Systems against Cyber-Attacks

The term "cyber physical system" (CPS) refers to the increasingly common practise of embedding internet connectivity and sensing/transmitting capabilities into everyday things. Think about a smart home app that uses CPS gadgets. Due to its many benefits, such as saving time and money and improving human comfort and energy efficiency, the IoT has been more popular in recent years. The cyber physical system relies heavily on the low-capacity sensor node. To function as clients or hosts on the internet, these diverse components communicate with one another across a wireless network. Due to resource limits including little storage capacity, restricted computing power, and limited energy backup, the well-known security methods employed in desktop computers cannot function on these systems. SecureAuthKey is a lightweight authentication and key agreement system. Security and privacy concerns in existing constraint-based CPS applications are the focus of the proposed method. The final product is supposed to be a simple method of authenticating cyber-physical systems. Trustworthy, private, and data-protecting security algorithm for cyber-physical systems that does not compromise their ability to learn and act autonomously

Multiobjective dynamic routing with predefined stops for automated vehicles

ABSTRACTNowadays transportation represents an important field for CPS applications due to the rapid development of highly automated or autonomous vehicles, e.g. warehouse vehicles, airport people movers, public transport, etc. These vehicles are usually designed to circulate on fixed routes independently of the actual state of the network in order to fulfil a given criterion, such as traveling on the shortest path or including scheduled stops. This paper introduces a routing approach that allows automated vehicles to travel on different paths between given points, minimising the generalised cost of the route. Between fixed points, which can be either different storage points in a warehouse or simply public transport stops, possible routes are modelled as a continuously updated weighted directed graph. The weights represent relevant parameters of links, collected from surrounding sensors and monitoring systems of the network. Route optimisation is done by Yen’s algorithm depending on the timetable: if the vehicle will reach the next stop on time, the alternative with the lowest generalised cost is chosen; else the fastest route is followed. The method is introduced specifically via the problem of traffic congestion on public transport paths, but can be generalised, e.g. any transport system within factories or warehouses.

A Study on Data Processing for Application of Vehicular CPS in Fog Computing Environment

A Study on Data Processing for Application of Vehicular CPS in Fog Computing Environment

Two-level medium access control in cyber physical system-based smart wireless networks

Most of the literature review of wireless sensor actuator networks WSANs focused on single level collision avoidance while accessing a medium. In this paper, we try to solve the issues that arise after completing a particular stage of medium access. This paper executes collision avoidance in WSANs for cyber physical system CPS based smart wireless networks CPS_SWNs. We tried to improvise the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol to handle the successive collisions that occur between any two base stations. Since we are concentrating more on CPS applications like smart offices, smart homes, we implemented a medium access control methodology referred as priority with counter modified backoff PCMB that suits for non-beacon enabled WSANs. A priority with counter is maintained at each device to avoid collisions in unslotted 802.15.4 protocol. Further, we have proved from the simulation results that successive collisions can be delayed rather than providing data loss in critical situations.

Subscription Normalization for Effective Content-Based Messaging

Efficient subscription summarization and event matching is key to the scalability of content-based publish/subscribe networks (CPSNs). Current summarization and event matching mechanisms based on subscription subsumption induce heavy event processing load on brokers degrading the performance of CPSNs especially under high rates of churn, i.e., addition, deletion, or modification of subscriptions. Yet, many modern CPS applications such as location-based services or algorithmic trading inherently rely on high frequency subscription changes. This paper describes Beretta, a dynamic CPSN which sustains high throughput and low event-propagation latencies even under a high frequency of subscription changes. Beretta leverages strong event typing and represents all subscriptions in a normalized form as combinations of value intervals and set inclusions without compromising on expressiveness. Beretta’s “split and subsume” broker algorithm reduces the complexity of matching an event from $O(K\,N)$ to $O(K\,\log \,N + |result|)$ , with $N$ being the number of subscriptions for the event type and $K$ the number of its attributes. Event types and normalization are exploited to split subscriptions into predicates on individual event types and attributes and to efficiently regroup these in segment trees and hash maps which yield excellent subsumption properties and support attribute-wise split filtering during event matching. Normalization enables the systematic introduction of parameters into subscriptions to support both parametric and structural updates. This paper also empirically demonstrates the performance improvements due to our techniques through realistic algorithmic trading and highway traffic monitoring benchmarks.

An Overview of Cloud-related Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems are a kind of emerging large-scale distributed systems. The newly systems combine computing capacity, communication technology with control in a collaborative manner, and are considered as the next generation of engineered systems. With many sensors scatted spatially, a high volume of data is generated. In order to store and process the data, using cloud computing technology in CPS becomes a natural choice. In the paper we survey recent CPS researches related to cloud computing. We firstly examine the works using CPS approach to model data centers. Then we briefly survey cloud-based CPS applications from two perspectives: intelligence transportation system and smart grid. This paper helps the researchers to get a quick overview of cloud-related CPS studies.